It is of profound theoretical and practical significance to study endangerment status of rare species in Tibet. Index system is firstly set down for quantitative assessment of rare animal and plant species, then endan...It is of profound theoretical and practical significance to study endangerment status of rare species in Tibet. Index system is firstly set down for quantitative assessment of rare animal and plant species, then endangerment degree of wildlife under special state protection are calculated, which is expressed by value E. The results reveal that Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti), Himalayan tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus) and Gigantic Cypress (Cupressus gigantea) have the highest E respectively in animals and plants. According to value E, all species are categorized into 4 ranks: critically endangered(0.6-0.8), endangered (0.4- 0.6), vulnerable (0.2-0.4) and lower risk ( E ≤ 0.2). By comparison of the first five animals and plants of the highest E, each sub-ecozone bears a distinct identity.展开更多
Ranalisma rostratum (Alismataceae) is an endangered aquatic plant, and now there is only one population existing in China. In its natural habitat, Huli marsh in Chaling, Hunan province, the best growing plants have be...Ranalisma rostratum (Alismataceae) is an endangered aquatic plant, and now there is only one population existing in China. In its natural habitat, Huli marsh in Chaling, Hunan province, the best growing plants have been observed at microsites where the water depth is 5~10cm, and the plants grow in emergent form.R. rostratum reproduces asexually or sexually. The recruitment of asexual propagules into population is a very important way to maintain the natural population size. Although seed production does not appear to limitR. rostratum, restricted dispersal of propagules and seeds, low seed viability, low germinability, slow growth of seedlings under all conditions, and habitat loss due to agriculture appear to be more important reasons for the endangerment of this plant.展开更多
In the Tungus-Manchu group, the endangerment of Manchu and Hezhe languages has been confirmed in the linguistic circles in China. Today, only aged people insome Manchu and Hezhe villages of Heilon^iang Province speak ...In the Tungus-Manchu group, the endangerment of Manchu and Hezhe languages has been confirmed in the linguistic circles in China. Today, only aged people insome Manchu and Hezhe villages of Heilon^iang Province speak these two languages. This paper explores and analyzes the reasons for the endangerment of Manchu and Hezhe languages and provides evidence of the general rules of language endangerment. The research shows that social, psychological and linguistic factors work together to endanger the two languages. Their switch and variation modes have jointly endangered themselves, and the gradual and sudden changes in their linguistic systems have played a joint force. This paper is significant as a reference for further research into universal rules for the endangered languages.展开更多
The Efut culture,and by extension language,seems to have been mortally threatened after their speakers’migration to Nigeria from Cameroun in the 16th Century.The linguistic situation resulting in language shift was e...The Efut culture,and by extension language,seems to have been mortally threatened after their speakers’migration to Nigeria from Cameroun in the 16th Century.The linguistic situation resulting in language shift was especially exacerbated in the last seven decades,largely due to the dominant cultural influence of Efik,Ibibio and English.The most ostensive vestige of the language manifests in the Ekpe‘Leopard’secret society songs,rituals and proverbs(performed by,and intelligible mostly to octogenarians).The Efut language sociolinguistic status is between post moribund and dead stage(s).This paper attempts,therefore,to x-ray ways to revitalize and revive it.Two such revival strategies are the use of digital communication technology and Efut in Nollywood movies.Data for this work came mainly from songs,proverbs,interviews,wordlist and available historical literature.The prognosis for reviving Efut appears realistically poor,at present.However,with appropriate input and pragmatic will from all stakeholders,it would be hasty,uncharitable,to consign the language to irreversible extinction.This optimism is sustainable only if language engineers,policymakers and the Efut nation do not continue to sit on the fence.展开更多
Many traditional ethnic cultural items are being endangered in China.Using the Dongba dance culture of the Naxi people as a case study,this paper seeks to analyze and interpret the endangerment of culture from an educ...Many traditional ethnic cultural items are being endangered in China.Using the Dongba dance culture of the Naxi people as a case study,this paper seeks to analyze and interpret the endangerment of culture from an educational perspective,based on an analysis of the interaction between the cultural transmission mechanism of Dongba dance and the formal schooling of the Naxi people in Lijiang,China.By describing and comparing the traditional and current forms of Dongba dance transmission,the paper shows how the institution of formal education competes with older modes of cultural transmission,resulting in the endangerment of Dongba dance as a living cultural relic.So,in order to truly realize and improve the function of education in transmitting cultural heritage and to guarantee educational equity,we should prioritize sophisticated ethnic minority cultural items in the assessment and selection phases of education,grant them institutional cultural capital,and put greater effort into developing an appropriate school-based curriculum so that ethnic minority culture may be transmitted and inherited via formal schooling.展开更多
