Selection of dialysis methods for end-stage kidney disease patients with diabetes

The increasing prevalence of diabetes has led to a growing population of endstage kidney disease(ESKD)patients with diabetes.Currently,kidney transplantation is the best treatment option for ESKD patients;however,it is limited by the lack of donors.Therefore,dialysis has become the standard treatment for ESKD patients.However,the optimal dialysis method for diabetic ESKD patients remains controversial.ESKD patients with diabetes often present with complex conditions and numerous complications.Furthermore,these patients face a high risk of infection and technical failure,are more susceptible to malnutrition,have difficulty establishing vascular access,and experience more frequent blood sugar fluctuations than the general population.Therefore,this article reviews nine critical aspects:Survival rate,glucose metabolism disorder,infectious complications,cardiovascular events,residual renal function,quality of life,economic benefits,malnutrition,and volume load.This study aims to assist clinicians in selecting individualized treatment methods by comparing the advantages and disadvantages of hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis,thereby improving patients’quality of life and survival rates.

Challenges with non-descriptive compliance labeling of end-stage renal disease patients in accessibility for renal transplantation

Non-descriptive and convenient labels are uninformative and unfairly project blame onto patients.The language clinicians use in the Electronic Medical Record,research,and clinical settings shapes biases and subsequent behaviors of all providers involved in the enterprise of transplantation.Terminology such as noncompliant and nonadherent serve as a reason for waitlist inactivation and limit access to life-saving transplantation.These labels fail to capture all the circum-stances surrounding a patient’s inability to follow their care regimen,trivialize social determinants of health variables,and bring unsubstantiated subjectivity into decisions regarding organ allocation.Furthermore,insufficient Medicare coverage has forced patients to ration or stop taking medication,leading to allograft failure and their subsequent diagnosis of noncompliant.We argue that perpetuating non-descriptive language adds little substantive information,in-creases subjectivity to the organ allocation process,and plays a major role in reduced access to transplantation.For patients with existing barriers to care,such as racial/ethnic minorities,these effects may be even more drastic.Transplant committees must ensure thorough documentation to correctly encapsulate the entirety of a patient’s position and give voice to an already vulnerable population.

Incidence and predictors of hypocalcemia in end-stage renal disease patients on denosumab therapy: A systematic review and metaanalysis

BACKGROUND Denosumab inhibits the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-ligand.It markedly increases bone mineral density and has been proven to reduce the risk of fractures.However,numerous adverse effects,notably hypocalcemia,are prevalent in patients with end-stage renal disease(ESRD).AIM To analyze the incidence and predictors of hypocalcemia caused by denosumab compared to control in patients with ESRD.METHODS We conducted this study in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines.PubMed,Scopus,Cochrane Central,and EMBASE were systematically searched from inception through March 2024.All original studies investigating the effects of denosumab on patients with ESRD compared to control were extracted.The primary outcomes of our study were the incidence of mild,severe,and very severe hypocalcemia.Secondary outcomes included serum levels of intact parathyroid hormone,calcium,and phosphate.The results were pooled and analyzed using a random-effects model.RESULTS Seven articles comprising 3240 patients were included in our study.Patients treated with denosumab had a significantly increased incidence of mild hypocalcemia[risk ratio(RR):2.79;95%confidence interval(CI):0.99-7.91;P=0.05;I^(2)=37%]and of very severe hypocalcemia(RR:9.58;95%CI:1.58-57.98;P=0.01;I^(2)=49%).However,an increase in the occurrence of severe hypocalcemia was non-significant(RR:4.23;95%CI:0.47-38.34;P=0.20;I^(2)=96%).Alternatively,denosumab showed a significant decrease in serum intact parathyroid hormone[mean difference(MD):-433.20,95%CI:-775.12 to-91.28,I2=98%,P=0.01],while there was a non-significant decrease in phosphate(MD:-0.47,95%CI:-1.35 to 0.41,I^(2)=88%,P=0.30)and calcium levels(MD:-0.33,95%CI:-0.95 to 0.29,I^(2)=94%,P=0.29).CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated that denosumab is significantly associated with mild and very severe hypocalcemia in patients with ESRD making it necessary to detect and prevent this side effect of treatment.

