Quantitative Assessment on Endangerment Degree of Rare Animal and Plant Species in Tibet,China

It is of profound theoretical and practical significance to study endangerment status of rare species in Tibet. Index system is firstly set down for quantitative assessment of rare animal and plant species, then endangerment degree of wildlife under special state protection are calculated, which is expressed by value E. The results reveal that Yunnan snub-nosed monkey （Rhinopithecus bieti）, Himalayan tahr （Hemitragus jemlahicus） and Gigantic Cypress （Cupressus gigantea） have the highest E respectively in animals and plants. According to value E, all species are categorized into 4 ranks： critically endangered（0.6-0.8）, endangered （0.4- 0.6）, vulnerable （0.2-0.4） and lower risk （ E ≤ 0.2）. By comparison of the first five animals and plants of the highest E, each sub-ecozone bears a distinct identity.

Life History Traits and Mechanisms of Endangerment in Ranalisma rostratum

Ranalisma rostratum (Alismataceae) is an endangered aquatic plant, and now there is only one population existing in China. In its natural habitat, Huli marsh in Chaling, Hunan province, the best growing plants have been observed at microsites where the water depth is 5～10cm, and the plants grow in emergent form.R. rostratum reproduces asexually or sexually. The recruitment of asexual propagules into population is a very important way to maintain the natural population size. Although seed production does not appear to limitR. rostratum, restricted dispersal of propagules and seeds, low seed viability, low germinability, slow growth of seedlings under all conditions, and habitat loss due to agriculture appear to be more important reasons for the endangerment of this plant.

Reasons for Endangerment of Manchu and Hezhe Languages

In the Tungus-Manchu group, the endangerment of Manchu and Hezhe languages has been confirmed in the linguistic circles in China. Today, only aged people insome Manchu and Hezhe villages of Heilon^iang Province speak these two languages. This paper explores and analyzes the reasons for the endangerment of Manchu and Hezhe languages and provides evidence of the general rules of language endangerment. The research shows that social, psychological and linguistic factors work together to endanger the two languages. Their switch and variation modes have jointly endangered themselves, and the gradual and sudden changes in their linguistic systems have played a joint force. This paper is significant as a reference for further research into universal rules for the endangered languages.

Cultural Dominance and Language Endangerment: The case of Efut in Cross River State, Nigeria

The Efut culture,and by extension language,seems to have been mortally threatened after their speakers’migration to Nigeria from Cameroun in the 16th Century.The linguistic situation resulting in language shift was especially exacerbated in the last seven decades,largely due to the dominant cultural influence of Efik,Ibibio and English.The most ostensive vestige of the language manifests in the Ekpe‘Leopard’secret society songs,rituals and proverbs(performed by,and intelligible mostly to octogenarians).The Efut language sociolinguistic status is between post moribund and dead stage(s).This paper attempts,therefore,to x-ray ways to revitalize and revive it.Two such revival strategies are the use of digital communication technology and Efut in Nollywood movies.Data for this work came mainly from songs,proverbs,interviews,wordlist and available historical literature.The prognosis for reviving Efut appears realistically poor,at present.However,with appropriate input and pragmatic will from all stakeholders,it would be hasty,uncharitable,to consign the language to irreversible extinction.This optimism is sustainable only if language engineers,policymakers and the Efut nation do not continue to sit on the fence.

Cultural Endangerment and Education:Educational Analysis of Changes in Cultural Transmission of the Dongba Dance Tradition of the Naxi People in Lijiang,Yunnan,China

Many traditional ethnic cultural items are being endangered in China.Using the Dongba dance culture of the Naxi people as a case study,this paper seeks to analyze and interpret the endangerment of culture from an educational perspective,based on an analysis of the interaction between the cultural transmission mechanism of Dongba dance and the formal schooling of the Naxi people in Lijiang,China.By describing and comparing the traditional and current forms of Dongba dance transmission,the paper shows how the institution of formal education competes with older modes of cultural transmission,resulting in the endangerment of Dongba dance as a living cultural relic.So,in order to truly realize and improve the function of education in transmitting cultural heritage and to guarantee educational equity,we should prioritize sophisticated ethnic minority cultural items in the assessment and selection phases of education,grant them institutional cultural capital,and put greater effort into developing an appropriate school-based curriculum so that ethnic minority culture may be transmitted and inherited via formal schooling.

Suitable Size of Nature Reserves in Tibet,P.R.China Based on Endangerment Degree of Species

In a view of natural conditions of establishing nature reserve,an index system was prepared for quantitative assessment on status of endangered species,and thus degree of endangered species in Tibet was evaluated.Taking a sub-ecozone as basic unit,top 5 animals and 1 plant with high E as well as the number of species in each unit were enumerated;and the degree of land utilization was figured out.Afterward,we selected 6 coefficients,assigned weight,and framed formula to reckon proportion of nature reserve,thus an area of nature reserve in each sub-ecozone was obtained.In 5 schemes of weight assignment,a scheme with medium area of nature reserve was selected.All sub-ecozones were classified into 4 grades prior conservation,1 was in grade A,2 in grade B,2 in grade C,and 11 in grade D.Total planned area was approximately 365 135 km2,about 48 834 km2 smaller than the actual area of 413 969 km2,ratio of nature reserve in Tibet diminishes from 34.4% to 30.38%.Based on 3 factors of human disturbance,ratio of buffer-experimental zone in proposed nature reserve was calculated.It was demonstrated that existing size of nature reserves is excessive on the whole,and their distribution is not reasonable entirely.The size of nature reserves in 3 sub-ecozones of northern Changtang should decrease,and decrement of area is apportioned among other 13 sub-ecozones which should increase nature reserve.Heterogeneity of regional distribution of rare species in Tibet is quite obvious,so proposed area distribution of nature reserves is more scattered than the existing.

