Solar‑Driven Sustainability:Ⅲ–ⅤSemiconductor for Green Energy Production Technologies

Long-term societal prosperity depends on addressing the world’s energy and environmental problems,and photocatalysis has emerged as a viable remedy.Improving the efficiency of photocatalytic processes is fundamentally achieved by optimizing the effective utilization of solar energy and enhancing the efficient separation of photogenerated charges.It has been demonstrated that the fabrication ofⅢ–Ⅴsemiconductor-based photocatalysts is effective in increasing solar light absorption,long-term stability,large-scale production and promoting charge transfer.This focused review explores on the current developments inⅢ–Ⅴsemiconductor materials for solar-powered photocatalytic systems.The review explores on various subjects,including the advancement ofⅢ–Ⅴsemiconductors,photocatalytic mechanisms,and their uses in H2 conversion,CO_(2)reduction,environmental remediation,and photocatalytic oxidation and reduction reactions.In order to design heterostructures,the review delves into basic concepts including solar light absorption and effective charge separation.It also highlights significant advancements in green energy systems for water splitting,emphasizing the significance of establishing eco-friendly systems for CO_(2)reduction and hydrogen production.The main purpose is to produce hydrogen through sustainable and ecologically friendly energy conversion.The review intends to foster the development of greener and more sustainable energy source by encouraging researchers and developers to focus on practical applications and advancements in solar-powered photocatalysis.

Multi-scale analysis of subgrid stress and energy dissipation in turbulent channel flow

In present study, the subgrid scale （SGS） stress and dissipation for multiscale formulation of large eddy simulation are analyzed using the data of turbulent channel flow at Ret = 180 obtained by direct numerical simulation. It is found that the small scale SGS stress is much smaller than the large scale SGS stress for all the stress components. The dominant contributor to large scale SGS stress is the cross stress between small scale and subgrid scale motions, while the cross stress between large scale and subgrid scale motions make major contributions to small scale SGS stress. The energy transfer from resolved large scales to subgrid scales is mainly caused by SGS Reynolds stress, while that between resolved small scales and subgrid scales are mainly due to the cross stress. The multiscale formulation of SGS models are evaluated a priori, and it is found that the small- small model is superior to other variants in terms of SGS dissipation.

Energy Balance-related Behaviors Are Related to Cardiometabolic Parameters and Predict Adiposity in 8-14-year-old Overweight Chinese Children One Year Later

To identify target energy balance-related behaviors（ERBs）,baseline data from 141overweight or obese schoolchildren（aged 8-14years old）was used to predict adiposity[body mass index（BMI）and fat percentage]one year later.The ERBs included a modified Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension diet score（DASH score）,leisure-time physical activity（PA,days/week）,and leisure screen time（minutes/day）.Several cardiometabolic variables were measured in the fasting state, including systolic blood pressure （SBP）, diastolic blood pressure （DBP）, blood glucose （GLU）, total cholesterol （TC）, triglycerides （TG）, low-density lipoprotein （LDL-C）, and high-density lipoprotein （HDL-C）.

2.0-μm emission and energy transfer of Ho^(3+)/Yb^(3+) co-doped LiYF_4 single crystal excited by 980 nm

Ho3＋/yb3＋ co-doped LiYF4 single crystals with various Yb3＋ concentrations and ,-~ 0.98 mol% Ho3＋ concentration are grown by the Bridgman method under the conditions of taking LiF and YF3 as raw materials and a temperature gradient （40 ~C/cm-50 ~C/cm） for the solid-liquid interface. The luminescent performances of the crystals are investigated through emission spectra, infrared transmittance spectrum, emission cross section, and decay curves under excitation by 980 nm. Compared with the Ho3＋ single-doped LiYF4 crystal, the Ho3＋/yb3＋ co-doped tiYf4 single crystal has an obviously enhanced emission band from 1850 nm to 2150 nm observed when excited by a 980-nm diode laser. The energy transfer from Yb3＋ to Ho3＋ and the optimum fluorescence emission around 2.0 p-m of Ho3＋ ions are investigated. The maximum emission cross section of the above sample at 2.0 p.m is calculated to be 1.08 × 10-20 cm2 for the LiYF4 single crystal of 1-mol% Ho3＋ and 6-mo1% Yb3＋ according to the measured absorption spectrum. The high energy transfer efficiency of 88.9% from Yb3＋ to Ho3＋ ion in the sample co-doped by Ho3＋ （1 mol%） and Yb3＋ （8 tool%） demonstrates that the Yb3＋ ions can efficiently sensitize the Ho3＋ ions.

