Potato/Maize intercropping reduces infestation of potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella(Zeller) by the enhancement of natural enemies

The potato tuber moth(PTM),Phthorimaea operculella(Zeller),is one of the most economically significant insect pests for potato in both field and storage worldwide.To evaluate the infestation,reduction of potato yield and the control efficacy for PTM,field tests were conducted in two seasons by intercropping of potato as the host plant with maize as a non-host plant of PTM.Three intercropping patterns were tested,which were 2 rows of potatoes with either 2,3,or 4 rows of maize(abbreviated 2 P:2 M,2 P:3 M,and 2 P:4 M),and the monocropped potato as the control,2 rows of potatoes,without maize,(abbreviated 2 P:0 M).Results showed that the population and infestation of PTM in the 2 P:3 M intercropping pattern was significantly lower than those in 2 P:2 M,2 P:4 M and the monocropping pattern of 2 P:0 M,due to the enhancement of natural enemies.Cumulative mines and tunneling in potato leaves in 2 P:3 M intercropping were significantly lower than those in 2 P:2 M and 2 P:4 M patterns.The population of parasitoids and the parasitism rate of PTM in intercropping pattern of 2 P:3 M were significantly higher than that in intercropping pattern of 2 P:2 M,2 P:4 M and monocropping pattern of 2 P:0 M.We conclude that the potato intercropped with maize reduced the adult and larva populations,and reduced the damage from PTM by enhancing the number of parasitoids and the level of parasitism.The greatest population density of parasitoids and parasitism rate were in the intercropping pattern of 2 rows of potatoes with 3 rows of maize.These data indicate that the host/non-host intercropping patterns can be used as a biological control tactic against PTM by enhancing the density of natural enemies in the agro-ecosystems.

Nerves and hydrogen peroxide： how old enemies become new friends

ROS and nerves play together during the regeneration process： For many years, the role of reactive oxygen species （ROS） in neurobiology has mainly focused on its pathological implications in neurodegenerative diseases. Contrasting with this view, ROS were recently put forward as key positive signals for axon growth and repair, highlighting beneficial functions of ROS signalling in the vertebrate adult brain （Borquez et al., 2016）.

The Effectiveness of Coccinellids as Natural Enemies of Aphids in Maize, Beans and Cowpeas Intercrop

A field study was conducted in Busia district of Kenya to elucidate the dynamics of ladybirds in mixed stands of maize, beans and cowpeas to determine their efficacy as sole control measures for Aphids. Maize, beans and cowpeas were intercropped using conventional husbandry practices and the general Coccinellid quantified as follows： Colonies of four Coccinellids, starved for 12 hours to enhance feeding on Aphids were assessed. The effects of weather on the abundance of Coccinellids were also investigated and involved collection of meteorological data from the Busia District Agricultural Office （BDAO） and from Busia Farmers Training Centre （BFTC） and relating them to the abundance and predation values. The predator population was most abundant in the mixed stands of maize and beans （2.33 predators/30 Aphids） as compared to their occurrence in pure stands of cowpeas （0.85 predators/30 Aphids）. The genus Cheilomenes spp. was the most ubiquitous predator with a mean of 4.00 individuals/30 Aphids while Hippodamia variegata was the least abundant predator species with a mean of 0.92 individuals/30 Aphids in all the agro-ecosystems. The larvae of Hippodamia variegata were the most bio-efficient, consuming 32.44 Aphids while their adults were the least bio-efficient, consuming 4.22 individuals for a period of 12 hours. The Coccinellids consumed more Aphids at higher aphid densities （24.05 Aphids） than at lower aphid densities （9.44 Aphids） over the same period of time. Rainfall and relative humidity had significant （F = 3.675; P 〈 0.05） effects on the abundance of Coccinellids. Temperature had significant （F = 3.58; P 〈 0.05） effect on the abundance of Coccinellids though at a lower level. Rainfall （r = -0.162） and relative humidity （r = - 0.084） were both inversely correlated with the abundance of Coccinellids. On the other hand, temperature was positively correlated （r = 0.159） with the prevalence of Coccinellids indicating that warmer and drier conditions favoured their multiplication.

