This paper critically examines research on consumer attitudes and behavior towards solar photovoltaic (PV) and renewable energy technology in Australia. The uptake of renewable energy technology by residential consume...This paper critically examines research on consumer attitudes and behavior towards solar photovoltaic (PV) and renewable energy technology in Australia. The uptake of renewable energy technology by residential consumers in Australia in the past decade has transformed the electricity supply and demand paradigm. Thus, this paper reviews Australian research on consumer behavior, understanding and choices in order to identify gaps in knowledge. As the role of the consumer transforms, there is a critical need to understand the ways that consumers may respond to future energy policies to mitigate unforeseen negative social and economic consequence of programs designed to achieve positive environmental outcomes.展开更多
In present study, the subgrid scale (SGS) stress and dissipation for multiscale formulation of large eddy simulation are analyzed using the data of turbulent channel flow at Ret = 180 obtained by direct numerical si...In present study, the subgrid scale (SGS) stress and dissipation for multiscale formulation of large eddy simulation are analyzed using the data of turbulent channel flow at Ret = 180 obtained by direct numerical simulation. It is found that the small scale SGS stress is much smaller than the large scale SGS stress for all the stress components. The dominant contributor to large scale SGS stress is the cross stress between small scale and subgrid scale motions, while the cross stress between large scale and subgrid scale motions make major contributions to small scale SGS stress. The energy transfer from resolved large scales to subgrid scales is mainly caused by SGS Reynolds stress, while that between resolved small scales and subgrid scales are mainly due to the cross stress. The multiscale formulation of SGS models are evaluated a priori, and it is found that the small- small model is superior to other variants in terms of SGS dissipation.展开更多
To identify target energy balance-related behaviors(ERBs),baseline data from 141overweight or obese schoolchildren(aged 8-14years old)was used to predict adiposity[body mass index(BMI)and fat percentage]one year...To identify target energy balance-related behaviors(ERBs),baseline data from 141overweight or obese schoolchildren(aged 8-14years old)was used to predict adiposity[body mass index(BMI)and fat percentage]one year later.The ERBs included a modified Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension diet score(DASH score),leisure-time physical activity(PA,days/week),and leisure screen time(minutes/day).Several cardiometabolic variables were measured in the fasting state, including systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), blood glucose (GLU), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C).展开更多
This article describes an analysis of the energy and economic impacts of possible energy efficiency standards for room air conditioners on both U.S. consumers and the nation as a whole. We used two metrics to determin...This article describes an analysis of the energy and economic impacts of possible energy efficiency standards for room air conditioners on both U.S. consumers and the nation as a whole. We used two metrics to determine the effect of standards on a representative sample of U.S. consumers: life-cycle cost change and payback period. For the national impact analysis, we evaluated national energy savings attributable to each potential standard, the monetary value of the energy savings to consumers of room air conditioners, the increased total installed costs because of standards, and the net present value of the difference between the value of energy savings and increased total installed costs. Our analysis indicates that standards for room air conditioners at efficiency level 3, which is 17% more efficient than today’s typical unit in the case of room air conditioners less than 6000 Btu/h with louvers and 12% more efficient in the case of room air conditioners 8000 - 13,999 Btu/h with louvers, would save close to one quad of energy over 30 years and have a net present value of consumer benefit of between ?$0.14 billion and $1.82 billion, depending on the discount rate. In addition, such standards would reduce carbon dioxide emissions and NOx emissions.展开更多
