Impact of Initial Soil Conditions on Soil Hydrothermal and Surface Energy Fluxes in the Permafrost Region of the Tibetan Plateau

Accurate initial soil conditions play a crucial role in simulating soil hydrothermal and surface energy fluxes in land surface process modeling.This study emphasized the influence of the initial soil temperature(ST)and soil moisture(SM)conditions on a land surface energy and water simulation in the permafrost region in the Tibetan Plateau(TP)using the Community Land Model version 5.0(CLM5.0).The results indicate that the default initial schemes for ST and SM in CLM5.0 were simplistic,and inaccurately represented the soil characteristics of permafrost in the TP which led to underestimating ST during the freezing period while overestimating ST and underestimating SLW during the thawing period at the XDT site.Applying the long-term spin-up method to obtain initial soil conditions has only led to limited improvement in simulating soil hydrothermal and surface energy fluxes.The modified initial soil schemes proposed in this study comprehensively incorporate the characteristics of permafrost,which coexists with soil liquid water(SLW),and soil ice(SI)when the ST is below freezing temperature,effectively enhancing the accuracy of the simulated soil hydrothermal and surface energy fluxes.Consequently,the modified initial soil schemes greatly improved upon the results achieved through the long-term spin-up method.Three modified initial soil schemes experiments resulted in a 64%,88%,and 77%reduction in the average mean bias error(MBE)of ST,and a 13%,21%,and 19%reduction in the average root-mean-square error(RMSE)of SLW compared to the default simulation results.Also,the average MBE of net radiation was reduced by 7%,22%,and 21%.

The Impact of Soil Freezing/Thawing Processes on Water and Energy Balances

A frozen soil parameterization coupling of thermal and hydrological processes is used to investigate how frozen soil processes affect water and energy balances in seasonal frozen soil. Simulation results of soil liquid water content and temperature using soil model with and without the inclusion of freezing and thawing processes are evaluated against observations at the Rosemount field station. By comparing the simulated water and heat fluxes of the two cases, the role of phase change processes in the water and energy balances is analyzed. Soil freezing induces upward water flow towards the freezing front and increases soil water content in the upper soil layer. In particular, soil ice obviously prevents and delays the infiltration during rain at Rosemount. In addition, soil freezingthawing processes alter the partitioning of surface energy fluxes and lead the soil to release more sensible heat into the atmosphere during freezing periods.

California Simulation of Evapotranspiration of Applied Water and Agricultural Energy Use in California

The California Simulation of Evapotranspiration of Applied Water （CaI-SIMETAW） model is a new tool developed by the California Department of Water Resources and the University of California, Davis to perform daily soil water balance and determine crop evapotranspiration （ETo）, evapotranspiration of applied water （ETaw）, and applied water （AW） for use in California water resources planning. ETaw is a seasonal estimate of the water needed to irrigate a crop assuming 100% irrigation efficiency. The model accounts for soils, crop coefficients, rooting depths, seepage, etc. that influence crop water balance. It provides spatial soil and climate information and it uses historical crop and land-use category information to provide seasonal water balance estimates by combinations of detailed analysis unit and county （DAU/County） over Califomia. The result is a large data base of ETc and ETaw that will be used to update information in the new California Water Plan （CWP）. The application uses the daily climate data, i.e., maximum （Tx） and minimum （Tn） temperature and precipitation （Pcp）, which were derived from monthly USDA-NRCS PRISM data （PRISM Group 2011） and daily US National Climate Data Center （NCDC） climate station data to cover California on a 4 kmx4 km change grid spacing. The application uses daily weather data to determine reference evapotranspiration （ETo）, using the Hargreaves-Samani （HS） equation （Hargreaves and Samani 1982, 1985）. Because the HS equation is based on temperature only, ETo from the HS equation were compared with CIMIS ETo at the same locations using available CIMIS data to determine correction factors to estimate CIMIS ETo from the HS ETo to account for spatial climate differences. CaI-SIMETAW also employs near real-time reference evapotranspiration （ETo） information from Spatial CIMIS, which is a model that combines weather station data and remote sensing to provide a grid of ETo information. A second database containing the available soil water holding capacity and soil depth information for all of California was also developed from the USDA-NRCS SSURGO database. The Cal-SIMETAW program also has the ability to generate daily weather data from monthly mean values for use in studying climate change scenarios and their possible impacts on water demand in the state. The key objective of this project is to improve the accuracy of water use estimates for the California Water Plan （CWP）, which provides a comprehensive report on water supply, demand, and management in California. In this paper, we will discuss the model and how it determines ETaw for use in water resources planning.

