Energy Balance-Based SWAT Model to Simulate the Mountain Snowmelt and Runoff——Taking the Application in Juntanghu Watershed(China) as an Example

In order to predict long-term flooding under extreme weather conditions in central Asia, an energy balance-based distributed snowmelt runoff model was developed and coupled with the Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT) model. The model was tested at the Juntanghu watershed on the northern slope of the Tian Shan Mountains, Xinjiang,China. We compared the performances of temperature-index method and energy balanced method in SWAT model by taking Juntanghu river basin as an application example(as the simulation experiment was conducted in Juntanghu River, we call the energy balanced method as SWAT-JTH). The results suggest that the SWAT snowmelt model had overall Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency(NSE) coefficients ranging from 0.61 to 0.85 while the physical based approach had NSE coefficients ranging from 0.58 to0.69. Overall, on monthly scale, the SWAT model provides better results than that from the SWAT-JTH model. However, results generated from both methods seem to be fairly close at a daily scale. Thestructure of the temperature-index method is simple and produces reasonable simulation results if the parameters are well within empirical ranges. Although the data requirement for the energy balance method in current observation is difficult to meet and the existence of uncertainty is associated with the experimental approaches of physical processes, the SWAT-JTH model still produced a reasonably high NSE. We conclude that using temperature-index methods to simulate the snowmelt process is sufficient, but the energy balance-based model is still a good choice to simulate extreme weather conditions especially when the required data input for the model is acquired.

The Impact of Soil Freezing/Thawing Processes on Water and Energy Balances

A frozen soil parameterization coupling of thermal and hydrological processes is used to investigate how frozen soil processes affect water and energy balances in seasonal frozen soil. Simulation results of soil liquid water content and temperature using soil model with and without the inclusion of freezing and thawing processes are evaluated against observations at the Rosemount field station. By comparing the simulated water and heat fluxes of the two cases, the role of phase change processes in the water and energy balances is analyzed. Soil freezing induces upward water flow towards the freezing front and increases soil water content in the upper soil layer. In particular, soil ice obviously prevents and delays the infiltration during rain at Rosemount. In addition, soil freezingthawing processes alter the partitioning of surface energy fluxes and lead the soil to release more sensible heat into the atmosphere during freezing periods.

High Elevation Energy and Water Balance:the Roles of Surface Albedo and Temperature

Observation and modeling of the coupled energy and water balance is the key to understand hydrospheric and cryospheric processes at high elevation.The paper summarizes the progress to address this aspect in relation with different earth system elements,from glaciers to wetlands.The energy budget of two glaciers,i.e.Xiao Dongkemadi and Parlung No.4,was studied by means of extended field measurements and a distributed model of the coupled energy and mass balance was developed and evaluated.The need for accurate characterization of surface albedo was further documented for the entire Qinghai Tibet Plateau by numerical experiments with Weather Research and Forecast(WRF)on the sensitivity of the atmospheric boundary layer to the parameterization of land surface processes.A new approach to the calibration of a coupled distributed watershed model of the energy and water balance was demonstrated by a case study on the Heihe River Basin in northwestern China.The assimilation of land surface temperature did lead to the retrieval of critical soil and vegetation properties as the soil permeability and the canopy resistance to the exchange of vapour and carbon dioxide.The retrievals of actual Evapo-Transpiration(ET)were generated by the ETMonitor system and evaluated against eddy covariance measurements at sites spread throughout Asia.As regards glacier response to climate variability,the combined findings based on satellite data and model experiments showed that the spatial variability of surface albedo and temperature is significant and controls both glacier mass balance and flow.Experiments with both atmospheric and hydrosphere-cryosphere models documented the need and advantages of using accurate retrievals of land surface albedo to capture lan-atmosphere interactions at high elevation.

Impacts of Systematic Precipitation Bias on Simulations of Water and Energy Balances in Northwest America

At high latitudes and in mountainous areas, evaluation and validation of water and energy flux simu-lations are greatly affected by systematic precipitation errors. These errors mainly come from topographic effects and undercatch of precipitation gauges. In this study, the Land Dynamics （LAD） land surface model is used to investigate impacts of systematic precipitation bias from topography and wind-blowing on water and energy flux simulation in Northwest America. The results show that topographic and wind adjustment reduced bias of streamflow simulations when compared with observed streamflow at 14 basins. These systematic biases resulted in a -50%-100% bias for runoff simulations, a -20%-20% bias for evapotranspiration, and a -40%-40% bias for sensible heat flux, subject to different locations and adjustments, when compared with the control run. Uncertain gauge adjustment leads to a 25% uncertainty for precipitation, a 20% 100% uncertainty for runoff simulation, a less-than-10% uncertainty for evapotranspiration, and a less-than-20% uncertainty for sensible heat flux.