Ho3+/yb3+ co-doped LiYF4 single crystals with various Yb3+ concentrations and ,-~ 0.98 mol% Ho3+ concentration are grown by the Bridgman method under the conditions of taking LiF and YF3 as raw materials and a tem...Ho3+/yb3+ co-doped LiYF4 single crystals with various Yb3+ concentrations and ,-~ 0.98 mol% Ho3+ concentration are grown by the Bridgman method under the conditions of taking LiF and YF3 as raw materials and a temperature gradient (40 ~C/cm-50 ~C/cm) for the solid-liquid interface. The luminescent performances of the crystals are investigated through emission spectra, infrared transmittance spectrum, emission cross section, and decay curves under excitation by 980 nm. Compared with the Ho3+ single-doped LiYF4 crystal, the Ho3+/yb3+ co-doped tiYf4 single crystal has an obviously enhanced emission band from 1850 nm to 2150 nm observed when excited by a 980-nm diode laser. The energy transfer from Yb3+ to Ho3+ and the optimum fluorescence emission around 2.0 p-m of Ho3+ ions are investigated. The maximum emission cross section of the above sample at 2.0 p.m is calculated to be 1.08 × 10-20 cm2 for the LiYF4 single crystal of 1-mol% Ho3+ and 6-mo1% Yb3+ according to the measured absorption spectrum. The high energy transfer efficiency of 88.9% from Yb3+ to Ho3+ ion in the sample co-doped by Ho3+ (1 mol%) and Yb3+ (8 tool%) demonstrates that the Yb3+ ions can efficiently sensitize the Ho3+ ions.展开更多
We measure the multiple ionization cross-section ratios Rk1 of Ar impacted by Cw+ (q= 1-3) ions in the energy range of 20-500 keV/u. The measured ratios Rkl increase with the projectile energy at lower energies, an...We measure the multiple ionization cross-section ratios Rk1 of Ar impacted by Cw+ (q= 1-3) ions in the energy range of 20-500 keV/u. The measured ratios Rkl increase with the projectile energy at lower energies, and reach the maximum at energies of 50-150 keV/u, then decrease for higher energies, We also use the classical over barrier ionization model to calculate the ratios Rk1, and the calculation results are in good agreement with the data, which suggest that the multiple ionization process is described by the sequential over-barrier ionization process,展开更多
The improvement on the calculation of anti-Stokes energy transfer rate is studied in the present work. The additional proportion coefficient between Stokes and anti-Stokes light intensities of quantum Raman scattering...The improvement on the calculation of anti-Stokes energy transfer rate is studied in the present work. The additional proportion coefficient between Stokes and anti-Stokes light intensities of quantum Raman scattering theory as compared with the classical Raman theory is introduced to successfully describe the anti-Stokes energy transfer. The theoretical formula for the improvement on the calculation of anti-Stokes energy transfer rate is derived for the first time in this study. The correctness of introducing coefficient exp{△E/kT} from well-known Raman scatter theory is demonstrated also. Moreover, the experimental lifetime measurement in Er0.01YbxY1-0.01-xVO4 crystal is performed to justify the validity of our important improvement in the original phonon-assisted energy transfer theory for the first time.展开更多
White organic light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs) with a structure of indium-tin-oxide (ITO)/N,N'-bis- (1-naphthyl)-N,N'-diphenyl- (1, 1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diamine (NPB)/1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis(9,9-diethyl-9H-fluor...White organic light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs) with a structure of indium-tin-oxide (ITO)/N,N'-bis- (1-naphthyl)-N,N'-diphenyl- (1, 1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diamine (NPB)/1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis(9,9-diethyl-9H-fluoren-2- yl)benzene (HKEthFLYPh)/5,6,11,12-tetraphenylnaphtacene (rubrene)/tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3)/Mg:Ag were fabricated by vacuum deposition method, in which a novel star-shaped hexafluorenyl- benzene HKEthFLYPh was used as an energy transfer layer, and an ultrathin layer of rubrene was inserted between HKEthFLYPh and Alq3 layers as a yellow light-emitting layer instead of using a time-consuming doping process. A fairly pure WOLED with Commissions Internationale De L'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.32, 0.33) was obtained when the thickness of rubrene was 0.3 nm, and the spectrum was insensitive to the applied voltage. The device yielded a maximum luminance of 4816 cd/m2 at 18 V.展开更多
