Osteoarthritis, a nonspecific inflammatory lesion, is a commonly seen joint disease. Clinically, it is mainly characterized by arthralgia, swelling, and motor impairment. Since the knee joint is the load-bearing joint...Osteoarthritis, a nonspecific inflammatory lesion, is a commonly seen joint disease. Clinically, it is mainly characterized by arthralgia, swelling, and motor impairment. Since the knee joint is the load-bearing joint of the human body, and is susceptible to trauma, gonitis tends to have the highest morbidity in the four limbs, which manifests itself arthritis of patella and femur at the early stage; narrowness or disappearance of the medial joint space at the mid stage; and damage of the cartilage accompanied with flexion deformity at the late stage. In recent years, based on the experience of Prof. Cao Yiming, the author has treated 47 cases of gonitis by combined use of Chinese drugs and acupuncture, and obtained satisfactory therapeutic results as reported in the following.展开更多
BACKGROUND: Patients with hypertension coupled with metabolic syndrome (MetS) are among the high risk population in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. To reduce the prevalence of cardiovascular and cerebr...BACKGROUND: Patients with hypertension coupled with metabolic syndrome (MetS) are among the high risk population in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. To reduce the prevalence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, it is essential to appropriately control b^ood pressure together with other cardiovascular risk factors. OBJECTIVE: The current study was designed to investigate the therapeutic effects on blood pressure, blood pressure variability and other cardiovascular risk factors by giving Yiqi Huaju Formula, a compound traditional Chinese herbal medicine, in addition to routine treatment to hypertensive patients coupled with MetS. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTIONS: A total of 43 patients with hypertension coupled with MetS were recruited into this study. The enrolled patients were randomly divided into the Chinese herbal formula group (anti-hypertensive drugs plus Yiqi Huaju Formula, CHF) and the control group (anti-hypertensive drugs plus placebo). The CHF group enrolled 22 patients while the control group received 21 cases. Treatments were given for 12 weeks in both groups. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Parameters examined include 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), fasting glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAlc), fasting plasma glucose, 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose (PPG), fasting plasma insulin, serum lipid, etc. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the CHF group had significant improvement (P〈0.01) in anthropometric parameters, FPG, HOMA-IR, blood pressure amplitude, blood pressure variability and blood pressure load. CONCLUSION: This study showed that integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine treatment can achieve better results in controlling blood pressure as well as other cardiovascular risk factors. The mechanism of controlling of blood pressure may be associated with the improvement of insulin sensitivity due to the Yiqi Huaju intervention. TRIAL REGISTRATION IDENTIFIER: ChiCTR-TRC-11001633.展开更多
Since 1995, the Chinese herbal medicine for supplementing qi and activating blood circulation combined with injection of ahylsantinfarctase into the femoral artery has been used in 28 cases of diabetes complicated... Since 1995, the Chinese herbal medicine for supplementing qi and activating blood circulation combined with injection of ahylsantinfarctase into the femoral artery has been used in 28 cases of diabetes complicated with gangrene and ulcer of the foot, with quite good therapeutic effects as reported in the following.……展开更多
In the recent decade, interest in treatment and prevention of many critical, severe and acute diseases caused by bacterial endotoxins has been aroused along with the advance of the knowledge on the nature of the endot...In the recent decade, interest in treatment and prevention of many critical, severe and acute diseases caused by bacterial endotoxins has been aroused along with the advance of the knowledge on the nature of the endotoxin and the conditions involved. In abroad, attention has been mainly payed to raising antisera and monocolonal antibodies against the endotoxin and the induced mediators. However, the allergic reactions and the cost are still the problems. Till now, there is no drug that can antagonize endotoxin with high effectiveness and low toxicity. Clinical treatments are still confined in inhibiting or killing the pathogen, and correcting the internal environmental disturbance. Being less toxic and rich in resources with low cost and less side-effects, screening of effective Chinese drugs for antagonizing endotoxin is of important and practical significance. Endotoxin belongs to the category of toxic evils, or more precisely, the heat toxin in TCM. Therefore the application of heat-clearing and detoxifying Chinese drugs to antagonizing endotoxins is consistent with the theory of TCM. Some achievements in this field are reported as follows.展开更多