前缀en-与后缀-en

前缀en-和后缀-en尽管词缀形式相同,但两者的构词功能迥然不同,前者仅用作动词词缀,而后者可作动词、形容词及名词词缀。因此不能将两者混为一谈。现分述如下:

Is Thunder-Fire moxibustion effective in the treatment of adenomyosis combined with infertility?

Adenomyosis is defined as the presence of endometrial glands and stroma within the myometrium.It can seriously endanger a woman’s quality of life,causing infertility,dysmenorrhea,and chronic pelvic pain.The definitive treatment for adenomyosis is hysterectomy.However,this option does not benefit patients who wish to preserve their fertility[1].Although medical treatments are effective in improving clinical symptoms,there are limited data to support medical effectiveness in improving the chances of pregnancy.

“使……”的表达法

兼语式是一种常见的汉语句式。使令动词的宾语是后一动词的主语,前后两个动词不共一个主语。在众多的使令动词中,出现频率高的首推“使”字。“使”字一般不单独使用,只有与后面的动词搭配使用时,句子才能成立,句义才趋完整。英译时,

词素en小议

英语中既可做前缀又可做后缀的词素不多,en可谓独领风骚。 en—做前缀源自古法语,意指:1.put in/into 或 on(something),如:encase,enthrone;2.bring or comeinto a certain state,如:endanger,endear。其特点有一:1.en—常使英语中一些借用的法语词构成动词。如:enable,enforce;2.en—在 b,p,ph,1前发生变形。如:embed,empurple,emphasis,

谈谈第三类使役动词

我们都知道 let,make,get.have 是常见的使役动词,除此以外,还有cause(使得),convince(使确信.使信服),render(使得,使变为)等等,应与前面几个使役动词属一类,这些使役动词的特点是:动词本身是“使”的意思,

Teaching Indigenous Knowledge System to Revitalize and Maintain Vulnerable Aspects of Indigenous Nigerian Languages’ Vocabulary:The Igbo Language Example

The Igbo language curriculum for pupils and students at the primary and secondary levels shows no provision for the teaching of any aspects of Igbo indigenous knowledge systems and this is resulting in the attrition and atrophy of vocabulary items associated with such knowledge systems,especially in the speech of primary and secondary students in urban and semi-urban areas of Igbo speech communities where the practices of the knowledge systems are quite remote.This paper examines the benefits derivable from integrating indigenous Igbo knowledge systems into the Igbo language curriculum(through comprehension passages,practical discussions,excursions,audio-visual materials,dramatization,etc.)for both the senior primary pupils and the secondary school students of Igbo origin in south-eastern Nigeria.The data presented in the study were collected through interviews from selected respondents.The study notes that integrating indigenous Igbo knowledge systems into the Igbo language curriculum of both pupils and students will afford pupils/students the opportunities to:(i)learn the indigenous Igbo knowledge systems and positive attitudes/values embedded in them(ii)learn through the Igbo culture(iii)learn across generations(iv)learn from the‘known’in the Igbo culture to the‘unknown’(v)learn outside the classroom.The paper further highlights sample vocabulary items associated with some indigenous Igbo knowledge systems which students/pupils can learn and familiarize themselves with in contextual usage.The paper concludes that learning through the teaching of the indigenous Igbo knowledge systems will enhance the revitalization,preservation and maintenance of the Igbo language and culture and also encourage intergenerational transfer of the language.

快速阅读技巧之三:如何应对生词Coping with difficult words

许多同学在阅读中遇到的最大障碍就是词汇问题。虽然高考阅读理解的文章中对一些超纲词汇附有汉语解释,但仍然会出现一些较难的词汇,这些词汇会在词汇短语题中考查大家。那么,是不是我们对文章中不认识的词汇就无能为力了呢?答案当然是NO!在这部分中,我们将学习猜测生词意思的几个小窍门。窍门一:判断词性请大家阅读下面的文章并完成问题。

Superstitions Endanger Babies

泰国妇女择日分娩,为了让子女在“黄道吉日”来到这个世界,泰国1/5以上的孕妇实行了剖腹产。殊不知,此举将严重影响孩子大脑的发育。可怜天下父母心！本则消息出现“剖腹产”一词:caesarean/caesarean section([医]剖腹生产术)。另如:Their first baby was born by caesarean。/他们的头胎婴儿是剖腹产的。需注意的是,首字母大写的Cesarean却别具含义:凯撒的;皇帝的。 此外,文中一个way,用法新鲜,别具含义。