Comparison of heart rate monitoring with indirect calorimetry for energy expenditure evaluation

Purpose:The purpose of this study was to compare established methods with newly-developed methods for estimating the total energy expenditure(TEE). Methods:The study subjects comprised 46 individuals,including 16 middle-aged men(mean age 51.4 years),14 middle-aged women(mean age 49.9 years) and 16 young women(mean age 19.1 years).The TEE was estimated from 24-h heart rate(HR) data using newly-developed software (MoveSense HRAnalyzer 201 la,RC1.Suunto Oy,Vantaa,Finland),and was compared against the TEE determined using doubly labeled water (DLW).Agreement between the two methods was analyzed using Bland and Altman plots. Results:The HR method yielded similar TEE values as the DLW method at the group level,with an average of 8.6 kcal/day in the difference in the mean,but with large individual variations.Forty-four(96%) out of 46 subjects fell within±2SD of the mean difference in TEE comparisons, and there was no tendency towards under- or over-estimation. Conclusion:Our results indicate that the current software using HR analysis for the estimation of daily TEE needs further development for use with free-living individuals.

California Simulation of Evapotranspiration of Applied Water and Agricultural Energy Use in California

The California Simulation of Evapotranspiration of Applied Water （CaI-SIMETAW） model is a new tool developed by the California Department of Water Resources and the University of California, Davis to perform daily soil water balance and determine crop evapotranspiration （ETo）, evapotranspiration of applied water （ETaw）, and applied water （AW） for use in California water resources planning. ETaw is a seasonal estimate of the water needed to irrigate a crop assuming 100% irrigation efficiency. The model accounts for soils, crop coefficients, rooting depths, seepage, etc. that influence crop water balance. It provides spatial soil and climate information and it uses historical crop and land-use category information to provide seasonal water balance estimates by combinations of detailed analysis unit and county （DAU/County） over Califomia. The result is a large data base of ETc and ETaw that will be used to update information in the new California Water Plan （CWP）. The application uses the daily climate data, i.e., maximum （Tx） and minimum （Tn） temperature and precipitation （Pcp）, which were derived from monthly USDA-NRCS PRISM data （PRISM Group 2011） and daily US National Climate Data Center （NCDC） climate station data to cover California on a 4 kmx4 km change grid spacing. The application uses daily weather data to determine reference evapotranspiration （ETo）, using the Hargreaves-Samani （HS） equation （Hargreaves and Samani 1982, 1985）. Because the HS equation is based on temperature only, ETo from the HS equation were compared with CIMIS ETo at the same locations using available CIMIS data to determine correction factors to estimate CIMIS ETo from the HS ETo to account for spatial climate differences. CaI-SIMETAW also employs near real-time reference evapotranspiration （ETo） information from Spatial CIMIS, which is a model that combines weather station data and remote sensing to provide a grid of ETo information. A second database containing the available soil water holding capacity and soil depth information for all of California was also developed from the USDA-NRCS SSURGO database. The Cal-SIMETAW program also has the ability to generate daily weather data from monthly mean values for use in studying climate change scenarios and their possible impacts on water demand in the state. The key objective of this project is to improve the accuracy of water use estimates for the California Water Plan （CWP）, which provides a comprehensive report on water supply, demand, and management in California. In this paper, we will discuss the model and how it determines ETaw for use in water resources planning.