In a view of natural conditions of establishing nature reserve,an index system was prepared for quantitative assessment on status of endangered species,and thus degree of endangered species in Tibet was evaluated.Taki...In a view of natural conditions of establishing nature reserve,an index system was prepared for quantitative assessment on status of endangered species,and thus degree of endangered species in Tibet was evaluated.Taking a sub-ecozone as basic unit,top 5 animals and 1 plant with high E as well as the number of species in each unit were enumerated;and the degree of land utilization was figured out.Afterward,we selected 6 coefficients,assigned weight,and framed formula to reckon proportion of nature reserve,thus an area of nature reserve in each sub-ecozone was obtained.In 5 schemes of weight assignment,a scheme with medium area of nature reserve was selected.All sub-ecozones were classified into 4 grades prior conservation,1 was in grade A,2 in grade B,2 in grade C,and 11 in grade D.Total planned area was approximately 365 135 km2,about 48 834 km2 smaller than the actual area of 413 969 km2,ratio of nature reserve in Tibet diminishes from 34.4% to 30.38%.Based on 3 factors of human disturbance,ratio of buffer-experimental zone in proposed nature reserve was calculated.It was demonstrated that existing size of nature reserves is excessive on the whole,and their distribution is not reasonable entirely.The size of nature reserves in 3 sub-ecozones of northern Changtang should decrease,and decrement of area is apportioned among other 13 sub-ecozones which should increase nature reserve.Heterogeneity of regional distribution of rare species in Tibet is quite obvious,so proposed area distribution of nature reserves is more scattered than the existing.展开更多
Adenomyosis is defined as the presence of endometrial glands and stroma within the myometrium.It can seriously endanger a woman’s quality of life,causing infertility,dysmenorrhea,and chronic pelvic pain.The definitiv...Adenomyosis is defined as the presence of endometrial glands and stroma within the myometrium.It can seriously endanger a woman’s quality of life,causing infertility,dysmenorrhea,and chronic pelvic pain.The definitive treatment for adenomyosis is hysterectomy.However,this option does not benefit patients who wish to preserve their fertility[1].Although medical treatments are effective in improving clinical symptoms,there are limited data to support medical effectiveness in improving the chances of pregnancy.展开更多
英语中既可做前缀又可做后缀的词素不多,en可谓独领风骚。 en—做前缀源自古法语,意指:1.put in/into 或 on(something),如:encase,enthrone;2.bring or comeinto a certain state,如:endanger,endear。其特点有一:1.en—常使英语中一...英语中既可做前缀又可做后缀的词素不多,en可谓独领风骚。 en—做前缀源自古法语,意指:1.put in/into 或 on(something),如:encase,enthrone;2.bring or comeinto a certain state,如:endanger,endear。其特点有一:1.en—常使英语中一些借用的法语词构成动词。如:enable,enforce;2.en—在 b,p,ph,1前发生变形。如:embed,empurple,emphasis,展开更多
The Igbo language curriculum for pupils and students at the primary and secondary levels shows no provision for the teaching of any aspects of Igbo indigenous knowledge systems and this is resulting in the attrition a...The Igbo language curriculum for pupils and students at the primary and secondary levels shows no provision for the teaching of any aspects of Igbo indigenous knowledge systems and this is resulting in the attrition and atrophy of vocabulary items associated with such knowledge systems,especially in the speech of primary and secondary students in urban and semi-urban areas of Igbo speech communities where the practices of the knowledge systems are quite remote.This paper examines the benefits derivable from integrating indigenous Igbo knowledge systems into the Igbo language curriculum(through comprehension passages,practical discussions,excursions,audio-visual materials,dramatization,etc.)for both the senior primary pupils and the secondary school students of Igbo origin in south-eastern Nigeria.The data presented in the study were collected through interviews from selected respondents.The study notes that integrating indigenous Igbo knowledge systems into the Igbo language curriculum of both pupils and students will afford pupils/students the opportunities to:(i)learn the indigenous Igbo knowledge systems and positive attitudes/values embedded in them(ii)learn through the Igbo culture(iii)learn across generations(iv)learn from the‘known’in the Igbo culture to the‘unknown’(v)learn outside the classroom.The paper further highlights sample vocabulary items associated with some indigenous Igbo knowledge systems which students/pupils can learn and familiarize themselves with in contextual usage.The paper concludes that learning through the teaching of the indigenous Igbo knowledge systems will enhance the revitalization,preservation and maintenance of the Igbo language and culture and also encourage intergenerational transfer of the language.展开更多
