Modified Black Widow Optimization-Based Enhanced Threshold Energy Detection Technique for Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Networks

This study develops an Enhanced Threshold Based Energy Detection approach(ETBED)for spectrum sensing in a cognitive radio network.The threshold identification method is implemented in the received signal at the secondary user based on the square law.The proposed method is implemented with the signal transmission of multiple outputs-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing.Additionally,the proposed method is considered the dynamic detection threshold adjustments and energy identification spectrum sensing technique in cognitive radio systems.In the dynamic threshold,the signal ratio-based threshold is fixed.The threshold is computed by considering the Modified Black Widow Optimization Algorithm(MBWO).So,the proposed methodology is a combination of dynamic threshold detection and MBWO.The general threshold-based detection technique has different limitations such as the inability optimal signal threshold for determining the presence of the primary user signal.These limitations undermine the sensing accuracy of the energy identification technique.Hence,the ETBED technique is developed to enhance the energy efficiency of cognitive radio networks.The projected approach is executed and analyzed with performance and comparison analysis.The proposed method is contrasted with the conventional techniques of theWhale Optimization Algorithm(WOA)and GreyWolf Optimization(GWO).It indicated superior results,achieving a high average throughput of 2.2 Mbps and an energy efficiency of 3.8,outperforming conventional techniques.

Energy spectrum computed tomography multi-parameter imaging in preoperative assessment of vascular and neuroinvasive status in gastric cancer

BACKGROUND Vascular and nerve infiltration are important indicators for the progression and prognosis of gastric cancer(GC),but traditional imaging methods have some limitations in preoperative evaluation.In recent years,energy spectrum computed tomography(CT)multiparameter imaging technology has been gradually applied in clinical practice because of its advantages in tissue contrast and lesion detail display.AIM To explore and analyze the value of multiparameter energy spectrum CT imaging in the preoperative assessment of vascular invasion(LVI)and nerve invasion(PNI)in GC patients.METHODS Data from 62 patients with GC confirmed by pathology and accompanied by energy spectrum CT scanning at our hospital between September 2022 and September 2023,including 46 males and 16 females aged 36-71(57.5±9.1)years,were retrospectively collected.The patients were divided into a positive group(42 patients)and a negative group(20 patients)according to the presence of LVI/PNI.The CT values(CT40 keV,CT70 keV),iodine concentration(IC),and normalized IC(NIC)of lesions in the upper energy spectrum CT images of the arterial phase,venous phase,and delayed phase 40 and 70 keV were measured,and the slopes of the energy spectrum curves[K(40-70)]from 40 to 70 keV were calculated.Arterial Core Tip:To investigate the application value of multiparameter energy spectrum computed tomography(CT)imaging in the preoperative assessment of vascular and nerve infiltration in patients with gastric cancer(GC).The imaging data of GC patients were retrospectively analyzed to evaluate the accuracy and sensitivity of CT for identifying and quantifying vascular and nerve infiltration and for comparison with postoperative pathological results.The purpose of this study was to verify the clinical feasibility and potential advantages of multiparameter energy spectrum CT imaging in guiding preoperative diagnosis and treatment decision-making and to provide a new imaging basis for improving the diagnostic accuracy and prognosis of GC patients.

Response Spectrum Analysis of 7-story Assembled Frame Structure with Energy Dissipation System

Viscoelastic damper is an effective passive damping device,which can reduce the seismic response of the structure by increasing the damping and dissipating the vibration energy of structures.It has a wide application prospect in actual structural vibration control because of simple device and economical material.In view of the poor seismic behaviors of assembled frame structure connections,various energy dissipation devices are proposed to improve the seismic performance.The finite element numerical analysis method is adopted to analyze relevant energy dissipation structural parameters.The response spectrum of a 7-story assembled frame structure combined the ordinary steel support,ordinary viscoelastic damper,and viscoelastic damper with displacement amplification device is analyzed.The analysis results show that the mechanical behavior of assembled frame structure with ordinary steel supports are not significantly different from those without energy dissipation devices.The assembled frame structure with viscoelastic damper has better seismic performance and energy dissipation,especially for the viscoelastic damper with displacement amplification devices.The maximum value of inter-story displacement angle decreases by 32.24%;the maximum floor displacement decreases by 31.91%,and the base shear decreases by 13.62%compared with the assembled frame structures without energy dissipation devices.The results show that the seismic fortification ability of the structure is significantly improved,and the overall structure is more uniformly stressed.The damping structure with viscoelastic damper mainly reduces the dynamic response of the structure by increasing the damping coefficient,rather than by changing the natural vibration period of the structure.This paper provides an effective theoretical basis and reference for improving the energy dissipation system and the seismic performance of assembled frame structures.