Infection of the urinary system is frequently seen in the paraplegic patients with urinary complications,which is one of the main reasons for the late death in such cases. The effects of the therapeutic method adopted...Infection of the urinary system is frequently seen in the paraplegic patients with urinary complications,which is one of the main reasons for the late death in such cases. The effects of the therapeutic method adopted for the urinary rehabilitation are directly related to the life quality and survival time of the paraplegic patients. Since 1999-2002, the authors had applied Chinese herbal medicine combined with acupuncture for the urinary rehabilitation in 52 paraplegic patients, with quite good therapeuticresults as reported in the following.展开更多
The treatment of vocal nodules with the combined use of needling on Kaiyin Yihao Xue (开音一号穴Kai Yin Point No. 1 for Voice-Regaining) and medicinal spray and tea made according to Xie Qiang’s empirical prescri... The treatment of vocal nodules with the combined use of needling on Kaiyin Yihao Xue (开音一号穴Kai Yin Point No. 1 for Voice-Regaining) and medicinal spray and tea made according to Xie Qiang’s empirical prescription, obtained a total effective rate of 93.6%, obviously superior to that of the group treated with western medicine and the group simply treated by Chinese drugs (P<0.01). This suggests that the combined use of acupuncture and Chinese drugs in the treatment of vocal nodules has better therapeutic effect and requires shorter course of treatment.展开更多
Clinical DataCase selection: 100 cases who met thediagnostic criteria of senile dementiaformulated by American Association ofPsychiatry in Handbook of Diagnosis andStatistics (DSM-Ⅲ-R, 3rd revised edition)
Even though radiotherapy is a therapy of first choice in the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, its radiotoxicity is often difficult to bear for patients in addition to the unsatisfactory effect in some patients. ...Even though radiotherapy is a therapy of first choice in the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, its radiotoxicity is often difficult to bear for patients in addition to the unsatisfactory effect in some patients. Therefore, an important problem in the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is to abate radiotherapeutic toxicity and improve its effect. Some progresses in promoting the effect of radiotherapy and abating its toxicity have been made through application of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) which is briefly reviewed as follows.展开更多
118 cases of ulcerative colitis were treated by integration of traditional Chinese and Western medicine. Another 86 cases of ulcerative colitis were treated by simple western drugs as controls. The therapeutic effects...118 cases of ulcerative colitis were treated by integration of traditional Chinese and Western medicine. Another 86 cases of ulcerative colitis were treated by simple western drugs as controls. The therapeutic effects for both groups were observed and compared after two therapeutic courses of 40 consecutive days. As a result, 39 cases were cured, 60 cases improved and 19 cases failed, with a total effective rate of 84% in the treatment group; in the control group, 15 cases were cured, 37 cases improved and 34 cases failed, with a total effective rate of 60.5%. Statistically, the difference was very significant (P展开更多
Between 1985 and 1989, 285 cases of metastatic carcinoma in the supraclavicular lymph nodes were treated by the following five methods: Chinese medication, radiotherapy plus Chinese medication, chemotherapy plus Chine...Between 1985 and 1989, 285 cases of metastatic carcinoma in the supraclavicular lymph nodes were treated by the following five methods: Chinese medication, radiotherapy plus Chinese medication, chemotherapy plus Chinese medication, combined Chinese and Western medicine and expectant treatment. Analysis shows that radiotherapy plus Chinese medication has the best curative effect with an effective rate of 75.5%. The effective rates were 74.2% for the combined treatment, 55.5% for the chemotherapy plus medication, 12.5% for the Chinese medication, and none for expectant treatment.展开更多