Dominant Natural Enemies of Sugarcane Pests and Their Protection and Utilization in Yunnan

This paper discussed and summarized the parasitic characters and the protection and utilization of 7 species of dominant natural enemies of sugarcane pests in Yunnan, China. Sugarcane pests are numerous and there are rich natural enemy resources in Yunnan sugarcane areas. There are more than 283 species of natural enemies against sugarcane pests in Yunnan, among which the dominant natural enemies with protection and utilization value and research significance include Trichogramma, Apanteles flavipes(Cameron) and Sturmiopsis inferens Townsend parasitic on sugarcane borers, Synonycha grandis(Thunberg), Lemnia biplagiata(Swartz), Chilomenes sexmaculata(Fabricius) and Thiallela sp catching and feeding on Ceratovacuna lanigera Zehntner, and Euborellia pallipes Shiraki preying on Saccharicocus sacchari(Cocherell), Dysmicoccus bohinsis Kuw, Trochorhopalus humeralis Chevrolat and Diocalandra sp. There is also one fungal parasite, namely Beauveria bassiana, which is widely distributed in nature, and can parasitize in a variety of sugarcane pests including sugarcane borers, Exolontha serrulata(Gyllenhal), Alissonotum impressicolle Arrow, T. humeralis and Otidognathus rubriceps Chevrola. It has a natural parasitism rate generally around 10% and certain natural inhibition effect on sugarcane pests. Reasonably protecting and utilizing natural enemies and giving full play to the natural regulation of natural enemies on pests are of great significance for protecting the ecological environment, maintaining the ecological balance of sugarcane fields, improving the comprehensive management level of pests, and promoting the sustainable development of sugar industry.

Impact Analysis of Genetically Modified (Bt) Cotton Genotypes on Economically Important Natural Enemies under Field Conditions

Field studies were conducted at Hisar during Kharif, 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 under natural and unsprayed condition. RCH 134 Bt, HS 6 (non Bt), H 1117 and Ganganagar Ageti (non Bt) were selected for the studies. The experiment was laid down in Randomized Block Design replicated thrice having plant spacing 67.5 × 60 cm. Among the bollworms, Erias spp. exhibited positive correlation with rainfall, minimum temperature and relative humidity morning hours significantly at 5 percent level whereas Helicoverpa and Pectinophora displayed positive relations only with evening hours relative humidity significantly while Spodoptera were significantly positive correlated with relative humidity of morning and evening hours. Bollworm complex was negatively correlated with all the weather parameters employed to study although being non-significant in case of rainfall, maximum and minimum of temperature, morning and evening hours of relative humidity. Among the sucking pests, leafhoppers, whitefly, thrips and aphids population showed significantly negative correlation with weather parameters. The comparison of natural bio-agents in cotton hybrids under study revealed that overall mean population of natural enemies were higher in Bt cotton hybrid as compared to non-Bt. These results confirm that use of genetically modified (Bt) cotton in lieu of conventional genotypes could positively impact non-target and beneficial insect species by preserving their host populations.

Natural Enemies of Calidea panaethiopica (Heteroptera: Scutelleridae): An Insect Pest of Jatropha curcas L. in the South-Sudanian Zone of Burkina Faso

Jatropha curcas L. is a non-edible oleaginous plant of Euphorbiacea family. Its seeds provide oil for industrial use, and when grown as a biofuel, J. curcas can be used to restore degraded soil by improving their fertility and by controlling water and wind erosion. The plant also reduces CO2 emission by carbon sequestration. However, J. curcas is attacked by many insect pests including C. panaethiopica, a polyphagous heteroptera of the Scutelleridae family. Larvae and adults of the insect pest feed on J. curcas flowers, fruit, and seeds, thereby causing quantitative and qualitative losses. Despite the economic importance of this insect pest, there is little known about its potential natural enemies. A survey of the natural enemies of C. panaethiopica was carried out from 3rd June 2013 to 29th May 2014 on three J. curcas production sites in the South-Sudanian zone of Burkina Faso. Three Hymenopteran egg parasitoids all belonging to the Scelionidae family were found. These included Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston), Psixstriaticeps (Dodd), and Gryon sp. Several predator species belonging to the Araneae, Tarachodidae and Mantidae families were also found. The egg parasitism increased progressively between June and September 2013, reaching a peak (43%) in September 2013. The number of spiders and mantises was higher between July and August 2013. The highest numbers of natural enemies associated with the insect pest were recorded in J. curcas monoculture plantations.