Characteristics of land-atmosphere energy and turbulentfluxes over the plateau steppe in central Tibetan Plateau

The land-atmosphere energy and turbulence exchange is key to understanding land surface processes on the Tibetan Plateau(TP). Using observed data for Aug. 4 to Dec. 3, 2012 from the Bujiao observation point(BJ) of the Nagqu Plateau Climate and Environment Station(NPCE-BJ), different characteristics of the energy flux during the Asian summer monsoon(ASM) season and post-monsoon period were analyzed. This study outlines the impact of the ASM on energy fluxes in the central TP. It also demonstrates that the surface energy closure rate during the ASM season is higher than that of the post-monsoon period. Footprint modeling shows the distribution of data quality assessments(QA) and quality controls(QC) surrounding the observation point. The measured turbulent flux data at the NPCE-BJ site were highly representative of the target land-use type. The target surface contributed more to the fluxes under unstable conditions than under stable conditions. The main wind directions(180° and 210°) with the highest data density showed flux contributions reaching 100%, even under stable conditions. The lowest flux contributions were found in sectors with low data density, e.g., 90.4% in the 360° sector under stable conditions during the ASM season. Lastly, a surface energy water balance(SEWAB) model was used to gap-fill any absent or corrected turbulence data. The potential simulation error was also explored in this study. The Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficients(NSEs) of the observed fluxes with the SEWAB model runs were 0.78 for sensible heat flux and 0.63 for latent heat flux during the ASM season, but unrealistic values of-0.9 for latent heat flux during the post-monsoon period.

Radiation balance and the response of albedo to environmental factors above two alpine ecosystems in the eastern Tibetan Plateau

Understanding the energy balance on the Tibetan Plateau is important for better prediction of global climate change. To characterize the energy balance on the Plateau, we examined the radiation balance and the response of albedo to environmental factors above an alpine meadow and an alpine wetland surfaces in the eastern Tibetan Plateau, using 2014 data. Although our two sites belong to the same climatic background, and are close geographically, the annual incident solar radiation at the alpine meadow site(6,447 MJ/(m2·a)) was about 1.1 times that at the alpine wetland site(6,012 MJ/(m2·a)),due to differences in the cloudiness between our two sites. The alpine meadow and the alpine wetland emitted about 38%and 42%, respectively, of annual incident solar radiation back into atmosphere in the form of net longwave radiation; and they reflected about 22% and 18%, respectively, of the annual incident solar radiation back into atmosphere in the form of shortwave radiation. The annual net radiation was 2,648 and 2,544 MJ/(m2·a) for the alpine meadow site and the alpine wetland site, respectively, accounting for only about 40% of the annual incident solar radiation, significantly lower than the global mean. At 30-min scales, surface albedo exponentially decreases with the increase of the solar elevation angle; and it linearly decreases with the increase of soil-water content for our two sites. But those relationships are significantly influenced by cloudiness and are site-specific.