Quality of life and psychological distress in end-stage renal disease patients undergoing hemodialysis and transplantation

BACKGROUND Among diverse profound impacts on patients’quality of life(QoL),end-stage renal disease(ESRD)frequently results in increased levels of depression,anxiety,and stress.Renal replacement therapies such as hemodialysis(HD)and transplantation(TX)are intended to enhance QoL,although their ability to alleviate psychological distress remains uncertain.This research posits the existence of a significant correlation between negative emotional states and QoL among ESRD patients,with varying effects observed in HD and TX patients.AIM To examine the relationship between QoL and negative emotional states(depression,anxiety,and stress)and predicted QoL in various end-stage renal replacement therapy patients with ESRD.METHODS This cross-sectional study included HD or TX patients in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia.The 36-item Short Form Survey and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale(DASS)was used for data collection,and correlation and regression analyses were performed.RESULTS The HD and TX transplantation groups showed statistically significant inverse relationships between QoL and DASS scores.HD patients with high anxiety levels and less education scored low on the physical component summary(PCS).In addition,the results of the mental component summary(MCS)were associated with reduced depression.Compared with older transplant patients,TX patients’PCS scores were lower,and depression,stress,and negative working conditions were highly correlated with MCS scores.CONCLUSION The findings of this study revealed notable connections between well-being and mental turmoil experienced by individuals undergoing HD and TX.The PCS of HD patients is affected by heightened levels of anxiety and lower educational attainment,while the MCS of transplant patients is influenced by advancing age and elevated stress levels.These insights will contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of patient support.

Frailty in end-stage liver disease:Understanding pathophysiology,tools for assessment,and strategies for management

Frailty and sarcopenia are frequently observed in patients with end-stage liver disease.Frailty is a complex condition that arises from deteriorations across various physiological systems,including the musculoskeletal,cardiovascular,and immune systems,resulting in a reduced ability of the body to withstand stressors.This condition is associated with declined resilience and increased vulnerability to negative outcomes,including disability,hospitalization,and mortality.In cirrhotic patients,frailty is influenced by multiple factors,such as hyperammonemia,hormonal imbalance,malnutrition,ascites,hepatic encephalopathy,and alcohol intake.Assessing frailty is crucial in predicting morbidity and mortality in cirrhotic patients.It can aid in making critical decisions regarding patients’eligibility for critical care and transplantation.This,in turn,can guide the development of an individualized treatment plan for each patient with cirrhosis,with a focus on prioritizing exercise,proper nutrition,and appropriate treatment of hepatic complications as the primary lines of treatment.In this review,we aim to explore the topic of frailty in liver diseases,with a particular emphasis on pathophysiology,clinical assessment,and discuss strategies for preventing frailty through effective treatment of hepatic complications.Furthermore,we explore novel assessment and management strategies that have emerged in recent years,including the use of wearable technology and telemedicine.

Outcomes of ABO-incompatible liver transplantation in end-stage liver disease patients co-infected with hepatitis B and human immunodeficiency virus

BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-positive patients coinfected with hepatitis B virus(HBV)are eligible for liver transplantation(LT)in Africa and Southeast Asia,particularly China.However,the outcome of HIV-HBV coinfected patients referred for ABO-incompatible LT(ABOi-LT)is unknown.AIM To clarify the outcome of ABOi-LT for HIV-HBV coinfected patients with endstage liver disease(ESLD).METHODS We report on two Chinese HIV-HBV coinfected patients with ESLD who underwent A to O brain-dead donor LT and reviewed the literature on HIV-HBV coinfected patients treated with ABO-compatible LT.The pretransplantation HIV viral load was undetectable,with no active opportunistic infections.Induction therapy consisted of two sessions of plasmapheresis and a single dose of rituximab in two split doses,followed by an intraoperative regimen of intravenous immunoglobulin,methylprednisolone,and basiliximab.Post-transplant maintenance immunosuppressive agents consisted of tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil,and prednisone.RESULTS At the intermediate-term follow-up,patients showed undetectable HIV viral load,CD4(+)T cell counts greater than 150 cells/μL,no HBV recurrence,and stable liver function.A liver allograft biopsy showed no evidence of acute cellular rejection.Both patients survived at 36-42 mo of follow-up.CONCLUSION This is the first report of ABOi-LT in HIV-HBV recipients with good intermediate-term outcomes,suggesting that ABOi-LT may be feasible and safe for HIV-HBV coinfected patients with ESLD.

