Analysis of sleep characteristics and clinical outcomes of 139 adult patients with infective endocarditis after surgery

BACKGROUND Little is known about the postoperative sleep quality of infective endocarditis patients during hospitalization and after discharge.AIM To investigate the sleep characteristics of infective endocarditis patients and to identify potential risk factors for disturbed sleep quality after surgery.METHODS The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI)and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale were used to assess patient sleep quality.Logistic regression was used to explore the potential risk factors.RESULTS The study population(n=139)had an average age of 43.40±14.56 years,and 67.6%were men(n=94).Disturbed sleep quality was observed in 86 patients(61.9%)during hospitalization and remained in 46 patients(33.1%)at 6 mo after surgery.However,both PSQI and Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores showed significant improvements at 6 mo(P<0.001 and P=0.001,respectively).Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the potential risk factors were age(odds ratio=1.125,95%confidence interval:1.068-1.186)and PSQI assessed during hospitalization(odds ratio=1.759,95%confidence interval:1.436-2.155).The same analysis in patients with PSQI≥8 during hospitalization suggested that not using sleep medication(odds ratio=15.893,95%confidence interval:2.385-105.889)may be another risk factor.CONCLUSION The incidence of disturbed sleep after infective endocarditis surgery is high.However,the situation improves significantly over time.Age and early postoperative high PSQI score are risk factors for disturbed sleep quality at 6 mo after surgery.

A Rare Case of Aortic Valve Endocarditis and Acute Meningitis Due to Haemophilus influenzae

HACEK organisms represent a rare but important group of causative pathogens in endocarditis. These bacteria have historically been associated with culture-negative endocarditis;however, modern laboratory techniques have made this less common. In this case, we present a 74-year-old man who presented with acute onset altered mentation, fever, and sepsis. He was ultimately found to have Haemophilus influenzae meningitis, cerebral empyema, aortic valve endocarditis, psoas myositis, and L2 - L3 diskitis with osteomyelitis. Although HACEK organisms are commonly found in the oropharynx and upper respiratory tract in humans, our patient did not report recent preceding dental or ENT procedures. H. influenzae is responsible for approximately 0.16% of all cases of bacterial endocarditis, representing a very limited subset. Although generally considered low virulent pathogens, this case demonstrates the unusual extent of infection from a HACEK organism, H. influenzae, causing aortic valve endocarditis as well as atypical non-cardiac sequelae, including acute meningitis.

Surgery in the Acute Phase of Infective Endocarditis: 5 Years after Our Initial Experience

Aim: Comparing the results of acute phase infectious endocarditis surgery between two periods. Methods and Results: The study is about 2 series, series A between 1993 and 1997, and series B between 1998 and 2012, respectively 13 and 51 patients. The two periods were similar concerning the number of patients per year, which was 3.12 cases/year for series A and 3.64 cases/year for series B. The authors noted a change in epidemiological profile, with an increase of median age (31 y.o for series A and 37 y.o for series B), and the emergency of endocarditis on prosthetic valve (none on series A and 8 cases for series B). Surgical indications and results didn’t change too much, hospital mortality rate was 15.3% for series A and 17.6% for series B. Conclusion: Infectious endocarditis is still a major public healthcare problem in developing countries, despite the development of diagnostic tools and patient care. Prevention is still the major asset in the treatment of this disease.

Intraoperative vs 24-Hour Administration of Cefamandole to Prevent Deep Sternal Wound Infection and Endocarditis after Adult Cardiac Surgery

Background and Objectives: Duration of antibiotic prophylaxis for cardiac surgery is still debated and controversial. International guidelines are vague: French guidelines recommend an intraoperative administration, while the Society of Thoracic Surgeons’ guidelines suggest that optimal postoperative prophylactic antibiotics be given for 48 hours or less. Very few studies have compared the same antibiotic with 2 different administration durations. The study was designed to compare the efficacy of 24-hour administration of cefamandole vs intraoperative cefamandole to prevent deep sternal wound infection and endocarditis after cardiac surgery. Methods: This retrospective and observational study compared the rates of severe surgical site infections (deep sternal wound infection, endocarditis) after cardiac surgery between period 1, 01/01/2008-31/08/2008, with 24-hour administration of cefamandole, and period 2, 01/09/2008-30/04/2009 with intraoperative cefamandole. Results: Among 933 patients, 14 patients (1.5%) developed surgical site infection during the 16-month study: 1.3% during the first period and 1.7% during the second (ns). The populations (470 patients in period 1 and 463 in period 2) were homogeneous and comparable for pre-, intra- and postoperative characteristics. Surgical site infection characteristics (pathogens involved, time to diagnosis) and consequences (longer hospital stay, outcomes) were comparable in the 2 groups. Conclusions: Intraoperative cefamandole was as safe as its 24-hour administration to prevent deep sternal wound infection and endocarditis after adult cardiac surgery.