From Trauma to Recovery: An Interpretation of Singer’s Enemies: A Love Story

American Jewish writer Isaac Bashevis Singer’s Enemies:A Love Story explores the experience of Holocaust survivors in post-Holocaust America.The novel takes the entangled relationship between the protagonists as the primary developmental clue,mirroring the plights that the American Jewish immigrants have encountered in this new land of promise.Through the description of the living conditions of those Holocaust survivors in the post-Holocaust era,the novel reveals the catastrophic trauma of the Jewish individuals and the whole Jewish nation.This article delves into the psychological trauma of those Holocaust survivors,and explores the journey of recovery they are searching by a combined analysis of their traumatic experience and symptoms.By applying the trauma theory to interpret this novel,it is aimed not merely to depict the traumatized history of the Holocaust and its universe evil from a new perspective,but to remind the readers that history cannot be forgotten.

Screening of Natural Enemies of Monochamus alternatus Transmitting Pine Wood Nematode Disease

The screening of the natural enemies of Monochamus altematus Hope is the basic work for studying the biological control of pine wood nematode disease. The dead pine wood in different periods were anatomized and observed to collect the subcutaneous insects and the insects within pine wood. The insects that could not be determined as trunk-boring pests were fed with Monochamus alternatus Hope larvae. The parasitic natural enemies of Monochamus altematus Hope larvae, Dastarcus helcphoroides, and six kinds of feeding natural enemies of Monochamus altematus larvae were found. And Dastarcus helcphoroide was first found in Guizhou.

Effects of Some Materials Extracted from Ajuga Species on the Larvae of Hyphantria cunea and its Natural Enemies

Six kinds of cxtracts drawn from Ajuga multiflora and .A. multliflora var. brevispicala and A. multiflora var.serotina using methanol and acetone were used in this experiment to test their killing activity to the second instar larvae ofHypantria cunea and their influence on its natural enemics. The average death rate caused by those extracts on the secondinstar larvae was 85.70%. The mortality rate caused by the extracts drawn with methanol was from 88.89% to 96.33%,which was significal1tly l1igl1er tl1a11 tl1at caused by acetol1e extracts. 'I11osc extracts were satt to TrchogranInIa `Ie)uI,xiIinIi,Coccinella septempunctata, the natural enelnies of H. cunea. We did not found any evidence shown that those extracts hadany influence the emergence and the devclopment of T. dendrolimi. Those methanolic extracts gotten from A. multiflora andA. multiflora var. brevispicata had no significant effects on the mortality of the larvae and adults of C. septenrpunctala.Those eXtracts could be used in the control of H cunea sattly.

Comparative Efficacies of Next-Generation Insecticides Against Yellow Stem Borer and Their Effects on Natural Enemies in Rice Ecosystem

The efficacies of some next-generation insecticides against the rice yellow stem borer(YSB),Scirpophaga incertulas(Walk.), and their compatibilities with natural enemies were investigated during 2014 and 2015. Three newer insecticides, chlorantraniliprole 0.4% G, dinotefuran 20% SG, and methoxyfenozide 24% SC, and two commonly used insecticides, carbufuran 5 G and quinalphos 25 EC,were evaluated in the field for their efficacies against YSB and their non-target effects on natural enemies.Application of chlorantraniliprole 0.4% G at 10.96 kg/hm^2 resulted in the greatest reduction in YSB infestation(deadhearts and whiteheads) and greatest increase of yield compared to the untreated control plots, followed by methoxyfenozide 24% SC at 0.41 L/hm^2, dinotefuran 20% SG at 0.15 kg/hm^2,carbufuran 5 G at 10.96 kg/hm^2, and quinalphos 25 EC at 1.50 L/hm^2. All the insecticides reduced the numbers of predators viz., lady bird beetles, wolf spiders, carabid beetles, earwigs, green mirid bugs, and damselflies. Numbers of adults of the egg parasitoids Trichogramma sp., Telenomus sp. and Tetrastichus sp. were significantly reduced in insecticide-treated plots compared to untreated control plots. In all field trials, the harmful effects of the five insecticides were in the following rank order(least harmful to most harmful): chlorantraniliprole 0.4% G, carbufuran 5 G, dinotefuran 20% SG, methoxyfenozide 24% SC,and quinalphos 25 EC. On the basis of reduction in YSB infestation, increase in grain yield, and compatibility with natural enemies, chlorantraniliprole 0.4% G was proved to be the best of all the insecticides for YSB management system, although the study suggested minimizing its retail price for enhancement of cost effectiveness in farmers' fields.