Long-term outcomes of pediatric liver transplantation in acute liver failure vs end-stage chronic liver disease:A retrospective observational study

BACKGROUND Children with acute liver failure(ALF)who meet the criteria are eligible for super-urgent transplantation,whereas children with end-stage chronic liver disease(ESCLD)are usually transplanted electively.Pediatric liver transplantation(PLT)in ALF and ESCLD settings has been well described in the literature,but there are no studies comparing the outcomes in these two groups.AIM To determine if there is a difference in post-operative complications and survival outcomes between ALF and ESCLD in PLT.METHODS This was a retrospective observational study of all primary PLTs performed at a single center between 2000 and 2019.ALF and ESCLD groups were compared for pretransplant recipient,donor and operative parameters,and post-operative outcomes including graft and patient survival.RESULTS Over a 20-year study period,232 primary PLTs were performed at our center;195 were transplanted for ESCLD and 37 were transplanted for ALF.The ALF recipients were significantly older(median 8 years vs 5.4 years;P=0.031)and heavier(31 kg vs 21 kg;P=0.011).Living donor grafts were used more in the ESCLD group(34 vs 0;P=0.006).There was no difference between the two groups concerning vascular complications and rejection,but there were more bile leaks in the ESCLD group.Post-transplant patient survival was significantly higher in the ESCLD group:1-,5-,and 10-year survival rates were 97.9%,93.9%,and 89.4%,respectively,compared to 78.3%,78.3%,and 78.3%in the ALF group(P=0.007).However,there was no difference in 1-,5-,and 10-year graft survival between the ESCLD and ALF groups(90.7%,82.9%,77.3%vs 75.6%,72.4%,and 66.9%;P=0.119).CONCLUSION Patient survival is inferior in ALF compared to ESCLD recipients;the main reason is death in the 1st year post-PLT in ALF group.Once the ALF children overcome the 1st year after transplant,their survival stabilizes,and they have good long-term outcomes.

Brain Functional Networks with Dynamic Hypergraph Manifold Regularization for Classification of End-Stage Renal Disease Associated with Mild Cognitive Impairment

The structure and function of brain networks have been altered in patients with end-stage renal disease(ESRD).Manifold regularization(MR)only considers the pairing relationship between two brain regions and cannot represent functional interactions or higher-order relationships between multiple brain regions.To solve this issue,we developed a method to construct a dynamic brain functional network(DBFN)based on dynamic hypergraph MR(DHMR)and applied it to the classification of ESRD associated with mild cognitive impairment(ESRDaMCI).The construction of DBFN with Pearson’s correlation(PC)was transformed into an optimization model.Node convolution and hyperedge convolution superposition were adopted to dynamically modify the hypergraph structure,and then got the dynamic hypergraph to form the manifold regular terms of the dynamic hypergraph.The DHMR and L_(1) norm regularization were introduced into the PC-based optimization model to obtain the final DHMR-based DBFN(DDBFN).Experiment results demonstrated the validity of the DDBFN method by comparing the classification results with several related brain functional network construction methods.Our work not only improves better classification performance but also reveals the discriminative regions of ESRDaMCI,providing a reference for clinical research and auxiliary diagnosis of concomitant cognitive impairments.

Simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation for end-stage renal failure in type 1 diabetes mellitus: Current perspectives

Type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1DM)is one of the important causes of chronic kidney disease(CKD)and end-stage renal failure(ESRF).Even with the best available treatment options,management of T1DM poses significant challenges for clinicians across the world,especially when associated with CKD and ESRF.Substantial increases in morbidity and mortality along with marked rise in treatment costs and marked reduction of quality of life are the usual consequences of onset of CKD and progression to ESRF in patients with T1DM.Simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant(SPK)is an attractive and promising treatment option for patients with advanced CKD/ESRF and T1DM for potential cure of these diseases and possibly several complications.However,limited availability of the organs for transplantation,the need for long-term immunosuppression to prevent rejection,peri-and post-operative complications of SPK,lack of resources and the expertise for the procedure in many centers,and the cost implications related to the surgery and postoperative care of these patients are major issues faced by clinicians across the globe.This clinical update review compiles the latest evidence and current recommendations of SPK for patients with T1DM and advanced CKD/ESRF to enable clinicians to care for these diseases.