From June 1996 to June 2002, the author treated 38 cases of acquired paralytic strabismus by acupuncture plus oral administration of Zheng Rong Tang (正容汤), with another 38 cases of acquired paralytic strabismus tre...From June 1996 to June 2002, the author treated 38 cases of acquired paralytic strabismus by acupuncture plus oral administration of Zheng Rong Tang (正容汤), with another 38 cases of acquired paralytic strabismus treated only with oral administration of Chinese herbs as the controls. The results are reported as follows.展开更多
Prolapse of rectum usually occurs in the children with insufficient qi and blood, in the elders with declined qi and blood or deficiency of qi in the middle jiao (burner), in the women who made qi exhausted during lab...Prolapse of rectum usually occurs in the children with insufficient qi and blood, in the elders with declined qi and blood or deficiency of qi in the middle jiao (burner), in the women who made qi exhausted during labor resulting in deficiency of qi and blood, and in those with chronic diarrhea, habitual constipation and long-standing cough. All these may cause sinking of qi in middle jiao and induce the disorder. Therefore in treating the disorder, the primary causes should also be treated simultaneously.展开更多
Ovarian tumor may occur in women ofany age, but mostly seen in women duringtheir child-bearing period. The disease shouldbe treated mainly by surgical operation,supplemented by radiotherapy and chemo-therapy. However,...Ovarian tumor may occur in women ofany age, but mostly seen in women duringtheir child-bearing period. The disease shouldbe treated mainly by surgical operation,supplemented by radiotherapy and chemo-therapy. However, the above therapies maycause a series of toxic side-effects, such asalopecia, diarrhea, edema, anorexia, nausea,dry mouth, spontaneous perspiration, headache,展开更多
47 senile non-parvicellular lung cancer patients at stage Ⅲ or Ⅳ were randomly divided into a treatment group (26 cases) treated by radiotherapy plus traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and a control group (21 cases)...47 senile non-parvicellular lung cancer patients at stage Ⅲ or Ⅳ were randomly divided into a treatment group (26 cases) treated by radiotherapy plus traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and a control group (21 cases) treated only by radiotherapy for observation of the therapeutic effects.The patients in the treatment group orally took Chinese medicine during and after the radiotherapy.There was no obvious difference in short-term therapeutic effects between the two groups,but the long-term curative effects in the treatment group was obviously superior to that in the control group (P<0.05 or P<0.01).Conclusion:radiotherapy plus TCM can prolong the survival period for senile non-parvicellular lung cancer patients.展开更多
In recent years, the authors employed plum-blossom needle tapping on the specific acupoints with external application of Huoxue Zengshi Ye (HZY, 活血增视液 infusion for promoting blood circulation and improving eyesig...In recent years, the authors employed plum-blossom needle tapping on the specific acupoints with external application of Huoxue Zengshi Ye (HZY, 活血增视液 infusion for promoting blood circulation and improving eyesight) in combination with the auricular-plaster therapy by using展开更多
OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and safety of Yunxiangjing (YXJ), derived from Chinese herbal medicine, in the management of acute radiation-induced proctitis (ARIP) in patients with pelvic malignancy. METHODS...OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and safety of Yunxiangjing (YXJ), derived from Chinese herbal medicine, in the management of acute radiation-induced proctitis (ARIP) in patients with pelvic malignancy. METHODS: Forty-eight patients with grade 2 ARIP were administered YXJ as an enema (I : 30 dilution) for 2 weeks and followed up for 2 years. All were a sessed for response and ARIP grade. Quality of life (QOL) was assessed with the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-Core 30. RESULTS: Of the 48 patients, six (12.5%) achieved complete remission of ARIP and 28 (58.3%) showed a decrease from grade 2 to grade 1 ARIR No patient experienced a grade 〉3 toxicity. At the end of radio- therapy, patients showed significant improvements in QOL (P 〈 0.05). Two years after treatment, 46 patients showed no late toxicity, with only two experiencing grade 1 late toxicity. CONCLUSION; YXJ can be used as an enema to manage acute radiation-induced proctitis in cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. These findings suggest that YXJ enema may be an alternative treatment of ARIP.展开更多