Scalable rolling-structured triboelectric nanogenerator with high power density for water wave energy harvesting toward marine environmental monitoring

In the context of advocating a green and low-carbon era,ocean energy,as a renewable strategic resource,is an important part of planning and building a new energy system.Triboelectric nanogenerator(TENG)arrays provide feasible and efficient routes for large-scale harvesting of ocean energy.In previous work,a spherical rolling-structured TENG with three-dimensional(3D)electrodes based on rolling motion of dielectric pellets was designed and fabricated for effectively harvesting low-frequency water wave energy.In this work,the external shape of the scalable rolling-structured TENG(SR-TENG)and internal filling amount of pellets were mainly optimized,achieving an average power density of 10.08 W∙m^(−3)under regular triggering.In actual water waves,the SR-TENG can deliver a maximum peak power density of 80.29 W∙m^(−3)and an average power density of 6.02 W∙m^(−3),which are much greater than those of most water wave-driven TENGs.Finally,through a power management,an SR-TENG array with eight units was demonstrated to successfully power portable electronic devices for monitoring the marine environment.The SR-TENGs could promote the development and utilization of ocean blue energy,providing a new paradigm for realizing the carbon neutrality goal.

科尔沁沙地沙丘生态系统水热通量特征及影响驱动因子

以科尔沁沙地的典型沙丘区为研究对象,利用涡动相关系统(EC)持续监测沙丘生态系统2013~2022年的表面能量通量数据,采用普通最小二乘线性回归法(OLS)和表面能量平衡比率(EBR)两个指标评估能量平衡闭合度,对沙丘生态系统生长季(4~10月)能量通量的日变化、季节变化以及年际变化进行分析,并计算波文比(β)和能量平衡比,探讨了影响潜热通量(LE)、感热通量(H)和土壤热通量(G)变化的环境因素.结果表明:多年平均年净辐射(R_(g))为1592.77MJ/m^(2),其中H、LE和G分别为614.60,636.22和117.76MJ/m^(2),科尔沁沙地沙丘生态系统年能量的主要组成部分为潜热通量,占总能量的40%.β日动态曲线呈单峰变化,波动相对较平缓.各年年均表面能量平衡比率(EBR)介于0.75~0.90之间,多年年均EBR为0.87,说明能量平衡闭合度的残差为13%.研究表明饱和水汽压差(VPD)是影响能量通量的主要因素,其次是空气温度(T_a)和土壤温度(T_s),均与能量通量呈显著正相关;而植被对能量通量的影响表现在LE与叶面积指数(LAI)呈正相关,而H相反.

基于分布式水文模型的水源涵养不同功能评估方法——以渭河涵养区为例

为了实现水源涵养量计算和不同功能的综合评估,基于分布式水文模型(WEP-L)提出了一种新方法,即利用WEP-L模型计算次降水过程中降水量和地表产流、冠层截留量的差值作为水源涵养量,并分别评估削洪(地表径流量)、补枯(地下径流量)、维持植被生态系统用水(植被蒸腾量)等不同水源涵养功能的评估方法。为了验证该方法的合理性,以渭河流域咸阳站以上区域为例,对比了该方法和InVEST模型方法的计算结果,由于两种方法在评估内容和使用模型上都存在差异,为了保证计算结果的可比性,先对比了基于相同评价内容的WEP-L模型法I和InVEST模型方法,再对比了基于不同评价内容的WEP-L模型法I和WEP-L模型法II,结论如下:基于相同评价内容的WEP模型法I和InVEST模型法计算结果数值接近,研究区2000—2018年水源涵养量年均值分别为12.43 mm(5.76亿m~3)和12.08 mm(5.6亿m~3),两种方法所得结果空间分布特征相似,稍有差异之处与InVEST模型的参数没有经过本地化处理有关;基于不同评价内容的WEP-L模型法Ⅰ和WEP-L模型法II计算结果数值相差较大,研究区2000—2018年水源涵养量均值分别为12.43 mm和432.57 mm,空间分布特征上有差异的地方分布于研究区的北部、东部及东北部,主要与两种方法评价时是否考虑蒸散发有关。WEP-L模型法II评估结果中削洪、补枯、维持植被生态系统用水等功能多年变化趋势分别为:2006—2010年期间增加、2012年以后下降以及增加。2012年后补枯功能和维持植被生态系统用水功能之间可能存在权衡关系。通过不同方法计算结果差异原因分析,证明了基于WEP-L模型的不同涵养功能评估方法的合理性,其结果也可为渭河涵养区水资源和生态保护策略的制定提供更多依据。