Multiple Ionization of Argon Induced by Carbon Ions at 20-500 keV/u Energies

We measure the multiple ionization cross-section ratios Rk1 of Ar impacted by Cw＋ （q= 1-3） ions in the energy range of 20-500 keV/u. The measured ratios Rkl increase with the projectile energy at lower energies, and reach the maximum at energies of 50-150 keV/u, then decrease for higher energies, We also use the classical over barrier ionization model to calculate the ratios Rk1, and the calculation results are in good agreement with the data, which suggest that the multiple ionization process is described by the sequential over-barrier ionization process,

Improvement in the calculation of anti-Stokes energy transfer and experimental justification based on Er_(0.01)Yb_xY_(1 0.01 x)VO_4 crystal

The improvement on the calculation of anti-Stokes energy transfer rate is studied in the present work. The additional proportion coefficient between Stokes and anti-Stokes light intensities of quantum Raman scattering theory as compared with the classical Raman theory is introduced to successfully describe the anti-Stokes energy transfer. The theoretical formula for the improvement on the calculation of anti-Stokes energy transfer rate is derived for the first time in this study. The correctness of introducing coefficient exp{△E/kT} from well-known Raman scatter theory is demonstrated also. Moreover, the experimental lifetime measurement in Er0.01YbxY1-0.01-xVO4 crystal is performed to justify the validity of our important improvement in the original phonon-assisted energy transfer theory for the first time.

Nondoped-type White Organic Light-Emitting Diode Using Star-Shaped Hexafluorenylbenzene as an Energy Transfer Layer

White organic light-emitting diodes （WOLEDs） with a structure of indium-tin-oxide （ITO）/N,N＇-bis- （1-naphthyl）-N,N＇-diphenyl- （1, 1＇-biphenyl）-4,4＇-diamine （NPB）/1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis（9,9-diethyl-9H-fluoren-2- yl）benzene （HKEthFLYPh）/5,6,11,12-tetraphenylnaphtacene （rubrene）/tris（8-hydroxyquinoline） aluminum （Alq3）/Mg：Ag were fabricated by vacuum deposition method, in which a novel star-shaped hexafluorenyl- benzene HKEthFLYPh was used as an energy transfer layer, and an ultrathin layer of rubrene was inserted between HKEthFLYPh and Alq3 layers as a yellow light-emitting layer instead of using a time-consuming doping process. A fairly pure WOLED with Commissions Internationale De L＇Eclairage （CIE） coordinates of （0.32, 0.33） was obtained when the thickness of rubrene was 0.3 nm, and the spectrum was insensitive to the applied voltage. The device yielded a maximum luminance of 4816 cd/m2 at 18 V.

The Develoyment Program of Energy Conservation and Comprehensive Utilization 2005-2007

Jointly published by 14 Department headed by Standardization Administraion ofChina(SAC) Subtitle: China will formulate and reformulate 926 standards for energy conservation andcomprehensive u-tilization during 2005 and 2007. In the past few days, 14 departments jointlypublished the Development Program of Energy Conservation and Comprehensive Utilization 2005-2007,(Program for short). They are Standardization Administration of China, National Development andReform Commission, Ministry of Land and Resources, Ministry of Establishment, Ministry ofCommunications, Ministry of Information Industry, Ministry of Waster Resources, Ministry ofAgriculture, Ministry of Commerce, General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection andQuarantine of the PRC, State Environmental Protection Administration, State Forestry Bureau, StateOceanic Administration and China Meteorological Bureau.

The Pionic Effect on the Binding Energy of Relativistic Particle-Hole Excitation in Nuclear Matter

The renormalization of pion-exchange nucleon self-energy in nuclear matter is doneby dispersion relation.The exchange and correlation energies(in the ring approximation)ofpion,σ and ω mesons are derived and used to calculate the binding energy of nuctear matter atzero temperature.We find that the pionic contribution to the binding energy fails to lift the highdensity end of the binding energy curve,that is,the binding energy can not saturate without adensity dependent correction to the σNN and ωNN coupling constants.But the binding energycan saturate in the relativistic Hartree approximation plus the exchange and correlation energiesof л meson.