Under the guidance of family veteran Chinese physicians, the author has been pursuing the research and treatment of mental diseases with Chinese herbal medicine supplemented by acupuncture and moxibustion with satisfa...Under the guidance of family veteran Chinese physicians, the author has been pursuing the research and treatment of mental diseases with Chinese herbal medicine supplemented by acupuncture and moxibustion with satisfactory therapeutic effects which is introduced as follows.展开更多
Insulin resistance (IR) refers to subnormal response to a certain amount of insulin and is the most characteristic phenomenon in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). It is also an element of the pathogenic...Insulin resistance (IR) refers to subnormal response to a certain amount of insulin and is the most characteristic phenomenon in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). It is also an element of the pathogenic mechanism shared with obesity, systemic hypertension, abnormal lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis. In recent years, studies on its treatment with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) have gradually been carried out and the following is a report of them.Mechanisms of Diabetic IR in TCM TermsAction of insulin antagonizing hormones in peripheral tissues is one of the causes of diabetic IR. Cyclic nucleosides cAMP and cGMP, important intracellular messengers, are considered to be the second messenger of insulin, and cAMP is related to the amount of insulin receptors. Early in 1980s, some authors investigated the relationship among the symptoms of diabetes and such hormones and cAMP/cGMP ratio. Although they did not give due attention to IR, their studies provided evidences for differentiation of symptoms and signs in IR typing.展开更多
文摘Osteoarthritis, a nonspecific inflammatory lesion, is a commonly seen joint disease. Clinically, it is mainly characterized by arthralgia, swelling, and motor impairment. Since the knee joint is the load-bearing joint of the human body, and is susceptible to trauma, gonitis tends to have the highest morbidity in the four limbs, which manifests itself arthritis of patella and femur at the early stage; narrowness or disappearance of the medial joint space at the mid stage; and damage of the cartilage accompanied with flexion deformity at the late stage. In recent years, based on the experience of Prof. Cao Yiming, the author has treated 47 cases of gonitis by combined use of Chinese drugs and acupuncture, and obtained satisfactory therapeutic results as reported in the following.
基金supported by grants from the National Traditional Chinese Medicine Administration Bureau, Chinathe project of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(No.08dj 1400600),Shanghaithe National Natural Science Foundation(No.81001574)
文摘BACKGROUND: Patients with hypertension coupled with metabolic syndrome (MetS) are among the high risk population in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. To reduce the prevalence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, it is essential to appropriately control b^ood pressure together with other cardiovascular risk factors. OBJECTIVE: The current study was designed to investigate the therapeutic effects on blood pressure, blood pressure variability and other cardiovascular risk factors by giving Yiqi Huaju Formula, a compound traditional Chinese herbal medicine, in addition to routine treatment to hypertensive patients coupled with MetS. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTIONS: A total of 43 patients with hypertension coupled with MetS were recruited into this study. The enrolled patients were randomly divided into the Chinese herbal formula group (anti-hypertensive drugs plus Yiqi Huaju Formula, CHF) and the control group (anti-hypertensive drugs plus placebo). The CHF group enrolled 22 patients while the control group received 21 cases. Treatments were given for 12 weeks in both groups. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Parameters examined include 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), fasting glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAlc), fasting plasma glucose, 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose (PPG), fasting plasma insulin, serum lipid, etc. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the CHF group had significant improvement (P〈0.01) in anthropometric parameters, FPG, HOMA-IR, blood pressure amplitude, blood pressure variability and blood pressure load. CONCLUSION: This study showed that integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine treatment can achieve better results in controlling blood pressure as well as other cardiovascular risk factors. The mechanism of controlling of blood pressure may be associated with the improvement of insulin sensitivity due to the Yiqi Huaju intervention. TRIAL REGISTRATION IDENTIFIER: ChiCTR-TRC-11001633.