Analysis of Economic Benefits Brought by Industrialization of Natural Enemy Insects

In the field of biological control of agricultural and forestry pests,natural enemy insects play an important role,constituting the core of modern integrated pest management(IPM)strategy,providing solid support for the zero growth goal of chemical pesticide use,and helping the sustainable development of green agriculture.The rise of the natural enemy insect industry has become a key driver of the transformation of green agriculture,injecting vitality into the sustainability and ecological protection of agriculture.With the increasing concern about food safety,environmental protection and ecological balance all over the world,the application scope of natural enemy insects as biological control means is constantly expanding.Its unique ecological adaptability and environmentally friendly characteristics help to reduce dependence on chemical pesticides,ensure the safety of agricultural products and maintain ecological diversity.The purpose of this study is to analyze the current situation of natural enemy insect industry,evaluate its cost and benefit,emphasize its great significance in promoting the transformation of green agriculture,improving production efficiency and promoting ecological protection by drawing lessons from foreign successful experiences,and explore an efficient and sustainable new agricultural development model.

Host plants and natural enemies of Bemisia tabaci （Hemiptera： Aleyrodidae）in China

The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, has been a destructive pest in China for over the past two decades. It is an extremely polyphagous insect, being recorded feeding on hundreds of host plants around the world. Potential host plants and natural enemies of B. tabaci in the south, southeast, middle, north and northwest of China were investigated during the last decade. In total 361 plant species from 89 families were recorded in our surveys. Plants in the families Compositae, Cruciferae, Cucurbitaceae, Solanaceae and Leguminosae were the preferred host species for B. tabaci, which therefore suffered much damage from this devastating pest due to their high populations. In total, 56 species of parasitoids, 54 species of arthropod predators and seven species of entomopathogenic fungi were recorded in our surveys. Aphelinid parasitoids from Encarsia and Eretrnocerus genera, lady beetles and lacewings in Coleoptera and Neuroptera were found to be the dominant arthropod predators of B. tabaci in China. The varieties of host plant, their distribution and the dominant species of natural enemies of B. tabaci in different regions of China are discussed.

Invasive oaks escape pre-dispersal insect seed predation and trap enemies in their seeds

Species introduced to habitats outside their native range often escape control by their natural enemies.Besides competing with native species,an alien species might also affect the native herbivores by introducing a new source of different quality food.Here,we describe the case of northern red oak(Quercus rubra)invasion in Europe.We collected data on insect(moth Cydia spp.and weevil Curculio spp.)seed predation of northern red oak in its native(USA,North America)and invasive(Poland,Europe)range,as well as for sessile oaks(Quercus petrea)in Europe.We also evaluated the quality of acorns as hosts for weevil larvae by collecting infested acorns and measuring weevil developmental success,and quantifying acorn traits such as seed mass,tannins,lipids and protein concentration.We used DNA barcoding to identify insects to the species level.The predation by moths was similar and very low in both species and in both ranges.However,red oaks escape pre-dispersal seed predation by weevils in Europe.Weevil infestation rates of northern red oak acorns in their invasive range were 10 times lower than that of sessile oaks,and also 10 times lower than that of red oaks in North America.Furthermore,even when weevils oviposited into northern red oaks,the larvae failed to develop,suggesting that the exotic host created a trap for the insect.This phenomenon might gradually decrease the local abundance of the seed predator,and further aid the invasion.