Jointly published by 14 Department headed by Standardization Administraion ofChina(SAC) Subtitle: China will formulate and reformulate 926 standards for energy conservation andcomprehensive u-tilization during 2005 an...Jointly published by 14 Department headed by Standardization Administraion ofChina(SAC) Subtitle: China will formulate and reformulate 926 standards for energy conservation andcomprehensive u-tilization during 2005 and 2007. In the past few days, 14 departments jointlypublished the Development Program of Energy Conservation and Comprehensive Utilization 2005-2007,(Program for short). They are Standardization Administration of China, National Development andReform Commission, Ministry of Land and Resources, Ministry of Establishment, Ministry ofCommunications, Ministry of Information Industry, Ministry of Waster Resources, Ministry ofAgriculture, Ministry of Commerce, General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection andQuarantine of the PRC, State Environmental Protection Administration, State Forestry Bureau, StateOceanic Administration and China Meteorological Bureau.展开更多
The renormalization of pion-exchange nucleon self-energy in nuclear matter is doneby dispersion relation.The exchange and correlation energies(in the ring approximation)ofpion,σ and ω mesons are derived and used to ...The renormalization of pion-exchange nucleon self-energy in nuclear matter is doneby dispersion relation.The exchange and correlation energies(in the ring approximation)ofpion,σ and ω mesons are derived and used to calculate the binding energy of nuctear matter atzero temperature.We find that the pionic contribution to the binding energy fails to lift the highdensity end of the binding energy curve,that is,the binding energy can not saturate without adensity dependent correction to the σNN and ωNN coupling constants.But the binding energycan saturate in the relativistic Hartree approximation plus the exchange and correlation energiesof л meson.展开更多
Long-term societal prosperity depends on addressing the world’s energy and environmental problems,and photocatalysis has emerged as a viable remedy.Improving the efficiency of photocatalytic processes is fundamentall...Long-term societal prosperity depends on addressing the world’s energy and environmental problems,and photocatalysis has emerged as a viable remedy.Improving the efficiency of photocatalytic processes is fundamentally achieved by optimizing the effective utilization of solar energy and enhancing the efficient separation of photogenerated charges.It has been demonstrated that the fabrication ofⅢ–Ⅴsemiconductor-based photocatalysts is effective in increasing solar light absorption,long-term stability,large-scale production and promoting charge transfer.This focused review explores on the current developments inⅢ–Ⅴsemiconductor materials for solar-powered photocatalytic systems.The review explores on various subjects,including the advancement ofⅢ–Ⅴsemiconductors,photocatalytic mechanisms,and their uses in H2 conversion,CO_(2)reduction,environmental remediation,and photocatalytic oxidation and reduction reactions.In order to design heterostructures,the review delves into basic concepts including solar light absorption and effective charge separation.It also highlights significant advancements in green energy systems for water splitting,emphasizing the significance of establishing eco-friendly systems for CO_(2)reduction and hydrogen production.The main purpose is to produce hydrogen through sustainable and ecologically friendly energy conversion.The review intends to foster the development of greener and more sustainable energy source by encouraging researchers and developers to focus on practical applications and advancements in solar-powered photocatalysis.展开更多