Effects of the Soil Heat Flux Estimates on Surface Energy Balance Closure over a Semi-Arid Grassland

Soil heat flux is important for surface energy balance （SEB）, and inaccurate estimation of soil heat flux often leads to surface energy imbalance. In this paper, by using observations of surface radiation fluxes and soil temperature gradients at a semi-arid grassland in Xilingguole, Inner Mongolia, China from June to September 2008, the characters of the SEB for the semi-arid grassland were analyzed. Firstly, monthly averaged diurnal variations of SEB components were revealed. A 30-min forward phase displacement of soil heat flux （G） observed by a fluxplate at the depth of 5-em below the soil surface was conducted and its effect on the SEB was studied. Secondly, the surface soil heat flux （Gs） was computed by using harmonic analysis and the effect of the soil heat storage between the surface and the fluxplate on the SEB was examined. The results show that with the 30-min forward phase displacement of observed G, the slope of the ordinary linear regression （OLR） of turbulent fluxes （H＋LE） against available energy （Rn G） increased from 0.835 to 0.842, i.e., the closure ratio of SEB increased by 0.7%, yet energy imclosure of 15.8% still existed in the SEB. When Gs, instead of G was used in the SEB equation, the slope of corresponding OLR of （H＋LE） against （Rn-Gs） reached 0.979, thereby the imelosure ratio of SEB was reduced to only 2.1%.

Spatial variability and temporal stability of actual evapotranspiration on a hillslope of the Chinese Loess Plateau

Actual evapotranspiration(ETa)is a key component of water balance.This study aimed to investigate the spatial variability and time stability of ETa along a hillslope and to analyze the key factors that control the spatiotemporal variability of ETa.The potential evaporation,surface runoff and 0–480 cm soil water profile were measured along a 243 m long transect on a hillslope of the Loess Plateau during the normal(2015)and wet(2016)water years.ETa was calculated using water balance equation.Results indicated that increasing precipitation during the wet water year did not alter the spatial pattern of ETa along the hillslope;time stability analysis showed that a location with high time stability of ETa could be used to estimate the mean ETa of the hillslope.Time stability of ETa was positively correlated with elevation(P<0.05),indicating that,on a hillslope in a semi-arid area,elevation was the primary factor influencing the time stability of ETa.

Simulation of energy and water balance in Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere Transfer system in the mountain area of Heihe River Basin at Hexi Corridor of northwest China

In the mountain area of inland Heihe River Basin at Hexi Corridor of northwest China during the vegetation growing season from May to September, the Simultaneous Heat and Water (SHAW) model of Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere Transfer (SVAT) system is applied to simulating and studying energy and water balance of the soil-residue-plant canopy layers in the Picea crassifolia forest and the grassland by the forest at the shaded slope and the grassland at the sun-facing slope. The simulation of energy balance indicates that net radiation of the grass- land at the sun-facing slope is more than that of the Picea crassifolia forest and the grassland by the forest at the shaded slope. The energy outgoing components are the first latent heat and next sensible heat from the grassland both at the shaded slope and the sun-facing slope, but those at the former are less. The energy outgoing components are the first sensible heat and next latent heat from the Picea crassifolia forest. The composition and distribution of energy in the soil-residue-plant canopy layers in the Picea crassifolia forest and the grassland by the forest at the shaded slope make the soil layer receive less energy, which therefore, especially the forest possesses the energy conditions for soil water conservation. The simulation of water balance indicates that the water loss of the grassland at the sun-facing slope is mainly caused by soil evaporation, while evapotranspiration of the Picea crassifolia forest and the grassland by the forest at the shaded slope is less than that of the grassland at the sun-facing slope. Half of the evapotranspiration of the Picea crassifolia forest and the grassland by the forest at the shaded slope is consumed by transpiration. After precipitation, the soil water storage is increased much more for the Picea crassifolia forest and also more for the grassland by the forest at the shaded slope. Therefore the shaded slope vegetation, especially the forest is favorable for soil water storage.

Impact of Lower Boundary Condition of Richards＇ Equation on Water, Energy, and Soil Carbon Based on Coupling Land Surface and Biogeochemical Models