New Evidence for the Hypothesis of Reducing Natural Enemy Pressure of Eupatorium adenophorum: Solenopsis invicta Competing with Doxrylus orientalis to Feed on E. adenophorum

Natural enemy insects are important factors in regulating plant invasion. The interactions between multiple insect species resulting from invasive plants remain poorly understood despite their potential. We observed notorious invasive plants Eupatorium adenophorum Sprengel were competedly fed by Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Dorylus orientalis Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) beside the scientific research base of Kunming University. It was first observed that D. orientalis was eating the epidermis, cortex, phloem and other root and stem tissues of E. adenophorum in soil. Two months later, it was observed that S. invicta ate the epidermis, cortex, phloem and other aboveground stem tissues of E. adenophorum. S. invicta attacked D. orientalis and displaced their living space by causing the later dead, injured, or even disabled. This phenomenon suggested that local herbivorous insects have adapted to E. adenophorum well, which will intensify the naturalization process of E. adenophorum in local habitats. In a homogeneous garden planting experiment of E. adenophorum conducted at the experimental base of Kunming University, the biomass of the introduced (China) populations of E. adenophorum was lower than that of the native (Mexico) populations, although there was no statistically significant difference. These results indicate a possible positive correlation between the increase in natural enemy pressure and the decrease in fitness of E. adenophorum.

咸宁地区桔全爪螨与天敌种群动态的初步研究

咸宁地区桔全爪螨与天敌种群动态的初步研究甘宗义，王盛桃（湖北省农科院果树茶叶研究所，武昌４３０２０９）ＰｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎＤｙｎａｍｉｃｓｏｆＣｉｔｒｕｓＲｃｄＭｉｔｅ（ＰａｎｏｎｙｃｈｕｓｃｉｔｒｉＭｃＧ．）ａｎｄＩｔｓＮａｔｕｒａｌＥｎｅｍｉｅｓ...

世界麦双尾蚜研究进展:防治方法和策略

The Russian wheat aphid (RWA), Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), was a worldwide cereal pest. The control measures to this pest were reviewed, emphasizing on natural enemies and plant resistance. First, spring wheat with earlier planting dates had higher yield and could resist RWA infestation to a more extent, while winter wheat with later planting dates could escape infestation of Russian wheat aphid with very few exceptions. So, manipulation of wheat planting dates was suggested in worldwide scale for the aphid control. Second, the natural enemies were considered as the most important factor to reduced the pest status. Introduced and native natural enemies were evaluated for their potential as biological agents in South Africa, United States, and Australia. In South Africa, an introduced parasitoid and a predator were selected for releasing. In the United States, the project on exploring and releasing the natural enemies was unprecedented in biological control history. The endeavor in USA has been proved primarily successful today and will be afterward. The RWA control in Chile was considered most successful, partly because of their introduction of natural enemies before the aphid arrival. The native enemies together with other factors in central Asia and Europe apparently suppressed the aphids to a low level. The screen for resistant wheat was another important research project in fighting with RWA. In South Africa and USA, resistant wheat and barley were bred, and some of them had been put in commercial use for RWA control. The overwhelming mechanisms in resistant wheat varieties were antibiosis, tolerance or their combination. Though chemical insecticide spraying was proved as an effective method for aphid control, more and more research has switched from this method to non chemical control measures as required by IPM. Future research should put more emphasis on augmentation of the natural enemies, revealing the relationship between RWA and agricultural ecosystem and integration of all effective measures.

Influence of Garlic Intercropping or Active Emitted Volatiles in Releasers on Aphid and Related Beneficial in Wheat Fields in China

In order to develop biological control of aphids by a ＂push-pull＂ approach, intercropping using repellent emitting plants was developed in different crop and associated plant models. Garlic is one of the potential plant that could be inserted in crops to decrease the pest occurrence in neighboring crop plots. In this study, field works were conducted in wheat fields in Langfang Experimental Station, Hebei Province in China from October 2009 to July 2010 during wheat developmental season. The effect of wheat intercropping with garlic but also the volatiles emission on the incidence of the English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae Fabricius （Homoptera： Aphididae） was assessed. Natural beneficial occurrence and global yields in two winter wheat varieties that were susceptible or resistant to cereal aphid were also determined comparing to control plots without the use of garlic plant intercrop nor semiochemical releaser in the fields. S. avenae was found to be lower in garlic oil blend treatment （GOB）, diallyl disulfide treatment （DD） and wheat-garlic intercropping treatment （WGI） when compared to the control plots for both two varieties （P〈0.01）. Both intercropping and application of volatile chemicals emitted by garlic could improve the population densities of natural enemies of cereal aphid, including ladybeetles and mummified aphids. Ladybeetle population density in WGI, GOB and mummified aphids densities in WGI, DD were significantly higher than those in control fields for both two varieties （P〈0.05）. There were significant interactions between cultivars and treatments to the population densities of S. avenae. The 1 000-grain weight and yield of wheat were also increased compared to the control. Due to their potential alternatives as a biological control agent against cereal aphid, garlic intercropping and related emitted volatiles are expected to contribute to the further improvement of integrated pest management systems and to potentially reduce the amount of traditional synthetic pesticides applied in wheat fields.