Ammonia plays a crucial role in contemporary society,impacting medicine,agriculture,and the chemical industry.The conventional industrial synthesis of NH_(3) through the Haber-Bosch technique,carried out under severe ...Ammonia plays a crucial role in contemporary society,impacting medicine,agriculture,and the chemical industry.The conventional industrial synthesis of NH_(3) through the Haber-Bosch technique,carried out under severe reaction conditions,leads to substantial energy consumption and environmental pollution.It is thus imperative for NH_(3) synthesis methods to be investigated under more favorable conditions.Synthesis of ammonia by electrocatalysis can effectively reduce the environmental damage and other urgent problems,which is a promising solution.Metal-nitrogen series batteries(M-N batteries),such as metal-nitrogen gas batteries,metal-nitrogen oxide batteries and metal-oxynitride batteries have been regarded recently as an exemplar of concurrent NH_(3) synthesis and energy production.Nonetheless,the large-scale application of these batteries is still limited by numerous challenges are currently existing in building high-efficiency M-N batteries,including poor Faradic efficiency and low NH_(3) yield.Therefore,a comprehensive overview of M-N batteries is offered,specifically focusing on advanced strategies for designing highly efficient cathode catalysts in anticipation of future developments.The metal anodes,cathodic electro-reduction reactions,and design principles are encompassed in the discussion,offering detailed insights to enhance understanding.Mechanisms,feasibility analyses,technoeconomic assessments,device combinations,and comparative evaluations are delved into in the review,contributing to a thorough comprehension of diverse systems and their application potential.Perspectives and opportunities for future research directions are also delineated.展开更多
文摘This paper critically examines research on consumer attitudes and behavior towards solar photovoltaic (PV) and renewable energy technology in Australia. The uptake of renewable energy technology by residential consumers in Australia in the past decade has transformed the electricity supply and demand paradigm. Thus, this paper reviews Australian research on consumer behavior, understanding and choices in order to identify gaps in knowledge. As the role of the consumer transforms, there is a critical need to understand the ways that consumers may respond to future energy policies to mitigate unforeseen negative social and economic consequence of programs designed to achieve positive environmental outcomes.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(10472053 and 10772098)
文摘In present study, the subgrid scale (SGS) stress and dissipation for multiscale formulation of large eddy simulation are analyzed using the data of turbulent channel flow at Ret = 180 obtained by direct numerical simulation. It is found that the small scale SGS stress is much smaller than the large scale SGS stress for all the stress components. The dominant contributor to large scale SGS stress is the cross stress between small scale and subgrid scale motions, while the cross stress between large scale and subgrid scale motions make major contributions to small scale SGS stress. The energy transfer from resolved large scales to subgrid scales is mainly caused by SGS Reynolds stress, while that between resolved small scales and subgrid scales are mainly due to the cross stress. The multiscale formulation of SGS models are evaluated a priori, and it is found that the small- small model is superior to other variants in terms of SGS dissipation.
基金Research special fund of the Ministry of Health public service sectors funded projects(201202010)The 12th Five-year Key Project of Beijing Education Sciences Research Institute(AAA12011)
文摘To identify target energy balance-related behaviors(ERBs),baseline data from 141overweight or obese schoolchildren(aged 8-14years old)was used to predict adiposity[body mass index(BMI)and fat percentage]one year later.The ERBs included a modified Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension diet score(DASH score),leisure-time physical activity(PA,days/week),and leisure screen time(minutes/day).Several cardiometabolic variables were measured in the fasting state, including systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), blood glucose (GLU), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C).