Soil moisture has a significant influence on water, energy, and carbon biogeochemical cycles. A numerical method for solving Richards' equation is usually used for simulating soil moisture. Selection of a lower boundary condition for Richards' equation will further affect the simulation results for soil moisture, water cycle, energy balance, and carbon biogeochemical processes. In this study,the soil water movement dynamic sub-model of a hydrologically based land surface model, the variable infiltration capacity(VIC)model, was modified using the finite difference method(FDM) to solve a mixed form of Richards' equation. In addition, the VIC model was coupled with a terrestrial biogeochemical model, the Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach model of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus(CASACNP model). The no-flux boundary(NB) and free-drainage boundary(FB) were selected to investigate their impacts on simulations of the water, energy, and soil carbon cycles based on the coupling model. The NB and FB had different influences on the water, energy, and soil carbon simulations. The water and energy simulations were more sensitive, while the soil carbon simulation was less sensitive to FB than to NB. Free-drainage boundary could result in lower soil moisture, evaporation, runoff,and heterotrophic respiration and higher surface soil temperature, sensible heat flux, and soil carbon content. The impact of the lower boundary condition on simulation would be greater with an increase in soil permeability. In the silt loam soil case, evaporation, runoff,and soil respiration of FB were nearly 16%, 13%, and 1% smaller, respectively, compared to those of NB.

Effect of Soil Water Repellency on Energy Partitioning Between Soil and Atmosphere:A Conceptual Approach

Water repellency(WR) is a phenomenon known from many soils around the world and can occur in arid as well as in humid climates;few studies,however,have examined the effect of soil WR on the soil-plant-atmosphere energy balance.The aim of our study was to estimate the effects of soil WR on the calculated soil-atmosphere energy balance,using a solely model-based approach.We made out evapotranspiration to have the largest influence on the energy balance;therefore the effect of WR on actual evapotranspiration was assessed.To achieve this we used climate data and measured soil hydraulic properties of a potentially water-repellent sandy soil from a site near Berlin,Germany.A numerical 1D soil water balance model in which WR was incorporated in a straightforward way was applied,using the effective cross section concept.Simulations were carried out with vegetated soil and bare soil.The simulation results showed a reduction in evapotranspiration of 30-300 mm year^(-1)(9%-76%) at different degrees of WR compared to completely wettable soil,depending on the severity degree of soil WR.The energy that is not being transported away by water vapor(i.e.,due to reduced evapotranspiration) had to be transformed into other parts of the energy balance and thus would influence the local climate.

北京大学陆面过程模式PKULM(Peking University Land Model)介绍及检验

陆面过程模式是气候模式和天气模式的核心组成部分之一.在土壤—植被—大气耦合模式(Soil-PlantAtmosphere Model,SPAM)的基础上,发展了新一代北京大学陆面过程模式PKULM(Peking University Land Model).本文首先介绍了PKULM的辐射传输、湍流输送、光合作用、土壤水热输送等过程的参数化方案;采用隐式迭代计算框架,发展并应用了一个快速的线性方程组求解算法,提高了模式计算稳定性;提出并使用了二分搜索算法计算气孔阻抗,避免了CLM(Community Land Model)等使用的迭代方法在干旱区不稳定的情况,提高了模式的适用性;采用水势为基础的土壤水分扩散方程,使模式能够模拟土壤饱和区的水分输送过程,为进一步与水文过程模式耦合奠定了基础;还发展了一个地表积水与径流过程的机理模型,提高了模式对地表水分平衡过程的模拟能力;最后,使用"中国西北干旱区陆—气相互作用观测试验"平凉站的资料对模式进行了检验并与NOAH(National Center for Environmental Prediction,Oregon State University,Air Force,and Hydrology Lab model)陆面过程模式的模拟结果进行了比较,结果表明PKULM能够较好地模拟西北半干旱区农田下垫面地气交换过程.

盐结皮土壤形成发育过程影响下的能量平衡动态变化

地表能量平衡是地气交互作用的关键环节,探究不同下垫面的地表能量平衡特征对了解地表的热量传输具有重要意义。然而,目前对于能量平衡在盐结皮土壤形成过程下的变化特征的研究未见报道,主要难点在于缺少盐结皮形成过程中土壤表面反照率的计算方法,严重影响了盐渍化土壤热量传输的精确定量描述。因此,利用模拟试验结合能量平衡模型,应用反照率计算方法,定量分析了盐结皮土壤形成发育过程下能量平衡的动态变化特征。结果表明:(1)Logistic增长模型可以很好地拟合盐结皮在土壤表面的形成发育过程(R2=0.99)。(2)在持续照射条件下(1000 W·m^(-2),16 d),随着盐结皮的持续发育,盐结皮土壤的反照率比对照高出0.15~0.41,从而显著降低了土壤对热量的吸收,导致盐结皮土壤表面温度比对照降低了16℃。(3)盐结皮土壤的净辐射、感热通量、潜热通量和土壤热通量在反照率和表面温度影响下分别比对照减少了47.9%、52.4%、46.8%和47.4%,显著影响了土壤的剖面温度。研究结果对进一步探讨盐结皮影响下的土壤水热传输过程具有重要的科学价值。