浮球覆盖下水面能量平衡再建与蒸发模型研究

针对干旱区平原水库蒸发强烈导致水资源利用率低的问题,选用黑色高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)浮球作为干旱区平原水库节水材料。通过理论分析、建模与室外试验三者结合,对完整非冰冻期内浮球覆盖下水面蒸发、水体能量平衡组分变化分布的响应机理进行研究,并在此基础上建立相应的水面蒸发量计算模型。结果显示:相较于自由水面,73%的浮球覆盖率下的整体水面净辐射吸收率减小约12.6%,其月均蒸发所需潜热通量减少了61.8%,约为148.73 W/m^(2),水体的感热通量和蓄热通量也有较大的变化。通过对彭曼模型的能量项和空气动力项进行修正,建立的覆盖条件下的水面蒸发量计算模型具有较高的精度。

光伏-绿化复合屋面的研究现状与展望

从屋面热湿环境和植被状态、光伏发电效率、水分平衡、能量平衡与热过程模型4个方面对光伏-绿化复合屋面的研究现状进行阐述。结果表明不同气候和空间配置条件下,光伏组件与植被间的相互作用存在动态变化,导致屋面综合性能存在一定的不确定性。最后对光伏-绿化复合屋面工程应用中面临的挑战以及未来的研究方向进行分析和展望,并指出掌握光伏组件与植被之间的相互作用机理是准确预测与优化光伏-绿化复合屋面综合性能的关键。

全光纤微震监测技术在底板突水监测中的应用研究

目前国内的光纤微震监测系统多是基于光学光栅传感技术,而光纤光栅波长解调限制了系统检测频率与灵敏度,且长时间、连续不间断的微震监测成功案例较少。针对上述问题,提出了一种新型全光纤微震监测系统。以潘二煤矿11023工作面回采过程中底板突水监测为工程背景,使用全光纤微震监测系统与ESG微震监测系统进行对比,得出全光纤微震监测系统具有以下优势:记录的波形频谱特征更清晰,表现出高信噪比优势;对扰动深度的监测范围更大,远距离监测效果更好;震源定位结果分布更加合理,更符合工作面实际开采情况。在监测工作面回采全周期内,分析了11023工作面断层异常区底板破坏与微震活动性关系:在断层和煤层变薄异常区附近,微震事件的数量增多、强度增大;工作面初采期间应力集中释放,受采动影响,底板破坏较深;相对大能量事件主要分布在断层异常区的底板,底板破坏深度约为27 m,微震事件在3煤底板60 m以下没有成线或成面聚集的情况,说明裂隙并未扩展,未形成导水通道,工作面安全回采。

三温模型和基于阻抗蒸散发模型的整合与模拟分析

【目的】整合消除阻抗的三温模型和基于阻抗的双源模型,开展蒸散发(ET)和蒸腾(T)的模拟及对比分析,实现不同模型的融合与蒸散发的动态模拟。【方法】本研究基于已有的双源阻抗模型框架、干土壤和干叶片能量平衡,结合数值模拟技术模拟了参考温度的季节动态,并将其与三温模型整合开展蒸腾和土壤蒸发的模拟。【结果】与涡动实测值相比,三温模型和双源模型对大满站日尺度ET模拟,R^(2)分别为0.85和0.72,对温带草地站小时尺度ET模拟,R^(2)均为0.89。在小时尺度模拟效果更好。并且,三温模型和双源模型对植被蒸腾的估算结果较为一致(R^(2)分别为0.67、0.68)。以上研究表明该研究框架对三温模型中参考温度的估算,提供了理论方法支撑,较好地量化了参考温度的时空动态。(2)模型情景试验分析表明:两个模型对2个站点的ET和T的预测结果相似,前提是冠层可利用能量(如净辐射)和地面土壤可利用能量(如净辐射和地热通量)受到能量平衡的限制。相反,由于输入驱动因子(温度和辐射)在干湿情景下的系统不匹配,三温模型对T和ET的模拟精度显著下降。因此,在能量平衡的框架内,干湿土地条件下输入的温度和辐射系统匹配时,三温模型的效果更好。(3)参考温度具有一定的日变化与季节变动。【结论】在白天,叶片和土壤参考温度普遍高于实际温度,而在夜晚低于实际温度,呈现出较大的日变幅。就日均值而言,参考温度普遍高于实际模拟温度。本研究的结果提供了一种新的温度梯度计算方法,可用来监测冠层水分胁迫及动态。