Longitudinal dynamics and energy analysis for heavy haul trains

Whole trip longitudinal dynamics and energy analysis of heavy haul trains are required by operators and manufacturers to enable optimisation of train controls and rolling stock components. A new technology named train dynamics and energy analyser/train simulator （TDEAS） has been developed by the State Key Laboratory of Traction Power in China to perform detailed whole trip longitudinal train dynamics and energy analyses. Facilitated by a controller user interface and a graphic user interface, the TDEAS can also be used as a train driving simulator. This paper elaborates the modelling of three primary parts in the TDEAS, namely wagon connection systems, air brake systems and train energy components. TDEAS uses advanced wedge-spring draft gear models that can simulate a wider spectrum of friction draft gear behaviour. An effective and efficient air brake model that can simulate air brake systems in various train configurations has been integrated. In addition, TDEAS simulates the train energy on the basis of a detailed longitudinal train dynamics simulation, which enables a further perspective of the train energy composition and the overall energy consumption. To demonstrate the validity of the TDEAS, a case study was carried out on a 120-km-long Chinese railway. The results show that the employment of electric locomotives with regenerative braking could bring considerable energy benefits. Nearly 40 % of the locomotive energy usage could be collected from the dynamic brake system. Most of tractive energy was dissipated by propulsion resistance that accounted for 42.48 % of the total energy. Only a small amount of tractive energy was dissipated by curving resistance, air brake and draft gear systems.

Force-displacement characteristics of simply supported beam laminated with shape memory alloys

As a preliminary step in the nonlinear design of shape memory alloy（SMA） composite structures,the force-displacement characteristics of the SMA layer are studied.The bilinear hysteretic model is adopted to describe the constitutive relationship of SMA material.Under the assumption that there is no point of SMA layer finishing martensitic phase transformation during the loading and unloading process,the generalized restoring force generated by SMA layer is deduced for the case that the simply supported beam vibrates in its first mode.The generalized force is expressed as piecewise-nonlinear hysteretic function of the beam transverse displacement.Furthermore the energy dissipated by SMA layer during one period is obtained by integration,then its dependencies are discussed on the vibration amplitude and the SMA＇s strain（Ms-Strain） value at the beginning of martensitic phase transformation.It is shown that SMA＇s energy dissipating capacity is proportional to the stiffness difference of bilinear model and nonlinearly dependent on Ms-Strain.The increasing rate of the dissipating capacity gradually reduces with the amplitude increasing.The condition corresponding to the maximum dissipating capacity is deduced for given value of the vibration amplitude.The obtained results are helpful for designing beams laminated with shape memory alloys.

Cooperative Spectrum Sensing over Generalized Fading Channels Based on Energy Detection

This paper analyzes the unified performance of energy detection(ED) of spectrum sensing(SS) over generalized fading channels in cognitive radios(CRs). The detective performance of SS will be obviously affected by fading channels among communication nodes, and ED has the advantages of fast implementation, no requirement of priori received information and low complexity, so it is meaningful to investigate ED over various fading channels. The probability density function(p.d.f.) of α-κ-μ distribution is derived to evaluate energy efficiency for sensing systems.The detection probability with Marcum-Q function has been derived and the close-form expressions with moment generating function(MGF) method are deduced to achieve SS.Furthermore, exact closed-form analytic expressions for average area under the receiver operating characteristics curve( AUC) also have been deduced to analyze the performance characteristics of ED over α-κ-μ fading channels.Besides, cooperative spectrum sensing(CSS) with diversity reception has been applied to improve the detection accuracy and mitigate the shadowed fading features with OR-rule. At last, the results show that the detection capacity of ED will be evidently affected by α-κ-μ fading channels, but appropriate channel parameters can improve sensing performance. In addition, the establishedED-fading pattern is approved by simulations,and it can significantly enhance the detection performance of proposed algorithms.

An analytical solution for the elastic fields near spheroidal nano-inclusions

When the size of an inclusion shrinks to nanometers, interface energy plays an important role in the deformation around it. In the present paper, we consider the effect of interface energy on the elastic fields near a spheroidal nanoinclusion embedded in an elastic medium on the basis of surface elasticity theory. Using Boussinesq-Sadowsky potential function method, we obtain the deformation field near the inclusion subjected to a uniformly uniaxial loading at infinity. The results show that the elastic fields near the nano-inclusion depend strongly on the interface properties, the size and shape of inclusion. These new characteristics may be helpful to understand various relevant mechanical performances of nanosized inhomogeneities.