Comparative Study on Methods for Computing Soil Heat Storage and Energy Balance in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas

Observations collected in the Badan Jaran desert hinterland and edge during 19-23 August 2009 and in the Jinta Oasis during 12-16 June 2005 are used to assess three methods for calculating the heat storage of the5-20-cm soil layer.The methods evaluated include the harmonic method,the conduction-convection method,and the temperature integral method.Soil heat storage calculated using the harmonic method provides the closest match with measured values.The conduction-convection method underestimates nighttime soil heat storage.The temperature integral method best captures fluctuations in soil heat storage on sub-diurnal timescales,but overestimates the amplitude and peak values of the diurnal cycle.The relative performance of each method varies with the underlying land surface.The land surface energy balance is evaluated using observations of soil heat flux at 5-cm depth and estimates of ground heat flux adjusted to account for soil heat storage.The energy balance closure rate increases and energy balance is improved when the ground heat flux is adjusted to account for soil heat storage.The results achieved using the harmonic and temperature integral methods are superior to those achieved using the conduction-convection method.

亚热带草地水热动态变化及地表能量分配

土壤水热变化是生态水文过程研究中的重要一环,而关于亚热带沿海地区草地土壤水热的研究相对不足。利用实地观测资料对亚热带校园区的草地土壤水热、地表能量平衡进行了研究,结果表明:①草地土壤水分在干湿季受降雨影响不同,降雨在干季引起的土壤水分变化会比湿季更大,研究期内12月20日,日降雨量为15.2 mm,土壤水分变化为0.12 m^(3)/m^(3),5月1日时日降水量为120.3 mm,土壤水分变化仅为0.11 m^(3)/m^(3);②在土壤水势梯度垂向变化上,湿季土壤水势梯度零通面出现在10~30 cm内,干季土壤水势梯度零通面出现在50 cm左右;③根据土壤水分对降雨的响应,干湿季节降雨后土壤水分运移主要发生在0~40 cm土壤深度;④土壤温度的变化受季节气温影响大,表层土壤温度梯度大,春夏季节,土壤温度随土壤深度的增加而减少,秋冬季节,土壤温度随土壤深度的增加而增加;⑤相邻2个月内,湿季草地蒸腾相对于干季明显减少,在能量分配上,湿季虽然降雨多,能量通量少,但是潜热通量的占比却反而升高,0:00—6:00、7:00—17:00的潜热通量比例分别比干季提升了3%和7%。研究了亚热带草地水热动态及地表能量的降雨、季节差异,为亚热带沿海区域生态系统研究提供资料。