The Infectious Tricuspid Endocarditis in ICU： Clinical Features, Management and Outcome

Objectives： Infectious tricuspid endocarditis is known to simply require antibiotherapy and to have good prognosis in most cases. Few studies focused on severe episodes managed in ICU. We aimed to describe clinical and microbiological features, and fmal outcome of infectious tricuspid endocarditis managed in ICU. Methods： From 1 January 2009 to 31 August 2017, all patients hospitalized in intensive care unit with infectious tricuspid endocarditis were enrolled. Key findings： We collected 15 episodes of infectious tricuspid endocarditis. Median age was of 39 years. Risk factors were： intravenous drug users （n = 10）, pace maker （n = 1）, vascular device （n = 2）, none （n = 2）. Median SAPS II, APACHE II and SOFA on admission were 21, 10 and 2 respectively. Organ failures on admission were： acute respiratory failure （n = 10）, sepsis （n = 7）, coma （n = 1） and acute kidney injury （n = 8）. The most frequent causative pathogen was Staphylococcus Aureus. Antibiotherapy failure happened in 10 patients from whom 8 underwent cardiac surgery （53.3%）. Most frequent complications were acute kidney injury （n = 14） and withdrawal syndrom. Infectious tricuspid endocarditis relapse on bioprosthesis occurred within 2 intravenous drug users after hospital discharge. Overall in-hospital mortality was 40%. Conclusions： Infectious tricuspid endocarditis in ICU is fitted with poor prognosis and high need to cardiac surgery. Special care should be provided to intravenous drug users to prevent relapse.

Reduction effect of bacterial counts by preoperative saline lavage of the stomach in performing laparoscopic and endoscopic cooperative surgery

AIM: To investigate the effects of gastric lavage with 2000 mL of saline in laparoscopic and endoscopic cooperative surgery.

Bacterial Translocation and Change in Intestinal Permeability in Patients after Abdominal Surgery

The purpose of this study was to investigate bacterial translocation and change in intestinal permeability in patients after abdominal surgery. Sixty-three patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery were enrolled in the study. Blood samples were collected prior to operation and 2, 24, 48 h after surgery for bacterial culture, microbial DNA extraction, plasma D-lactate and endotoxin measurement. PCR analysis was performed after DNA extraction, with β-lactosidase gene of E. coli and 16S rRNA gene as target genes. All patients were observed for a period of 30 days for infectious complications. Our results showed that no bacterial DNA was detected before surgery, but after operation it was found in 12 patients （19.0%）. Bacterial DNA was detected in 41.7% （10/24） of SIRS patients and 5.1% （2/39） of non-SIRS patients （P〈0.01）. About 83.3% of PCR-positive patients developed systemic inflammatory response syndrome （SIRS）, but only 27.5% of PCR-negative patients did so （P〈0.01）. Two thirds of PCR-positive patients developed infectious complications, while none of PCR-negative patients did （P〈0.01）. The blood culture was positive only in 3 patients （4.8%）, who were all PCR-positive. E. coli DNA was found in 66.7% of the PCR-positive patients. The plasma levels of D-lactate and endotoxin were elevated significantly 2, 24 and 48 h after operation in PCR-positive patients, with a significant positive correlation found between them （r=0.91, P〈0.01）. It is concluded that increased intestinal permeability was closely related with bacterial translocation. Intestinal bacterial translocation （most commonly E. coli） might occur at early stage （2 h） after abdominal surgery. Postoperative SIRS and infection might bear a close relationship with bacterial translocation.