泰国妇女择日分娩,为了让子女在“黄道吉日”来到这个世界,泰国1/5以上的孕妇实行了剖腹产。殊不知,此举将严重影响孩子大脑的发育。可怜天下父母心!本则消息出现“剖腹产”一词:caesarean/caesarean section([医]剖腹生产术)。另如:Th...泰国妇女择日分娩,为了让子女在“黄道吉日”来到这个世界,泰国1/5以上的孕妇实行了剖腹产。殊不知,此举将严重影响孩子大脑的发育。可怜天下父母心!本则消息出现“剖腹产”一词:caesarean/caesarean section([医]剖腹生产术)。另如:Their first baby was born by caesarean。/他们的头胎婴儿是剖腹产的。需注意的是,首字母大写的Cesarean却别具含义:凯撒的;皇帝的。 此外,文中一个way,用法新鲜,别具含义。展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (50099620)
文摘It is of profound theoretical and practical significance to study endangerment status of rare species in Tibet. Index system is firstly set down for quantitative assessment of rare animal and plant species, then endangerment degree of wildlife under special state protection are calculated, which is expressed by value E. The results reveal that Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti), Himalayan tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus) and Gigantic Cypress (Cupressus gigantea) have the highest E respectively in animals and plants. According to value E, all species are categorized into 4 ranks: critically endangered(0.6-0.8), endangered (0.4- 0.6), vulnerable (0.2-0.4) and lower risk ( E ≤ 0.2). By comparison of the first five animals and plants of the highest E, each sub-ecozone bears a distinct identity.
文摘Ranalisma rostratum (Alismataceae) is an endangered aquatic plant, and now there is only one population existing in China. In its natural habitat, Huli marsh in Chaling, Hunan province, the best growing plants have been observed at microsites where the water depth is 5~10cm, and the plants grow in emergent form.R. rostratum reproduces asexually or sexually. The recruitment of asexual propagules into population is a very important way to maintain the natural population size. Although seed production does not appear to limitR. rostratum, restricted dispersal of propagules and seeds, low seed viability, low germinability, slow growth of seedlings under all conditions, and habitat loss due to agriculture appear to be more important reasons for the endangerment of this plant.
文摘In the Tungus-Manchu group, the endangerment of Manchu and Hezhe languages has been confirmed in the linguistic circles in China. Today, only aged people insome Manchu and Hezhe villages of Heilon^iang Province speak these two languages. This paper explores and analyzes the reasons for the endangerment of Manchu and Hezhe languages and provides evidence of the general rules of language endangerment. The research shows that social, psychological and linguistic factors work together to endanger the two languages. Their switch and variation modes have jointly endangered themselves, and the gradual and sudden changes in their linguistic systems have played a joint force. This paper is significant as a reference for further research into universal rules for the endangered languages.
文摘The Efut culture,and by extension language,seems to have been mortally threatened after their speakers’migration to Nigeria from Cameroun in the 16th Century.The linguistic situation resulting in language shift was especially exacerbated in the last seven decades,largely due to the dominant cultural influence of Efik,Ibibio and English.The most ostensive vestige of the language manifests in the Ekpe‘Leopard’secret society songs,rituals and proverbs(performed by,and intelligible mostly to octogenarians).The Efut language sociolinguistic status is between post moribund and dead stage(s).This paper attempts,therefore,to x-ray ways to revitalize and revive it.Two such revival strategies are the use of digital communication technology and Efut in Nollywood movies.Data for this work came mainly from songs,proverbs,interviews,wordlist and available historical literature.The prognosis for reviving Efut appears realistically poor,at present.However,with appropriate input and pragmatic will from all stakeholders,it would be hasty,uncharitable,to consign the language to irreversible extinction.This optimism is sustainable only if language engineers,policymakers and the Efut nation do not continue to sit on the fence.
文摘Many traditional ethnic cultural items are being endangered in China.Using the Dongba dance culture of the Naxi people as a case study,this paper seeks to analyze and interpret the endangerment of culture from an educational perspective,based on an analysis of the interaction between the cultural transmission mechanism of Dongba dance and the formal schooling of the Naxi people in Lijiang,China.By describing and comparing the traditional and current forms of Dongba dance transmission,the paper shows how the institution of formal education competes with older modes of cultural transmission,resulting in the endangerment of Dongba dance as a living cultural relic.So,in order to truly realize and improve the function of education in transmitting cultural heritage and to guarantee educational equity,we should prioritize sophisticated ethnic minority cultural items in the assessment and selection phases of education,grant them institutional cultural capital,and put greater effort into developing an appropriate school-based curriculum so that ethnic minority culture may be transmitted and inherited via formal schooling.