文摘This article describes an analysis of the energy and economic impacts of possible energy efficiency standards for room air conditioners on both U.S. consumers and the nation as a whole. We used two metrics to determine the effect of standards on a representative sample of U.S. consumers: life-cycle cost change and payback period. For the national impact analysis, we evaluated national energy savings attributable to each potential standard, the monetary value of the energy savings to consumers of room air conditioners, the increased total installed costs because of standards, and the net present value of the difference between the value of energy savings and increased total installed costs. Our analysis indicates that standards for room air conditioners at efficiency level 3, which is 17% more efficient than today’s typical unit in the case of room air conditioners less than 6000 Btu/h with louvers and 12% more efficient in the case of room air conditioners 8000 - 13,999 Btu/h with louvers, would save close to one quad of energy over 30 years and have a net present value of consumer benefit of between ?$0.14 billion and $1.82 billion, depending on the discount rate. In addition, such standards would reduce carbon dioxide emissions and NOx emissions.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51472125 and 51272109)the K.C.Wong Magna Fund in Ningbo University,China(Grant No.NBUWC001)
文摘Ho3+/yb3+ co-doped LiYF4 single crystals with various Yb3+ concentrations and ,-~ 0.98 mol% Ho3+ concentration are grown by the Bridgman method under the conditions of taking LiF and YF3 as raw materials and a temperature gradient (40 ~C/cm-50 ~C/cm) for the solid-liquid interface. The luminescent performances of the crystals are investigated through emission spectra, infrared transmittance spectrum, emission cross section, and decay curves under excitation by 980 nm. Compared with the Ho3+ single-doped LiYF4 crystal, the Ho3+/yb3+ co-doped tiYf4 single crystal has an obviously enhanced emission band from 1850 nm to 2150 nm observed when excited by a 980-nm diode laser. The energy transfer from Yb3+ to Ho3+ and the optimum fluorescence emission around 2.0 p-m of Ho3+ ions are investigated. The maximum emission cross section of the above sample at 2.0 p.m is calculated to be 1.08 × 10-20 cm2 for the LiYF4 single crystal of 1-mol% Ho3+ and 6-mo1% Yb3+ according to the measured absorption spectrum. The high energy transfer efficiency of 88.9% from Yb3+ to Ho3+ ion in the sample co-doped by Ho3+ (1 mol%) and Yb3+ (8 tool%) demonstrates that the Yb3+ ions can efficiently sensitize the Ho3+ ions.
文摘We measure the multiple ionization cross-section ratios Rk1 of Ar impacted by Cw+ (q= 1-3) ions in the energy range of 20-500 keV/u. The measured ratios Rkl increase with the projectile energy at lower energies, and reach the maximum at energies of 50-150 keV/u, then decrease for higher energies, We also use the classical over barrier ionization model to calculate the ratios Rk1, and the calculation results are in good agreement with the data, which suggest that the multiple ionization process is described by the sequential over-barrier ionization process,
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.10674019)
文摘The improvement on the calculation of anti-Stokes energy transfer rate is studied in the present work. The additional proportion coefficient between Stokes and anti-Stokes light intensities of quantum Raman scattering theory as compared with the classical Raman theory is introduced to successfully describe the anti-Stokes energy transfer. The theoretical formula for the improvement on the calculation of anti-Stokes energy transfer rate is derived for the first time in this study. The correctness of introducing coefficient exp{△E/kT} from well-known Raman scatter theory is demonstrated also. Moreover, the experimental lifetime measurement in Er0.01YbxY1-0.01-xVO4 crystal is performed to justify the validity of our important improvement in the original phonon-assisted energy transfer theory for the first time.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.60425101 and No.20674049), the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (No.NCET-06-0812), and the Young Talent Project at University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (No.060206).
文摘White organic light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs) with a structure of indium-tin-oxide (ITO)/N,N'-bis- (1-naphthyl)-N,N'-diphenyl- (1, 1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diamine (NPB)/1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis(9,9-diethyl-9H-fluoren-2- yl)benzene (HKEthFLYPh)/5,6,11,12-tetraphenylnaphtacene (rubrene)/tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3)/Mg:Ag were fabricated by vacuum deposition method, in which a novel star-shaped hexafluorenyl- benzene HKEthFLYPh was used as an energy transfer layer, and an ultrathin layer of rubrene was inserted between HKEthFLYPh and Alq3 layers as a yellow light-emitting layer instead of using a time-consuming doping process. A fairly pure WOLED with Commissions Internationale De L'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.32, 0.33) was obtained when the thickness of rubrene was 0.3 nm, and the spectrum was insensitive to the applied voltage. The device yielded a maximum luminance of 4816 cd/m2 at 18 V.
文摘Jointly published by 14 Department headed by Standardization Administraion ofChina(SAC) Subtitle: China will formulate and reformulate 926 standards for energy conservation andcomprehensive u-tilization during 2005 and 2007. In the past few days, 14 departments jointlypublished the Development Program of Energy Conservation and Comprehensive Utilization 2005-2007,(Program for short). They are Standardization Administration of China, National Development andReform Commission, Ministry of Land and Resources, Ministry of Establishment, Ministry ofCommunications, Ministry of Information Industry, Ministry of Waster Resources, Ministry ofAgriculture, Ministry of Commerce, General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection andQuarantine of the PRC, State Environmental Protection Administration, State Forestry Bureau, StateOceanic Administration and China Meteorological Bureau.