Bacterial translocation in patients undergoing major gastrointestinal surgery and its role in postoperative sepsis

Bacteria of the human intestinal microflora have a dual role.They promote digestion and are part of a defense mechanism against pathogens.These bacteria could become potential pathogens under certain circumstances.The term“bacterial translocation”describes the passage of bacteria of the gastrointestinal tract through the intestinal mucosa barrier to mesenteric lymph nodes and other organs.In some cases,the passage of bacteria and endotoxins could result in blood stream infections and in multiple organ failure.Open elective abdominal surgery more frequently results in malfunction of the intestinal barrier and subsequent bacterial translocation and blood stream infections than laparoscopic surgery.Postoperative sepsis is a common finding in patients who have undergone non-elective abdominal surgeries,including trauma patients treated with laparotomy.Postoperative sepsis is an emerging issue,as it changes the treatment plan in surgical patients and prolongs hospital stay.The association between bacterial translocation and postoperative sepsis could provide novel treatment options.

Infective Endocarditis-induced Crescentic Glomerulonephritis Dramatically Improved after Removal of Vegetations and Valve Replacement

Infective endocarditis （IE） is associated with poor prognosis and higher mortality. IE-induced glomerulonephritis, especially crescentic glomerulonephritis （IE-CGN） with renal dysfunction, is an independent risk factor for mortality For the treatment of IE-CGN, many therapeutic strategies including antibiotics alone, antibiotics combined with corticosteroid, immunosuppressive agents, plasmapheresis, or cardiac surgery have been applied and obtained various results.C21 Here, we reported a case of CGN with progressive renal failure secondary to IE in which the renal function was dramatically improved by the treatment of surgical valve replacement and antibiotics.

Mycobacterium chimaera infections following cardiac surgery in Treviso Hospital, Italy, from 2016 to 2019: Cases report

BACKGROUND An epidemic of Mycobacterium chimaera (M. chimaera) infections following cardiac surgery is ongoing worldwide. The outbreak was first discovered in 2011, and it has been traced to a point source contamination of the LivaNova 3T heater-cooler unit, which is used also in Italy. International data are advocated to clarify the spectrum of clinical features of the disease as well as treatment options and outcome. We report a series of M. chimaera infections diagnosed in Treviso Hospital, including the first cases notified in Italy in 2016. CASE SUMMARY Since June 2016, we diagnosed a M. chimaera infection in nine patient who had undergone cardiac valve surgery between February 2011 and November 2016. The time between cardiac surgery and developing symptoms ranged from 6 to 97 mo. Unexplained fever, psychophysical decay, weight loss, and neurological symptoms were common complaints. The median duration of symptoms was 32 wk, and the longest was almost two years. A new cardiac murmur, splenomegaly, choroidoretinitis, anaemia or lymphopenia, abnormal liver function tests and hyponatremia were common findings. All the patients presented a prosthetic valve endocarditis, frequently associated to an ascending aortic pseudoneurysm or spondylodiscitis. M. chimaera was cultured from blood, bioprosthetic tissue, pericardial abscess, vertebral tissue, and bone marrow. Mortality is high in our series, reflecting the poor outcome observed in other reports. Three patients have undergone repeat cardiac surgery. Five patients are being treated with a targeted multidrug antimycobacterial regimen. CONCLUSION Patients who have undergone cardiac surgery in Italy and presenting with signs and symptoms of endocarditis must be tested for M. chimaera.

Bacterial and fungal endophthalmitis in Upper Egypt:related species and risk factors

Objective:To study risk factors,contributing factors of bacterial and fungal endophthalmitis in Upper Egypt,test the isolated species sensitive to some therapeutic agents,and to investigate the air-borne bacteria and fungi in opthalmology operating rooms.Methods:Thirty one cases of endophthalmitis were clinically diagnosed and microbiologically studied.Indoor air-borne bacteria and fungi inside four air-conditioned operating rooms in the Ophthalmology Department at Assiut University Hospitals were also investigated.The isolated microbes from endophthalmitis cases were tested for their ability to produce some extracellular enzymes including protease,lipase,urease,phosphatase and catalase.Also the ability of 5 fungal isolates from endophthalmitis origin to produce mycotoxins and their sensitivity to some therapeutic agents were studied.Results:Results showed that bacteria and fungi were responsible for infection in 10 and 6 cases of endophthalmitis,respectively and only 2 cases produced a mixture of bacteria and fungi.Trauma was the most prevalent risk factor of endophthalmitis where 58.1%of the 31 cases were due to trauma.In ophthalmology operating rooms,different bacterial and fungal species were isolated.8 bacterial and 5 fungal isolates showed their ability to produce enzymes while only 3 fungal isolates were able to produce mycotoxins.Terbinafine showed the highest effect against most isolates in vitro.Conclusions:The ability of bacterial and fungal isolates to produce extracellular enzymes and mycotoxins may be aid in the invasion and destruction of eye tissues. Microbial contamination of operating rooms with air-borne bacteria and fungi in the present work may be a source of postoperative endophthalmitis.