Preparation of BaCe_(0.5)Zr_(0.4)Y_(0.1)O_(3-α) by Sol-Gel Method and Its Electrical Properties

A precursor of BaCe0.5Zr0.4Y0. 1O3-α electrolytes was synthesized by the sol-gel method and sintered at temperature which were 150 - 250 ℃ lower than by solid state reaction. The AC impedance spectrums of electrolytes were measured by AUTOLAB PGSTA30 electrochemical measuring device at different temperatures. The conductivities of the electrolytes are 1.62×10^-4 - 6.43×10^-3, 2.52×10^-5 - 3.73×10^-3S·cm^-1 in the temperature range of 350-800℃. The activity energies are 0.54 and 0.84 eV. At the same time BaCe0.9Y0.1O3-α was prepared by direct solid state reaction. The conductivity of BaCe0.9Y0.1O3-α is 1 × 10^-4- 4×10^-3 S·cm^-1 and the activation energy is 0.50 eV at the same condition. The results show that conduction of electrolyte prepared by sol-gel method is higher than the one by solid state reaction. As far as BaCe0.9Y0.1O3-α concerned, its conductivity of the Zr-substituted specimens is decreased.

Effect of Chemical Doping and Ion Implantation on Cond uctivity of Poly(p-phenylene vinylene) Derivatives

The surface conductivity of poly [ 2-methoxy-5-（3＇-methyl） butoxy]-p-phenylene vinylene （PMOMBOPV） films doped with FeCl3 and H2SO4 by chemical method and implanted by N^＋ ions was studied and the comparison of environmental stability of conductive behavior was also investigated. The energy and dose of N^＋ ions were in the rang 15～35 keV and 3. 8×10^15～9. 6×10^16 ions/cm^2, respectively. The conductivity of PMOMBOPV film was enhanced remarkably with the increases of the energy and dose of N^＋ ions. For example, the conductivity of PMOMBOPV film was 3. 2×10^-2S/cm when ion implantation was performed with an energy of 35 keV at a dose of 9. 6 × 10^14 ions/cm^2 , which was almost seven orders of magnitude higher than that of film unimplanted. The environmental stability of conductive behavior for ionimplanted film was much better than that of chemical doped films. Moreover, the conductive activation energy of ion-implanted films was measured to be about 0.17 eV.

DFT Study on Two C_4N_(12)O_4 Isomers with Pagodane- and Isopagodane-like Structures

Geometries, energies, and vibrational frequencies for two C4N12O4 isomers with pagodane- and isopagodane-like structures have been calculated at the B3LYP/6-31G＊ level.Isomers 1 and 2 are of D2h and D2d symmetry, respectively. Heats of formation for the two C4N12O4 isomers have been estimated in this paper, indicating they would be reasonable candidates for high energy density materials.

Energy Spectrum of a Positronium Negative Ion in a Parabolic Quantum Well

The method of few-body physics is applied to calculating the energy levels of low-lying states ofa positro-nium negative ion in a parabolic quantum well. The results show that the energy levels of a positronium negativeion intwo-dimensional case are lower than those in three-dimensional case.

Influence of Microstructures on Thermal Shock and Sintering Behavior of YSZ-based Thermal Barrier Coatings

In this study, two thermal barrier coatings based on YSZ were produced by using a commercially available agglomerated and sintered powder and a special spray powder prepared by high energy ball milling. Both thermal barrier coatings exhibited similar overall porosities, but significantly different microstructures. Application of the special spray powder prepared by high energy ball milling led to a microstructure with numerous inclusions of semi-molten agglomerates, which introduced a plethora of clusters of fine pores into the coating and several more microstructural defects. This microstructure resulted in a significantly better thermal shock behavior compared to the conventional thermal barrier coating. The heat treatment of both thermal barrier coatings atθ=1150℃for t=100 h led to a sintering of both coatings. The results were reduced overall porosity and significantly increased fracture toughness. A correlation between the fracture toughness of both coatings after the heat treatment and the thermal shock life time could not be identified.

Investigations of the electron paramagnetic resonance parameters and the tetragonal local structure for (VCl_6)^(4-) coordination complex in MCl:V^(2+) (M=Na,K,Rb) systems

By simulating the electron paramagnetic resonance （EPR） and optical spectra on the basis of the 120 × 120 complete energy matrix, this paper determines the local lattice structure parameters R1 and R2 for MCl：V2＋ （M=Na, K, Rb） systems at 77K, 195 K and RT （room temperature 295 K or 302 K）, respectively. The theoretical results indicate that there exists a compressed distortion in MCl：V2＋ systems. Meanwhile, it finds that the structure parameters R1, R2 and ｜△R｜（ = R1 - R2） increase with the rising temperature. Subsequently, from the analysis it concludes that the relation of EPR parameter D vs. △R is approximately linear. Finally, the effects of orbital reduction factor k on the g factors for the three systems have been discussed.