基于BLE Mesh组网算法在冷库监测系统中的应用研究

高架立体冷库空间范围大、内部结构比较复杂,在使用传统无线组网技术对其进行温湿度监测时,通常存在组网方式复杂、功耗高的问题。以BLE Mesh组网方式为基础,通过构建节点能量模型,对传统LEACH算法进行针对性的优化,提出一种基于节点能量均衡的分簇组网算法(EBBM)。该算法主要对冷库温湿度监测网络中的节点功耗进行优化。Matlab仿真分析对比结果显示,该算法降低了网络中的数据包冗余程度,使节点存活率提高了17.8%,具有一定的应用价值。

负压波与输量平衡法技术在气田水管道泄漏监测中的应用

气田水管道泄漏会造成严重的环境问题。为了掌握负压波与输量平衡法监测技术在气田水管道泄漏监测中的有效性及应用效果,采用7种不同直径的限流孔模拟管道泄漏,并开展现场试验,对比分析在消除空管段塞流、末站阀门全开测试及首站停泵末站关阀3种工况下的现场应用效果。测试实验结果表明:负压波与输量平衡法能对ϕ2 mm及以上孔径泄漏进行监测,平均定位误差在50 m以内,平均报警响应时间为60 s;ϕ2 mm孔径以下的微小泄漏,使用两端流量计并结合相关软件算法可以对泄漏进行报警,但监控效果差且无法定位;采用调节末站阀门开启程度、进站泵排量等手段使管道内空管段塞流消失,可提高系统对泄漏点的有效定位。

市政给排水工程设计中的节能给排水技术研究

节能是现代社会发展的基本要求之一,包括市政给排水工程在内,均要求设法降低能耗,提升节能水平。以市政给排水工程设计中节能给排水技术应用价值为切入点,在此基础上,分析其节能技术类型以及技术应用方法,就加强设计集成化水平、模拟分析、引入现代技术方法、加强监控跟踪等措施进行具体论述,以更好地服务未来各地市政给排水工程设计、建设,改善工程节能效应。

基于国产单片机处理器的多参数水质在线监测预警系统研究与应用

随着环境污染的加剧和水质问题的日益凸显,水质监测预警成为保障人类健康和生态平衡的重要手段.针对水质在线监测预警问题,提出了一种基于国产单片机处理器的系统,开发了使用国产单片机作为核心控制芯片的数据采集系统,将太阳能电池板-锂离子电池应用于系统供电,之后设计了系统的在线数据传输流程和控制技术.实验结果表明,设计的电池电压保持在22.8~25.2 V;在系统测试中,研究方法分别在2种采集方式共6个水体深度层中完成了数据监测.结果说明,研究方法能够有效完成水质的在线监测预警.

济南黄河滩区某地源热泵供暖制冷工况运行参数对比

对地源热泵系统运行情况进行测试是了解热泵系统运行与能耗的重要手段。通过对某地源热泵工程冷热工况运行数据的统计分析,讨论了冷热工况下耗电量、地源侧供回水温差、室内外温度差和能效比之间的相互关系,得出:在用户侧供回水温差基本一致的情况下,地源侧供回水温差越大,机组运行的能效比越高,相应的耗电量就越小。

二次供水系统的电气设计与优化

二次供水系统作为城市供水体系的重要组成部分,承担着将主干水源输送到用户终端的关键任务。随着城市化进程的加速,对二次供水系统的效率和安全性提出了更高的要求。电气设计在二次供水系统中发挥着核心作用,其不仅关乎系统的稳定运行,更涉及到能源的节约与优化。然而,传统的电气设计通常面临诸如能耗高、调节能力弱、系统响应慢等问题。文章通过分析现有系统中能效低下、可靠性不足等问题,提出了一系列优化方案。研究表明,这些优化措施显著提高了能效,降低了运行成本,并增强了系统稳定性和可靠性。

Wave Numerical Model for Shallow Water

The history of forecasting wind waves by wave energy conservation equation Is briefly described. Several currently used wave numerical models for shallow water based on different wave theories are discussed. Wave energy conservation models for the simulation of shallow water waves are introduced, with emphasis placed on the SWAN model, which takes use of the most advanced wave research achievements and has been applied to several theoretical and field conditions. The characteristics and applicability of the model, the finite difference numerical scheme of the action balance equation and its source terms computing methods are described in detail. The model has been verified with the propagation refraction numerical experiments for waves propagating in following and opposing currents; finally, the model is applied to the Haian Gulf area to simulate the wave height and wave period field there, and the results are compared with observed data.