A comparative study of two methods for establishing a chronic non‑bacterial prostatitis model in rats‑

Objective:To compare the biological characteristics and stability of the chronic non-bacterial prostatitis(CNP)model in rats induced by the depot combined with estrogen induction method and the autoimmune response induction method.Methods:The CNP rat model was prepared using the depot combined with 17β-estradiol induction method in the depot hormone group and three concentrations of prostate protein homogenate at 40 mg/mL,20 mg/mL and 10 mg/mL in the autoimmune group,respectively.The degree of prostate tissue damage was evaluated by pathology(HE staining),and the immunoturbidimetric method was used to evaluate the contents of immunoglobulins IgA,IgM and IgG.ELISA was used to evaluate interleukin-1β(IL-1β),interleukin-10(IL-10),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)and high-sensitivity-C-reactive protein(hs-CRP),and electrochemiluminescence was used to evaluate the expression level of testosterone(T),and the two model methods were compared.Results:Compared with the sham-operated group,the body mass of rats in both models was significantly lower in the depot hormone group and autoimmune group before extraction(P<0.01,P<0.01),and histopathology of the prostate in both models showed destruction of glandular structure and a significant increase in inflammatory cells.Compared with the depot hormone group and the autoimmune group,the histopathological changes and inflammatory pathological scores of prostate and the contents of immune indexes IgA,IgM and IgG were significantly different in the depot hormone group(P<0.05,P<0.05,P<0.05),and the levels of IL-1β,IL-10,TNF-α,hs-CRP and T were significantly changed in the autoimmune group(P<0.01).The comparison between the high,medium and low dose groups of the autoimmune group,in which the pathological changes in the medium dose of the autoimmune group were slightly better than the other two groups between the groups,but the changes in IL-1β,IL-10,TNF-α,hs-CRP,and T in the low dose of the autoimmune group were the most significant(P<0.05).Conclusion:The pathological tissues of the chronic non-bacterial prostatitis model established by the depot combined with estrogen induction method and the autoimmune response induction method both showed significant changes,and the comprehensive indexes indicated that the depot combined with estrogen induction method was a more appropriate modeling choice.

Community-acquired pneumonia:The importance of the early detection of drug-resistant organisms

Pneumonia is a disease associated with significant healthcare burden with over 1.5 million hospitalizations annually and is the eighth leading cause of death in the United States.While community-acquired pneumonia(CAP)is generally considered an acute time-limited illness,it is associated with high long-term mortality,with nearly one-third of patients requiring hospitalization dying within one year.An increasing trend of detecting multidrug-resistant(MDR)organisms causing CAP has been observed,especially in the Western world.In this editorial,we discuss about a publication by Jatteppanavar et al which reported that a case of a MDR organism was the culprit in developing pneumonia,bacteremia,and infective endocarditis that led to the patient’s death.The early detection of these resistant organisms helps improve patient outcomes.Significant advances have been made in the biotechnological and research space,but preventive measures,diagnostic techniques,and treatment strategies need to be developed.

儿童感染性心内膜炎合并瓣膜损害超声心动图表现

目的观察儿童感染性心内膜炎(IE)合并瓣膜损害超声心动图表现。方法回顾性分析104例IE患儿,根据是否合并瓣膜损害及损害程度将其分为无损害组(n=34)、轻度损害组(n=39)及功能障碍组(n=31);比较3组一般资料及超声心动图资料,分析合并瓣膜损害IE患儿超声心动图特点。结果3组合并其他先天性心脏病(即排除主动脉瓣二叶畸形)占比、住院期间栓塞事件发生率及左心系统心内膜炎发生率差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。两两比较,无损害组合并其他先天性心脏病占比高于、而左心系统心内膜炎发生率低于轻度损害组及功能障碍组(P均<0.05);无损害组住院期间栓塞事件发生率低于功能障碍组(P<0.05)。70例存在瓣膜损害,其中以二尖瓣(30/70,42.86%)占比最高,多表现为瓣膜反流(63/70,90.00%)。轻度损害组与功能障碍组瓣膜受累部位、瓣膜结构病变及瓣膜狭窄发生率差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。结论儿童IE合并瓣膜损害多累及左心系统,栓塞事件风险高于无瓣膜损害者;超声心动图可作为评估瓣膜受累部位及损害程度的重要手段。