基金The project supported by the National Natural Scicnce Foundation of China
文摘The renormalization of pion-exchange nucleon self-energy in nuclear matter is doneby dispersion relation.The exchange and correlation energies(in the ring approximation)ofpion,σ and ω mesons are derived and used to calculate the binding energy of nuctear matter atzero temperature.We find that the pionic contribution to the binding energy fails to lift the highdensity end of the binding energy curve,that is,the binding energy can not saturate without adensity dependent correction to the σNN and ωNN coupling constants.But the binding energycan saturate in the relativistic Hartree approximation plus the exchange and correlation energiesof л meson.
基金supported by the Nano&Material Technology Development Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by Ministry of Science and ICT(No.2022M3H4A1A04096380)and(No.2022M3H4A3A01082883)。
文摘Long-term societal prosperity depends on addressing the world’s energy and environmental problems,and photocatalysis has emerged as a viable remedy.Improving the efficiency of photocatalytic processes is fundamentally achieved by optimizing the effective utilization of solar energy and enhancing the efficient separation of photogenerated charges.It has been demonstrated that the fabrication ofⅢ–Ⅴsemiconductor-based photocatalysts is effective in increasing solar light absorption,long-term stability,large-scale production and promoting charge transfer.This focused review explores on the current developments inⅢ–Ⅴsemiconductor materials for solar-powered photocatalytic systems.The review explores on various subjects,including the advancement ofⅢ–Ⅴsemiconductors,photocatalytic mechanisms,and their uses in H2 conversion,CO_(2)reduction,environmental remediation,and photocatalytic oxidation and reduction reactions.In order to design heterostructures,the review delves into basic concepts including solar light absorption and effective charge separation.It also highlights significant advancements in green energy systems for water splitting,emphasizing the significance of establishing eco-friendly systems for CO_(2)reduction and hydrogen production.The main purpose is to produce hydrogen through sustainable and ecologically friendly energy conversion.The review intends to foster the development of greener and more sustainable energy source by encouraging researchers and developers to focus on practical applications and advancements in solar-powered photocatalysis.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (22179065)Tianjin Graduate Research and Innovation Project (2022BKY018)。
文摘Ammonia plays a crucial role in contemporary society,impacting medicine,agriculture,and the chemical industry.The conventional industrial synthesis of NH_(3) through the Haber-Bosch technique,carried out under severe reaction conditions,leads to substantial energy consumption and environmental pollution.It is thus imperative for NH_(3) synthesis methods to be investigated under more favorable conditions.Synthesis of ammonia by electrocatalysis can effectively reduce the environmental damage and other urgent problems,which is a promising solution.Metal-nitrogen series batteries(M-N batteries),such as metal-nitrogen gas batteries,metal-nitrogen oxide batteries and metal-oxynitride batteries have been regarded recently as an exemplar of concurrent NH_(3) synthesis and energy production.Nonetheless,the large-scale application of these batteries is still limited by numerous challenges are currently existing in building high-efficiency M-N batteries,including poor Faradic efficiency and low NH_(3) yield.Therefore,a comprehensive overview of M-N batteries is offered,specifically focusing on advanced strategies for designing highly efficient cathode catalysts in anticipation of future developments.The metal anodes,cathodic electro-reduction reactions,and design principles are encompassed in the discussion,offering detailed insights to enhance understanding.Mechanisms,feasibility analyses,technoeconomic assessments,device combinations,and comparative evaluations are delved into in the review,contributing to a thorough comprehension of diverse systems and their application potential.Perspectives and opportunities for future research directions are also delineated.