Outcomes of liver transplantation for end-stage biliary disease: A comparative study with end-stage liver disease

AIM: To evaluate the outcomes of patients with endstage biliary disease(ESBD) who underwent liver transplantation, to define the concept of ESBD, the criteria for patient selection and the optimal operation for decision-making.METHODS: Between June 2002 and June 2014, 43 patients with ESBD from two Chinese organ transplantation centres were evaluated for liver transplantation. The causes of liver disease were primary biliary cirrhosis(n = 8), cholelithiasis(n = 8), congenital biliary atresia(n = 2), graft-related cholangiopathy(n = 18), Caroli's disease(n = 2), iatrogenic bile duct injury(n = 2), primary sclerosing cholangitis(n = 1), intrahepatic bile duct paucity(n = 1) and Alagille's syndrome(n = 1). The patients with ESBD were compared with an end-stage liver disease(ESLD) case control group during the same period, and the potential prognostic values of multiple demographic and clinical variables were assessed. The examined variables included recipient age, sex, pre-transplant clinical status, pre-transplant laboratory values, operation condition and postoperative complications, as well as patient and allograft survival rates. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier curves, and the rates were compared using log-rank tests. All variables identified by univariate analysis with P values < 0.100 were subjected to multivariate analysis. A Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to determine the effect of the study variables on outcomes in the study group.RESULTS: Patients in the ESBD group had lower model for end-stage liver disease(MELD)/paediatric end-stage liver disease(PELD) scores and a higher frequency of previous abdominal surgery compared to patients in the ESLD group(19.2 ± 6.6 vs 22.0 ± 6.5, P = 0.023 and 1.8 ± 1.3 vs 0.1 ± 0.2, P = 0.000). Moreover, theoperation time and the time spent in intensive care were significantly higher in the ESBD group than in the ESLD group(527.4 ± 98.8 vs 443.0 ± 101.0, P = 0.000, and 12.74 ± 6.6 vs 10.0 ± 7.5, P = 0.000). The patient survival rate in the ESBD group was not significantly different from that of the ESBD group at 1, 3 and 5 years(ESBD: 90.7%, 88.4%, 79.4% vs ESLD: 84.9%, 80.92%, 79.0%, χ2 = 0.194, P = 0.660). The graftsurvival rates were also similar between the two groups at 1, 3 and 5 years(ESBD: 90.7%, 85.2%, 72.7% vs ESLD: 84.9%, 81.0%, 77.5%, χ2 = 0.003, P = 0.958). Univariate analysis identified MELD/PELD score(HR = 1.213, 95%CI: 1.081-1.362, P = 0.001) and bleeding volume(HR = 0.103, 95%CI: 0.020-0.538, P = 0.007) as significant factors affecting the outcomes of patients in the ESBD group. However, multivariate analysis revealed that MELD/PELD score(HR = 1.132, 95%CI: 1.005-1.275, P = 0.041) was the only negative factor that was associated with short survival time.CONCLUSION: MELD/PELD criteria do not adequately measure the clinical characteristics and staging of ESBD. The allocation system based on MELD/PELD criteria should be re-evaluated for patients with ESBD.

Indocyanine green clearance test and model for end-stage liver disease score of patients with liver cirrhosis

BACKGROUND: The indocyanine green (ICG) clearance test (clearance rate (K) and retention rate at 15 minutes (R(15))) is a sensitive indicator to evaluate liver function. The model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score has emerged as a useful tool for estimating the mortality of patients awaiting liver transplantation and has recently been validated on patients with liver diseases of various etiologies and severity. In this study, we investigated the correlation between the ICG clearance test and MELD score of patients with liver cirrhosis. METHODS: From June 2007 to March 2008, 52 patients with liver cirrhosis admitted to our center were classified into Child-Pugh class A (8 patients), B (14) and C (30). The ICG clearance test (K value and R(15)) was performed by ICG pulse spectrophotometry (DDG-3300K), and the MELD scores of patients were calculated. RESULTS: As the Child-Pugh classification of liver function gradually deteriorated, the K value decreased, while R(15) and MELD score increased. There were significant statistical differences in K value, R(15) and MELD score in patients with different Child-Pugh classifications. Significant correlations were found between the parameters of the ICG clearance test (K value and R(15)) and MELD score. A negative correlation was observed between K value and MELD score (r=-0.892, P < 0.05), while a positive correlation was observed between R(15) and MELD score (r=0.804, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The ICG clearance test and MELD score are good parameters for evaluating liver function. Moreover, K value and R(15) have significant correlations with MELD score, especially the K value, which may be a convenient and appropriate indicator to evaluate liver function of patients with liver cirrhosis.