感染性心内膜炎患者外科术后发生ICU时间延长的危险因素

目的分析感染性心内膜炎(infectious endocarditis,IE)术后发生ICU时间延长的危险因素,为预防IE术后住ICU时间延长提供依据。方法选取2019年1月1日至2021年3月31日在广东省人民医院心脏外科进行手术治疗的感染性心内膜炎患者,总共纳入223例患者。按照术后ICU停留时间是否大于3 d分为非延长组(<3 d)和延长组(≥3 d)。非延长组156例,延长组67例。ICU时间延长危险因素的单因素分析采用t检验或秩和检验,单因素分析中P<0.05的变量再进行二分类logistic回归多因素分析。采用ROC曲线评估模型的精确度。结果223例患者中共67例患者发生ICU时间延长,发生率30%。单因素分析结果:性别、年龄、冠心病史、脑梗死史、术前心衰、主动脉瓣返流面积、左室舒张末径、左室射血分数LVEF<60%、体外循环时间、主动脉阻断时间、使用IABP、气管插管重插管、肺部感染、使用CRRT、机械通气时间延长>24 h等。多因素分析结果显示术前左室射血分数LVEF<60%(OR=3.004,P=0.041)、术后使用IABP(OR=31.686,P=0.008)以及机械通气时间>24 h(OR=8.135,P<0.001)为IE术后ICU时间延长的独立危险因素。该模型预测ICU时间延长危险因素的AUC值为0.858(95%CI:0.806~0.901,P<0.001)。结论术前左室射血分数LVEF<60%、使用IABP以及机械通气时间>24 h是为IE术后ICU时间延长独立危险因素,临床工作中要综合防治各种危险因素,以期缩短ICU停留时间、提高手术成功率。

颅脑手术中无菌外科手套忽略性穿孔的发生及其对细菌污染的影响

目的 探讨颅脑手术使用的无菌外科手套忽略性穿孔的发生情况及其对手套细菌污染的影响。方法 选取在颅脑手术中手术参与者佩戴的无菌外科手套996只为研究对象,对可能导致手套发生忽略性穿孔的因素分别进行单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析,对穿孔和未穿孔手套的外表面细菌检出情况进行比较。结果 996只颅脑手术使用的无菌外科手套中,有84只(8.43%)手套检出了忽略性穿孔,有39只(3.92%)手套检出了细菌。忽略性穿孔组的手套外表面细菌检出率显著高于无忽略性穿孔组(P<0.001)。单因素及多因素Logistic分析结果提示开颅手术、急诊手术、手术时间≥150 min、术中使用旋转设备及佩戴手套人员的角色为手术主刀是导致无菌外科手套发生忽略性穿孔的危险因素(OR>1,P<0.05),而术中使用双层手套则是避免发生穿孔的保护性因素(OR<1,P<0.05)。结论 颅脑手术中无菌外科手套的忽略性穿孔发生情况不容乐观,开颅手术、急诊手术、手术时间较长、术中使用旋转设备及手术主刀使用的手套发生忽略性穿孔的概率较高,对于忽略性穿孔发生率较高的手术,术中可以佩戴双层手套,以减少无菌外科手套外表面的细菌污染。

洁净层流手术间开放性脊柱手术中无菌灯柄细菌检出情况及危险因素分析

目的探讨洁净层流手术间开放性脊柱手术使用的无菌灯柄不同时段的细菌污染状况及危险因素,为及时更换灯柄及实施干预措施提供依据。方法选取在洁净层流手术间行开放性脊柱手术使用的275个无菌灯柄为研究对象,使用无菌棉拭子对灯柄外表面进行取样,对不同时段灯柄的细菌检出情况及危险因素进行分析。结果开放性脊柱手术使用的275个无菌灯柄中从手术3 h开始共有41个(14.91%)灯柄检出细菌;培养出53株细菌,其中大肠埃希菌17株(32.08%),所占比例最高。单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析表明,合并开放性外伤、手术时间≥5 h、术中出血量≥400 mL、术中使用无菌灯柄对灯次数≥10次、灯柄有明显的血液污染及手术间人员数量≥8名是导致灯柄检出细菌的危险因素(OR>1,P<0.05)。结论洁净层流手术间开放性脊柱手术使用的无菌灯柄细菌污染主要由大肠埃希菌引起,灯柄的细菌污染与开放性外伤、手术时间、出血量、使用无菌灯柄对灯次数、灯柄有明显血液污染及手术间人员数量等多种因素有关,建议手术时间超过3 h时应更换灯柄。