基金Supported by item of "regionalization of ecological function in Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR)" sponsored by Environmental Protection Agency of TAR
文摘In a view of natural conditions of establishing nature reserve,an index system was prepared for quantitative assessment on status of endangered species,and thus degree of endangered species in Tibet was evaluated.Taking a sub-ecozone as basic unit,top 5 animals and 1 plant with high E as well as the number of species in each unit were enumerated;and the degree of land utilization was figured out.Afterward,we selected 6 coefficients,assigned weight,and framed formula to reckon proportion of nature reserve,thus an area of nature reserve in each sub-ecozone was obtained.In 5 schemes of weight assignment,a scheme with medium area of nature reserve was selected.All sub-ecozones were classified into 4 grades prior conservation,1 was in grade A,2 in grade B,2 in grade C,and 11 in grade D.Total planned area was approximately 365 135 km2,about 48 834 km2 smaller than the actual area of 413 969 km2,ratio of nature reserve in Tibet diminishes from 34.4% to 30.38%.Based on 3 factors of human disturbance,ratio of buffer-experimental zone in proposed nature reserve was calculated.It was demonstrated that existing size of nature reserves is excessive on the whole,and their distribution is not reasonable entirely.The size of nature reserves in 3 sub-ecozones of northern Changtang should decrease,and decrement of area is apportioned among other 13 sub-ecozones which should increase nature reserve.Heterogeneity of regional distribution of rare species in Tibet is quite obvious,so proposed area distribution of nature reserves is more scattered than the existing.
文摘Adenomyosis is defined as the presence of endometrial glands and stroma within the myometrium.It can seriously endanger a woman’s quality of life,causing infertility,dysmenorrhea,and chronic pelvic pain.The definitive treatment for adenomyosis is hysterectomy.However,this option does not benefit patients who wish to preserve their fertility[1].Although medical treatments are effective in improving clinical symptoms,there are limited data to support medical effectiveness in improving the chances of pregnancy.
文摘英语中既可做前缀又可做后缀的词素不多,en可谓独领风骚。 en—做前缀源自古法语,意指:1.put in/into 或 on(something),如:encase,enthrone;2.bring or comeinto a certain state,如:endanger,endear。其特点有一:1.en—常使英语中一些借用的法语词构成动词。如:enable,enforce;2.en—在 b,p,ph,1前发生变形。如:embed,empurple,emphasis,
文摘The Igbo language curriculum for pupils and students at the primary and secondary levels shows no provision for the teaching of any aspects of Igbo indigenous knowledge systems and this is resulting in the attrition and atrophy of vocabulary items associated with such knowledge systems,especially in the speech of primary and secondary students in urban and semi-urban areas of Igbo speech communities where the practices of the knowledge systems are quite remote.This paper examines the benefits derivable from integrating indigenous Igbo knowledge systems into the Igbo language curriculum(through comprehension passages,practical discussions,excursions,audio-visual materials,dramatization,etc.)for both the senior primary pupils and the secondary school students of Igbo origin in south-eastern Nigeria.The data presented in the study were collected through interviews from selected respondents.The study notes that integrating indigenous Igbo knowledge systems into the Igbo language curriculum of both pupils and students will afford pupils/students the opportunities to:(i)learn the indigenous Igbo knowledge systems and positive attitudes/values embedded in them(ii)learn through the Igbo culture(iii)learn across generations(iv)learn from the‘known’in the Igbo culture to the‘unknown’(v)learn outside the classroom.The paper further highlights sample vocabulary items associated with some indigenous Igbo knowledge systems which students/pupils can learn and familiarize themselves with in contextual usage.The paper concludes that learning through the teaching of the indigenous Igbo knowledge systems will enhance the revitalization,preservation and maintenance of the Igbo language and culture and also encourage intergenerational transfer of the language.
文摘泰国妇女择日分娩,为了让子女在“黄道吉日”来到这个世界,泰国1/5以上的孕妇实行了剖腹产。殊不知,此举将严重影响孩子大脑的发育。可怜天下父母心!本则消息出现“剖腹产”一词:caesarean/caesarean section([医]剖腹生产术)。另如:Their first baby was born by caesarean。/他们的头胎婴儿是剖腹产的。需注意的是,首字母大写的Cesarean却别具含义:凯撒的;皇帝的。 此外,文中一个way,用法新鲜,别具含义。