Invasion biology of the cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley: Current knowledge and future directions

The cotton mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley(Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), which is native to North America, emerged as a major invasive insect pest of multiple crops in Asia at the beginning of the 21 st century. Considering the economic significance of this insect and its rapid worldwide spread, we examined the possible factors driving its invasions. In this paper, we summarize the life history traits of P. solenopsis conceivably related to population development in invaded regions; these traits include its use of diverse host plants, reproductive capacity and mode, adaptation to temperature, response to food shortage, and insecticidal resistance. Then, focusing on the multiple trophic interactions that may promote or hinder invasion, we review the mutualistic relationship of this mealybug with ants and predation and parasitism by natural enemies. Finally, we suggest topics for future research and provide our perspective on the biological invasions of this mealybug. We speculate that specific biological factors associated with this mealybug, particularly its wide host range, high reproductive potential, evolved changes in life history traits, and mutualism with ants have played important roles in its invasions, allowing this pest to become established and rapidly increase its population upon its introduction into new regions.

Effects of sesame nectar on longevity and fecundity of seven Lepidoptera and survival of four parasitoid species commonly found in agricultural ecosystems

Ecological engineering involves the use of plants to promote establishment, survival and efficiency of natural enemies in agricultural systems. Some plant species may be hosts or provide resources to some pest species. We assessed the risks and benefits of sesame （Sesamum indicum L.）, as a nectar source for seven economically important Lepidopteran pest and four parasitoid species in a range of vegetable crop systems. Our results showed that the mean Iongevities of arthropod parasitoids Pteromalus puparum （L.）, Encarsia sophia （Girault ＆ Dodd） and male Microplitis tuberculifer （Wesmael） were significantly extended when fed on sesame flowers compared to the water control. Sesame flowers had no effect on adult Iongevities and fecundities of six out of the seven Lepidoptera pest species tested except Plutella xyllostella （L.） females laid more eggs when fed on sesame flowers. It is likely that the increased fecundity is due to accessibility to nectar at the bottom of corolla because of their smaller body sizes. Our findings provide a first step towards better understanding of the risks and benefits of using sesame to implement ecological engineering for the management of vegetable pests.

Effect of Colored Sticky Cards on Non-target Insects

Field experiments to evaluate four different colored sticky cards for trapping non-target insects were conducted in an organic maize field in the Heinigou region of China. Yellow, blue, green, and red sticky cards were used to trap insects in the field. The total number of insects species caught was 54, with 3,862 individuals recorded. Over half of the specimens caught were non-target insects, including phytophagous insects, particularly dipteran species(including many mosquitoes)(50.3%), followed by target pests(37.0%), and beneficial insects(12.7%). Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference in attraction to target pests, non-target pests, and beneficial insects among treatment groups. The results showed that higher numbers of target pests(Myzus persicae Sulzer, Empoasca flavescens Fabricius, Nysius ericaecshinly Schilling) were caught on yellow sticky card traps compared with blue, green, or red sticky card traps, indicating that yellow was the best trap color for target pests, with green and blue being progressively less attractive. For non-target insects, including phytophagous insects, flies, and mosquitoes,higher numbers of were caught on blue sticky card traps compared with yellow,green, or red sticky card traps. Our study indicated that blue was the most attractive color for flies, especially for the housefly, Musca domestica Linnaeus. Our study also showed that most beneficial insects exhibited preferences to particular trap color characteristics: yellow was the most attractive color for parasitic wasps and lady beetles; blue was the most attractive color for hoverflies and honeybees. In contrast,green and red had no significant attraction to beneficial insects.