基于涡度相关法和树干液流法评价杨树人工林生态系统蒸发散及其环境响应

运用涡度相关(Eddy covariance)开路系统、树干液流(Sap flow)、土壤水分以及微气象观测系统,于2006年生长季(5～10月)对北京大兴区永定河沿河沙地杨树(Populus euramericana)人工林生态系统的水量和能量平衡进行了连续测定;分析了该系统能量平衡闭合水平及其组分分配特征,不同水分条件下蒸发散及其各组分变化过程和分配特征,以及影响蒸发散的主要环境因子;并对组分求和法、土壤水分平衡法与涡度相关法测得该生态系统生长季蒸发散总量的结果进行了对比。结果表明:生长季内该生态系统的能量闭合水平较高,能量平衡各组分在不同土壤水分环境条件下所占比例变化较大;在水分充足的条件下,潜热通量在可利用能量分配过程中占优势,显热通量在水分胁迫条件下占可提供能量的比例比潜热通量大。雨季到来之前,土壤蒸发与植被蒸腾强度相差较小;进入雨季后,土壤深层水分得到补偿,植被蒸腾显著增强而土壤蒸发强度减弱。涡度相关法所得的总蒸发散量与基于树干液流法等组分求和法得到的蒸发散结果较接近,分别为513和492mm。土壤水分平衡法的观测结果略高于前二者的观测结果,雨季研究界面以下的土体也有水分交换是该方法高估蒸发散的主要原因。与环境因子的响应关系表明,蒸发散以及蒸腾的变化过程对净辐射的响应程度比对饱和水汽压差高;水分条件较好情况下,蒸发散以及蒸腾的变化过程与水汽压差关系不明显,说明水分充足时,水汽压差不是蒸散强弱的限制因子。

西双版纳热带季节雨林水热通量

利用西双版纳热带季节雨林2003和2004年常规气象、生物量以及水热通量观测资料,对该林地两年内各能量分量的数值大小和变化规律、能量分配以及水量平衡特征等进行了分析研究。结果表明,2003和2004年净辐射总量分别为3516.4MJ/(m.2a)和3516.6MJ/(m.2a)。在能量分配过程中潜热通量占优势,2003年和2004年的总量分别是相应年份净辐射总量的46%和44%,显热通量则分别只有12%和11%。2003年和2004年林冠传导率均值分别为10.3mm/s和10.0mm/s,其中干热季期间的林冠传导率明显低于雾凉季和雨季。林冠传导率与叶面积指数和空气饱和水汽压差值之间分别呈极显著的正、负线性相关关系;它基本上不受土壤含水量的影响,只是当长期无雨或雨量很小导致土壤含水量低于0.15m3/m3时,林冠传导率才与土壤含水量间存在极显著的相关关系。西双版纳热带雨林2003和2004年的蒸散量分别是663mm和634mm,受浓雾和林冠传导率的综合影响,该森林生态系统干季蒸散量低于雨季,这是西双版纳热带季节雨林能够在水热极限条件下生存并良好发育的重要原因。

金塔绿洲的辐射平衡特征和地表能量研究

利用2005年5月23日～7月8日在甘肃省金塔绿洲开展的"绿洲系统能量与水分循环过程观测实验"所取得的资料,分析了金塔绿洲不同天气条件的辐射平衡、地表能量收支和土壤温度的日变化规律,并将研究时段内各量的平均值与晴天进行了对比。结果表明:不同天气条件下,辐射平衡和地表能量平衡各分量昼间变化差别较大,夜间也存在一定的差异;土壤温度随净辐射能的变化而变化,随着深度的增加,土壤温度受太阳辐射的影响变小;观测期间辐射平衡、地表能量和土壤温度平均的变化形态与晴天比较接近,云和降水的扰动削弱了除潜热通量外的其它量。

黄土塬区农田蒸散的变化特征及主控因素

蒸散是水量平衡和能量平衡的重要组成部分,也是农田生态系统水分消耗的主要途径。为探究黄土塬区农田蒸散的日动态变化规律,运用涡度相关法、土壤水分及常规微气象观测系统等,于2013年作物生长季（4—10月）对试验区农田作物（冬小麦、春玉米）蒸散特征及影响因素进行分析。结果表明,降水对蒸散的影响较为显著,降水过后的日蒸散量较降水前会有所增加;农田0~100 cm土壤含水量变异系数较大,土壤水分变化剧烈,作物根系的集中分布范围在0~80 cm之间,因此0~100 cm土壤水分主要参与蒸散过程;晴天蒸散的累积量大于阴天,晴天和阴天的日均蒸散量分别为4.5、3.8 mm d-1,相差0.7 mm d-1。阴天蒸散开始的时间较晴天晚,阴天条件下的蒸散更易受到气象因子的扰动;不同天气条件下净辐射均为蒸散的主要影响因子,蒸散速率与净辐射变化趋势一致,但在时间上滞后于净辐射;在不同的土壤水分环境条件下,蒸散的过程和强度差异较大,水分胁迫条件下,全天蒸散量水平较低,＂蒸散高地＂的持续时间较长;而水分相对充足时,全天蒸散水平较高,＂蒸散高地＂持续时间较短,维持较高的蒸散速率的时间较长。