文摘 Since 1995, the Chinese herbal medicine for supplementing qi and activating blood circulation combined with injection of ahylsantinfarctase into the femoral artery has been used in 28 cases of diabetes complicated with gangrene and ulcer of the foot, with quite good therapeutic effects as reported in the following.……
文摘In the recent decade, interest in treatment and prevention of many critical, severe and acute diseases caused by bacterial endotoxins has been aroused along with the advance of the knowledge on the nature of the endotoxin and the conditions involved. In abroad, attention has been mainly payed to raising antisera and monocolonal antibodies against the endotoxin and the induced mediators. However, the allergic reactions and the cost are still the problems. Till now, there is no drug that can antagonize endotoxin with high effectiveness and low toxicity. Clinical treatments are still confined in inhibiting or killing the pathogen, and correcting the internal environmental disturbance. Being less toxic and rich in resources with low cost and less side-effects, screening of effective Chinese drugs for antagonizing endotoxin is of important and practical significance. Endotoxin belongs to the category of toxic evils, or more precisely, the heat toxin in TCM. Therefore the application of heat-clearing and detoxifying Chinese drugs to antagonizing endotoxins is consistent with the theory of TCM. Some achievements in this field are reported as follows.
文摘Infection of the urinary system is frequently seen in the paraplegic patients with urinary complications,which is one of the main reasons for the late death in such cases. The effects of the therapeutic method adopted for the urinary rehabilitation are directly related to the life quality and survival time of the paraplegic patients. Since 1999-2002, the authors had applied Chinese herbal medicine combined with acupuncture for the urinary rehabilitation in 52 paraplegic patients, with quite good therapeuticresults as reported in the following.
文摘 The treatment of vocal nodules with the combined use of needling on Kaiyin Yihao Xue (开音一号穴Kai Yin Point No. 1 for Voice-Regaining) and medicinal spray and tea made according to Xie Qiang’s empirical prescription, obtained a total effective rate of 93.6%, obviously superior to that of the group treated with western medicine and the group simply treated by Chinese drugs (P<0.01). This suggests that the combined use of acupuncture and Chinese drugs in the treatment of vocal nodules has better therapeutic effect and requires shorter course of treatment.
文摘Clinical DataCase selection: 100 cases who met thediagnostic criteria of senile dementiaformulated by American Association ofPsychiatry in Handbook of Diagnosis andStatistics (DSM-Ⅲ-R, 3rd revised edition)
文摘Even though radiotherapy is a therapy of first choice in the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, its radiotoxicity is often difficult to bear for patients in addition to the unsatisfactory effect in some patients. Therefore, an important problem in the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is to abate radiotherapeutic toxicity and improve its effect. Some progresses in promoting the effect of radiotherapy and abating its toxicity have been made through application of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) which is briefly reviewed as follows.
文摘118 cases of ulcerative colitis were treated by integration of traditional Chinese and Western medicine. Another 86 cases of ulcerative colitis were treated by simple western drugs as controls. The therapeutic effects for both groups were observed and compared after two therapeutic courses of 40 consecutive days. As a result, 39 cases were cured, 60 cases improved and 19 cases failed, with a total effective rate of 84% in the treatment group; in the control group, 15 cases were cured, 37 cases improved and 34 cases failed, with a total effective rate of 60.5%. Statistically, the difference was very significant (P
文摘Between 1985 and 1989, 285 cases of metastatic carcinoma in the supraclavicular lymph nodes were treated by the following five methods: Chinese medication, radiotherapy plus Chinese medication, chemotherapy plus Chinese medication, combined Chinese and Western medicine and expectant treatment. Analysis shows that radiotherapy plus Chinese medication has the best curative effect with an effective rate of 75.5%. The effective rates were 74.2% for the combined treatment, 55.5% for the chemotherapy plus medication, 12.5% for the Chinese medication, and none for expectant treatment.
文摘From June 1996 to June 2002, the author treated 38 cases of acquired paralytic strabismus by acupuncture plus oral administration of Zheng Rong Tang (正容汤), with another 38 cases of acquired paralytic strabismus treated only with oral administration of Chinese herbs as the controls. The results are reported as follows.