Comparison of four models for end-stage liver disease in evaluating the prognosis of cirrhosis

AIM： To investigate the prognostic value of the model for end-stage liver disease （MELD） and three new MELD-based models combination with serum sodium in decompensated cirrhosis patients-the MELD with the incorporation of serum sodium （MELD-Na）, the integrated MELD （iMELD）, and the MELD to sodium （MESO） index. METHODS： A total of 166 patients with decompensated cirrhosis were enrolled into the study. MELD, MELD- Na, iMELD and MESO scores were calculated for each patient following the original formula on the first day of admission. All patients were followed up at least 1 year. The predictive prognosis related with the four models was determined by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve （AUC） of the four parameters. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were made using the cut-offs identified by means of receiver operating characteristic （ROC）. RESULTS： Out of 166 patients, 38 patients with significantly higher MELD-Na （28.84 ± 2.43 vs 14.72 ± 0.60）, iMELD （49.04 ± 1.72 vs 35.52 ± 0.67）, MESO scores （1.59 ± 0.82 vs 0.99 ± 0.42） compared to the survivors died within 3 mo （P 〈 0.001）. Of 166 patients, 75 with markedly higher MELD-Na （23.01 ± 1.51 vs 13.78 ± 0.69）, iMELD （44.06 ± 1.19 vs 34.12 ± 0.69）, MESO scores （1.37 ± 0.70 vs 0.93 ± 0.40） than the survivors died within 1 year （P 〈 0.001）. At 3 mo of enrollment, the iMELD had the highest AUC （0.841）, and was followed by the MELD-Na （0.766）, MESO （0.723）, all larger than MELD （0.773）; At year, the iMELD still had the highest AUC （0.783）, the difference between the iMELD and MELD was statistically significant （P 〈 0.05）. Survival curves showed that the three new models were all clearly discriminated the patients who survived or died in short-term as well as intermediate-term （P 〈 0.001）. CONCLUSION： Three new models, changed with serum sodium （MELD-Na, iMELD, MESO） can exactly predict the prognosis of patients with decompensated cirrhosis for short and intermediate period, and may enhance the prognostic accuracy of MELD. The iMELD is better prognostic model for outcome prediction in patients with decompensated cirrhosis.

Modified model for end-stage liver disease improves shortterm prognosis of hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure

AIM To investigate whether the short-term prognosis of hepatitis B virus(HBV)-related acute-on-chronic liver failure(ACLF) could be improved by using a modified model for end-stage liver disease(MELD) including serum lactate.METHODS This clinical study was conducted at the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medicine University, China. From 2009 to 2015, 236 patients diagnosed with HBV-related ACLF at our center were recruited for this 3-month followup study. Demographic data and serum lactate levels were collected from the patients. The MELD scores with or without serum lactate levels from survival and nonsurvival groups were recorded and compared.RESULTS Two hundred and thirty-six patients with HBV-ACLF were divided into two groups: survival group(S) andnon-survival group(NS). Compared with the NS group, the patients in survival the S group had a significantly lower level of serum lactate(3.11 ± 1.98 vs 4.67 ± 2.43, t = 5.43, P < 0.001) and MELD score(23.33 ± 5.42 vs 30.37 ± 6.58, t = 9.01, P = 0.023). Furthermore, serum lactate level was positively correlated with MELD score(r = 0.315, P < 0.001). Therefore, a modified MELD including serum lactate was developed by logistic regression analysis(0.314 × lactate + 0.172 × MELD-5.923). In predicting 3-month mortality using the MELD-LAC model, the patients from the S group had significantly lower baseline scores(-0.930 ± 1.34) when compared with those from the NS group(0.771 ± 1.32, t = 9.735, P < 0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUROC) was 0.859 calculated by using the MELD-LAC model, which was significantly higher than that calculated by using the lactate level(0.790) or MELD alone(0.818). When the cutoff value was set at-0.4741, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for predicting short-term mortality were 91.5%, 80.10%, 94.34% and 74.62%, respectively. When the MELD-LAC scores at baseline level were set at-0.5561 and 0.6879, the corresponding mortality rates within three months were 75% and 90%, respectively.CONCLUSION The short-term prognosis of HBV-related ACLF was improved by using a modified MELD including serum lactate from the present 6-year clinical study.