水循环的生态学方面:土壤-植被-大气系统水分能量平衡研究进展

针对中国水循环与土壤植物大气水分能量传输生态研究的问题， 进行了综述。阐述了水循环研究的需求与水量转化重要机制， 包括模式与子系统耦合的界面。评述了水、热平衡研究若干工作， 包括农田生态系统， 干旱、半干旱区， 陆面过程模式， 遥感信息的应用以及系统耦合的尺度问题。

基于MODIS产品影像及陆面能量平衡系统(SEBS)的河北平原区域蒸散估算(英文)

地表蒸散是区域水文循环的重要组成部分之一,传统的地表蒸散估算一般基于点上的气象观测数据,当用于区域地表蒸散评价时,具有一定的局限性。随着遥感技术的发展,利用遥感影像能够对大区域进行观测的优势进行区域地表蒸散估算已成为可能。地表能量平衡系统(SEBS)是根据地表能量平衡估算地表蒸散量的一种方法,该方法由于提出了地表能量传输过程中关键制约因素热传导粗糙度的估算模型而在遥感蒸散计算方面具有较高的精度。本文在SEBS模型的基础上,以河北平原为例,采取中分辨率成像光谱辐射仪(MODIS)产品影像,根据研究区下垫面的实际情况进行了参数估算,进行了区域实际蒸发蒸腾量计算及模型精确度评价,并在SEBS模型的基础上,提出了新的"标准化温度差-反照率"特征空间分析方法,对研究区内地表土壤水分现状进行了评价;最后,对河北平原地表蒸散时空分布进行了分析。计算结果表明,在所选取的晴空乌云条件下,根据SEBS模型计算所得的地表蒸散与研究区内利用大型承重式蒸渗仪所测量的地表实际蒸散量具有很好的一致性,说明SEBS模型在遥感蒸散计算方面据有较高的可信度。然而,由于地表蒸散的遥感估算是以所获取的遥感影像单元为基础,计算误差不可避免,尤其是使用低分辨率遥感影像的时候,每个影像单元所反映的地表蒸散为单元内各种地表覆盖的综合反映,当与只反映一种地表覆盖蒸散的大型承重式蒸渗仪测量结果进行比较时,误差是显而易见的,因此,若着重考虑模型精度验证,尚需在以后的研究中考虑使用高分辨率的遥感影像。地表土壤水分或湿度状况是地表能量交换及蒸散发生的主要控制因素。利用地表温度与植被指数的关系对区域地表湿度状况进行监测在实践中被广泛利用,然而,由于不用地区地表属性的千差万别,当利用这种方法进行区域地表湿度评价时,"地表温度-植被指数"特征空间的边界很难确定。本文在SEBS模型的基础上,提出新的"标准化温度差-反照率"特征空间分析方法,对研究区内地表土壤水分现状进行评价,结果显示,由于在SEBS模型中考虑了干限和湿限两种极端情况下的能量平衡,"标准化温度差-反照率"特征空间的边界问题很容易被确定,利用修正的特征空间,可以对区域土壤水分或湿度状况进行客观的评价。下垫面的几何特征参数的精确反演是进行地表能量平衡模拟的基础,目前多根据有关经验公式利用遥感影像进行下垫面几何特征参数估算,由于已有的经验公式多基于不同研究区域获得,当应用到新的研究区时,其具体参数需要进一步调整,以获得对下垫面的几何特征的精确描述。由于缺乏相关实测资料,本研究中利用经验公式进行下垫面几何特征参数,误差不可避免,需要在以后的研究中进行深入探索。另外,地表蒸散的计算只是进行区域水资源评价、农业节水措施评价以及全球变化等研究的一个中间环节,需要在以后的研究中根据具体研究目的进行进一步研究。