文摘Prolapse of rectum usually occurs in the children with insufficient qi and blood, in the elders with declined qi and blood or deficiency of qi in the middle jiao (burner), in the women who made qi exhausted during labor resulting in deficiency of qi and blood, and in those with chronic diarrhea, habitual constipation and long-standing cough. All these may cause sinking of qi in middle jiao and induce the disorder. Therefore in treating the disorder, the primary causes should also be treated simultaneously.
文摘Ovarian tumor may occur in women ofany age, but mostly seen in women duringtheir child-bearing period. The disease shouldbe treated mainly by surgical operation,supplemented by radiotherapy and chemo-therapy. However, the above therapies maycause a series of toxic side-effects, such asalopecia, diarrhea, edema, anorexia, nausea,dry mouth, spontaneous perspiration, headache,
文摘47 senile non-parvicellular lung cancer patients at stage Ⅲ or Ⅳ were randomly divided into a treatment group (26 cases) treated by radiotherapy plus traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and a control group (21 cases) treated only by radiotherapy for observation of the therapeutic effects.The patients in the treatment group orally took Chinese medicine during and after the radiotherapy.There was no obvious difference in short-term therapeutic effects between the two groups,but the long-term curative effects in the treatment group was obviously superior to that in the control group (P<0.05 or P<0.01).Conclusion:radiotherapy plus TCM can prolong the survival period for senile non-parvicellular lung cancer patients.
文摘In recent years, the authors employed plum-blossom needle tapping on the specific acupoints with external application of Huoxue Zengshi Ye (HZY, 活血增视液 infusion for promoting blood circulation and improving eyesight) in combination with the auricular-plaster therapy by using
基金Supported by the Scientific Research Fund of the Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Guangxi Province of China:The clinical trial of Chinese Herbal Formula Yunxiangjing Enemas on the treatment of Acute Radiation-Induced Proctitis(No.gzzc 1165)
文摘OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and safety of Yunxiangjing (YXJ), derived from Chinese herbal medicine, in the management of acute radiation-induced proctitis (ARIP) in patients with pelvic malignancy. METHODS: Forty-eight patients with grade 2 ARIP were administered YXJ as an enema (I : 30 dilution) for 2 weeks and followed up for 2 years. All were a sessed for response and ARIP grade. Quality of life (QOL) was assessed with the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-Core 30. RESULTS: Of the 48 patients, six (12.5%) achieved complete remission of ARIP and 28 (58.3%) showed a decrease from grade 2 to grade 1 ARIR No patient experienced a grade 〉3 toxicity. At the end of radio- therapy, patients showed significant improvements in QOL (P 〈 0.05). Two years after treatment, 46 patients showed no late toxicity, with only two experiencing grade 1 late toxicity. CONCLUSION; YXJ can be used as an enema to manage acute radiation-induced proctitis in cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. These findings suggest that YXJ enema may be an alternative treatment of ARIP.
文摘Researches in recent years have shown that cellular immune factor plays an important role in the generation and development of cerebral hemorrhage1-3.
文摘Under the guidance of family veteran Chinese physicians, the author has been pursuing the research and treatment of mental diseases with Chinese herbal medicine supplemented by acupuncture and moxibustion with satisfactory therapeutic effects which is introduced as follows.
文摘Insulin resistance (IR) refers to subnormal response to a certain amount of insulin and is the most characteristic phenomenon in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). It is also an element of the pathogenic mechanism shared with obesity, systemic hypertension, abnormal lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis. In recent years, studies on its treatment with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) have gradually been carried out and the following is a report of them.Mechanisms of Diabetic IR in TCM TermsAction of insulin antagonizing hormones in peripheral tissues is one of the causes of diabetic IR. Cyclic nucleosides cAMP and cGMP, important intracellular messengers, are considered to be the second messenger of insulin, and cAMP is related to the amount of insulin receptors. Early in 1980s, some authors investigated the relationship among the symptoms of diabetes and such hormones and cAMP/cGMP ratio. Although they did not give due attention to IR, their studies provided evidences for differentiation of symptoms and signs in IR typing.