感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗

目的 报道 198例感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗 .方法 所有患者手术前均进行血培养和超声心动图检查 ,全部进行外科手术治疗 .结果 198例患者中 ,继发于先天性心脏病 15 4例 (78% ) ,源于正常心脏 2 3例 (12 % ) ,继发于风湿性心脏瓣膜病 2 1例 (10 % ) ,手术前发生脑梗死 16例 (8% ) ,手术前血培养阳性 99例 (5 0 % ) ,超声心动图发现心脏赘生物14 1例 (70 % ) .全部患者进行了手术治疗 ,手术后死亡 6例(3% ) .结论 感染性心内膜炎的重要发病前驱因素是先天性心脏血管畸形 .诊断上临床表现典型 ,超声心动图发现心脏有赘生物 ,血培养阳性可以明确诊断 .在手术治疗时机上 ,经过抗生素正规治疗 1wk,感染仍旧不能控制时 ,尤其是病变引起瓣膜损害 ,进行性心衰患者 ,应该积极创造条件手术治疗 ;手术中应该按照病灶分布特征彻底清除病灶 ,包括损毁或者失功瓣膜、赘生物、坏死组织、瓣周脓肿 ,同时用抗生素或者有机碘溶液冲洗心腔 ,如果病灶广泛 ,不能彻底切除 ,可以电灼受累瓣膜和心内膜 ;

61例感染性心内膜炎的临床分析

目的探讨近年来感染性心内膜炎临床特点的变化.方法回顾性分析我院1992年1月～2004年11月间61例感染性心内膜炎患者的临床资料,根据受累瓣膜种类(人工瓣或自然瓣)、血培养结果(阳性或阴性)、是否检出瓣膜赘生物将患者分为不同亚组,分析其对预后的影响.结果风湿性心脏病(27.9%)、先天性心脏病(21.3%)、特发性二尖瓣脱垂及关闭不全(19.6%)分别居基础疾病的前3位.临床表现的发生率由高到低依次为贫血34例(55.7%)、肝脾肿大29例(47.5%)、不规则发热22例(36.1%)、血尿12例(19.7%)、脑血管意外10例 (16.4%) .经超声心动图检查42例(68.9%)发现赘生物,细菌培养结果31例为阳性.致病菌主要为链球菌(10株)、葡萄球菌(10株)、假单胞菌(3株).常用的有效抗生素组合为去甲万古霉素+磷霉素+奈替米星 (34.4%) 、青霉素+氨基糖苷类(27.9%).手术治疗22例(36.1%),住院期间死亡11例(18.0%),主要死因为心力衰竭,其次为脑血管意外.不同亚组间住院病死率的差异无显著性(P>0.05).结论瓣膜种类、血培养结果及是否检出瓣膜赘生物对预后无明显影响,早期诊断、适时手术及内、外科联合治疗是治疗成功的关键.

细菌性心内膜炎的临床分析

目的：为提高对细菌性心内膜炎的诊治水平。方法：回顾性分析４４例细菌性心内膜炎的临床表现形式与治疗的关系。结果：发热为常见及起始症状（９７．７％）；贫血（８６．４％）、脾大（４３．２％）、肝大（３８．６％）、心脏杂音改变（３４．１％）、周围动脉栓塞（２０．５％）、脑血管意外（１１．９％）、血培养阳性（５６．８％），其中葡萄球菌及链球菌分别为４６．２％及３５．７％，经胸超声心动图发现赘生物７２．７％，瓣周漏４．５％，主动脉根部脓肿２．３％。内科治疗３２例，死亡率３４．４％，外科治疗１２例，死亡率８．３％，６例早发性人工瓣膜心内膜炎中５例在发病后１个月内死亡。多种细菌感染、心功能、周围动脉栓塞、早发性人工瓣膜心内膜炎、主动脉瓣病变为危险因素。结论：应根据心功能、致病菌种、受累部位以及临床症状决定治疗方案，对于人工瓣膜心内膜炎应首先考虑手术治疗。