End-stage liver disease score and future liver remnant volume predict post-hepatectomy liver failure in hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is the world’s sixth most common malignant tumor and the third cause of cancer death.Although great progress has been made in hepatectomy,it is still associated with a certain degree of risk of posthepatectomy liver failure(PHLF),which extends the length of hospital stay and remains the leading cause of postoperative death.Studies have shown that assessment of hepatic functional reserve before hepatectomy is beneficial for reducing the incidence of PHLF.AIM To assess the value of model for end-stage liver disease(MELD)score combined with standardized future liver remnant(sFLR)volume in predicting PHLF in patients undergoing hepatectomy for HCC.METHODS This study was attended by 238 patients with HCC who underwent hepatectomy between January 2015 and January 2018.Discrimination of sFLR volume,MELD score,and sFLR/MELD ratio to predict PHLF was evaluated according to the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve.RESULTS The patients were divided into two groups according to whether PHLF occurred after hepatectomy.The incidence of PHLF was 8.4%in our research.The incidence of PHLF increased with the decrease in sFLR volume and the increase in MELD score.Both sFLR volume and MELD score were considered independent predictive factors for PHLF.Moreover,the cut-off value of the sFLR/MELD score to predict PHLF was 0.078(P<0.001).This suggests that an sFLR/MELD≥0.078 indicates a higher incidence of PHLF than an sFLR/MELD<0.078.CONCLUSION MELD combined with sFLR is a reliable and effective PHLF predictor,which is superior to MELD score or sFLR volume alone.

D-dimer level and long-term outcome in patients with end-stage heart failure secondary to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy

Background Previous studies had demonstrated hemostatic abnormalities in patients with heart failure (HF) and several studies have shown that abnormal coagulation indices, represented by elevated D-dimer, had prognostic significance in patients with compatible or acute decompensated HF. However, the impact of D-dimer on the outcome in patients with end-stage HF remains unclear. Methods A total of 244 consecutive patients with end-stage HF due to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) were prospectively enrolled from February 2011 to September 2014. D-dimer levels were measured and its prognostic value was assessed. Primary endpoint was all-cause mortality during the follow-up period. Secondary endpoints were stroke, bleeding, occurrence of sustained ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation, and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Results D-dimer was significantly elevated in the non-survivors (median: 0.8 vs. 1.1 mg/L, P < 0.001). Traditional markers including B-type natriuretic peptide, troponin I, left ventricular ejection fraction, and left ventricular end-diastolic dimension provided limited prognostic value;but the addition of D-dimer refined the risk stratification. The optimal cut-off value of D-dimer to predict all-cause mortality was 0.84 mg/L by receiver operator characteristic analysis. Elevated D-dimer level was independently associated with increased risk of long-term all-cause mortality (HR = 2.315, 95% CI: 1.570–3.414, P < 0.001) and MACE (HR = 1.256, 95% CI: 1.058–1.490, P = 0.009), and the predictive value was independent of age, sex, atrial fibrillation and anticoagulation status. Conclusions Elevated D-dimer level was independently associated with poor long-term outcome in patients with end-stage HF secondary to idiopathic DCM, and the predictive value was superior to that of traditional prognostic markers.

Increased end-stage renal disease risk in patients with inflammatory bowel disease:A nationwide populationbased study

AIM To estimate the risk of end-stage renal disease(ESRD)in patients with inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).METHODS From January 2010 to December 2013, patients with Crohn's disease(CD) and ulcerative colitis(UC) were identified, based on both the International Classification of Diseases, 10 th revision(ICD-10) and the rare,intractable disease registration program codes from the National Health Insurance(NHI) database in South Korea. We compared 38812 patients with IBD to ageand sex-matched non-IBD controls with a ratio of 1:3.Patients newly diagnosed with ESRD were identified with the ICD-10 code.RESULTS During a mean follow-up of 4.9 years, ESRD was detected in 79(0.2%) patients with IBD and 166(0.1%)controls. The incidence of ESRD in patients with IBD was0.42 per 1000 person-years. Patients with IBD had a significantly higher risk of ESRD than controls [adjusted hazard ratio(HR) = 3.03; 95% confidence interval(CI):1.77-5.20; P < 0.001]. The incidences(per 1000 personyears)of ESRD were 0.51 in patients with CD and 0.13 in controls, respectively(adjusted HR = 6.33; 95%CI:2.75-14.56; P < 0.001). In contrast, the incidence of ESRD was similar between the UC and control groups(0.37 vs 0.37 per 1000 person-years; adjusted HR = 2.01;95%CI: 0.90-4.51; P = 0.089).CONCLUSION The risk of ESRD was elevated in patients with CD, but not UC. Patients with CD should be monitored carefully for signs of renal insufficiency.

Beyond the Pediatric end-stage liver disease system: Solutions for infants with biliary atresia requiring liver transplant

Biliary atresia(BA), a chronic progressive cholestatic disease of infants, is the leading cause for liver transplant in children, especially in patients under two years of age. BA can be successfully treated with the Kasai portoenterostomy; however most patients still require a liver transplant, with up to one half of BA children needing a transplant by age two. In the current pediatric end-stage liver disease system, children with BA face the risk of not receiving a liver in a safe and timely manner. In this review, we discuss a number of possible solutions to help these children. We focus on two general approaches:(1) preventing/delaying need for transplantation, by optimizing the success of the Kasai operation; and(2) expediting transplantation when needed, by performing techniques other than the standard deceased-donor, whole, ABO-matched organ transplant.

Application of a biochemical and clinical model to predict individual survival in patients with end-stage liver disease

AIM:To investigate the capability of a biochemical and clinical model,BioCliM,in predicting the survival of cirrhotic patients.METHODS:We prospectively evaluated the survival of 172 cirrhotic patients.The model was constructed using clinical(ascites,encephalopathy and variceal bleeding) and biochemical(serum creatinine and serum total bilirubin) variables that were selected from a Cox proportional hazards model.It was applied to estimate 12-,52-and 104-wk survival.The model's calibration using the Hosmer-Lemeshow statistic was computed at 104 wk in a validation dataset.Finally,the model's validity was tested among an independent set of 85 patients who were stratified into 2 risk groups(low risk≤8 and high risk>8).RESULTS:In the validation cohort,all measures of fi t,discrimination and calibration were improved when the biochemical and clinical model was used.The proposed model had better predictive values(c-statistic:0.90,0.91,0.91) than the Model for End-stage Liver Disease(MELD) and Child-Pugh(CP) scores for 12-,52-and 104-wk mortality,respectively.In addition,the Hosmer-Lemeshow(H-L) statistic revealed that the biochemical and clinical model(H-L,4.69) is better calibrated than MELD(H-L,17.06) and CP(H-L,14.23).There were no significant differences between the observed and expected survival curves in the stratified risk groups(low risk,P=0.61;high risk,P=0.77).CONCLUSION:Our data suggest that the proposed model is able to accurately predict survival in cirrhotic patients.

Expression of P450 and nuclear receptors in normal and end-stage Chinese livers

AIM: To investigate the expression of P450 enzyme genes by using end-stage liver disease samples and trimmed normal Chinese donor livers.

Analysis of prognosis on patients with severe viral hepatitis using the model for end-stage liver disease

AIM: To study the practical use of the model for endstage liver disease (MELD) on clinic and assess its validity by the concordance (C)-statistic in predicting the prognosis of the patient with severe viral hepatitis.METHODS: One hundred and twenty-one patients were divided into plasma exchange group and non-plasma exchange group, and were graded with MELD formula.The death rate was observed within 3 mo.RESULTS: Eighty-one patients died within 3 mo (35 cases in PE group, 46 cases in non-PE group). The mortality of patients in PE group whose MELD score between 20-30and 30-40 were 31.6% and 57.7%, respectively, but in non-PE cases they were 67.6%, 81.3% respectively.There was significant difference between PE group and non-PE group (P＜0.05). However, the mortality of patients whose MELD score higher than 40 were 93.3% in PE group and 100% in non-PE group and there was no significant difference between the two groups (P= 0.65＞0.05). The optimal cut-off values of MELD to predict the prognosis of patients were 30 in PE group whose sensitivity, specificity and C-statistic were 80.0%, 52.0% and 0.777, but in non-PE group they were 25, 82.6%, 86.7% and 0.869, respectively.CONCLUSION: The MELD score can act as a disease severity index for patients with severe viral hepatitis, and the mortality of the patient increases with the increase of the MELD score. The MELD can accurately predict the short-term prognosis of patients with severe viral hepatitis.