Directed Acyclic Graph Blockchain for Secure Spectrum Sharing and Energy Trading in Power IoT

Peer-to-peer(P2P)spectrum sharing and energy trading are promising solutions to locally satisfy spectrum and energy demands in power Internet of Things(IoT).However,implementation of largescale P2P spectrum sharing and energy trading confronts security and privacy challenges.In this paper,we exploit consortium blockchain and Directed Acyclic Graph(DAG)to propose a new secure and distributed spectrum sharing and energy trading framework in power IoT,named spectrum-energy chain,where a set of local aggregators(LAGs)cooperatively confirm the identity of the power devices by utilizing consortium blockchain,so as to form a main chain.Then,the local power devices verify spectrum and energy micro-transactions simultaneously but asynchronously to form local spectrum tangle and local energy tangle,respectively.Moreover,an iterative double auction based micro transactions scheme is designed to solve the spectrum and energy pricing and the amount of shared spectrum and energy among power devices.Security analysis and numerical results illustrate that the developed spectrum-energy chain and the designed iterative double auction based microtransactions scheme are secure and efficient for spectrum sharing and energy trading in power IoT.

Texcare:On track to save energy

Soaring energy costs are a driving factor for innovations in the commercial textilecare sector.They generate new solutions that lower consumption,reduce emissions and in many cases extend textile durability.At Texcare International in Frankfurt am Main from 6 to 9 November,a large number of manufacturers will be presenting a broad spectrum of solutions that help dry cleaners and laundries to increase their resourceefficiency.

Characteristics analysis of muzzle impulse noise based on wavelet energy spectrum

Because muzzle impulse noise could cause damage to or have an intluence on the operator, tiae ettecnve protecnve measures should be taken. Therefore, correct analysis of impulse noise characteristics is very significant. Considering the shortcomings of fast Fourier transform method （FFT） in analysis of muzzle impulse noise frequency characteristics, wavelet energy spectrum method is put forward. Based on specific experiment data, the frequency characteristics and spectral energy dis tribution can be obtained. The experiment results show that wavelet energy spectrum method is applicable in muzzle impulse noise characteristic analysis.

Freak wave simulation based on nonlinear model and the research on the time-frequency energy spectrum of simulation results

VOF （volume of fluid） method has been used to make the numerical simulation of freak wave come true. The comparisons between the numerical results and linear theoretical results corresponding to Eq.（5） have been carried out to show that the numerical results have a better exhibition of nonlinear characteristics. Wavelet analysis method has been adopted to investigate the time-frequency energy spectrum of simulation freak waves and the results reveal strong nonlinear interaction enables energy to be transferred to high harmonics during the progress of its formation. Varying water depth can enhance the nonlinear interaction, making much more energy be transferred to high harmonics and freak waves with higher asymmetry be generated.

Energy-aware cooperative spectrum sensingfor underground cognitive sensor networks

With the development of wireless technologies,multifarious standards are currently used in the underground coal mine communication systems.In this paper,the coexistence of 802.15.4 based wireless senser networks （WSNs） with other wireless networks using cognitive radio technique are discussed.Multiple sensor nodes are involved in the spectrum sensing to avoid the interference from other wireless users.The more the sensor nodes cooperate in the sensing,the better the detection performance can be obtained; however,more energy is consumed.How to get the tradeoff between energy efficiency and detection performance is a key problem.According to the requirements for detection,we first give the least required detection time of a single sensor node.Then,the voting fusion rule is adopted for the final decision making.Finally,the relationship between final detection performance and energy consumption is analyzed.

Joint Optimal Energy-Efficient Cooperative Spectrum Sensing and Transmission in Cognitive Radio

In order to improve the energy efficiency(EE) in cognitive radio(CR), a joint optimal energy-efficient cooperative spectrum sensing(CSS) and transmission in multi-channel CR is proposed in this paper. EE is described as a tradeoff between the throughput and the entirely consumed power. A joint optimization problem is formulated to maximize EE by jointly optimizing local sensing time, number of cooperative sensing secondary users(SU), transmission bandwidth and power. A combined optimization algorithm of bi-level optimization, Polyblock optimization and Dinkelbach's optimization is proposed to solve the proposed non-convex optimization problem effectively. The simulation results show that, compared with throughput maximization model(TMM), the energy efficiency maximization model(EEMM) improves EE of the CR system and limits the excessive power consumption effectively.

Fluorescence spectrum characteristic of ethanol-water excimer and mechanism of resonance energy transfer

The steady-state fluorescence spectrum characteristic of ethanol-water excimer has been studied in this paper. By analysing the features of the sharp emission spectrum with fine structures in a shortwave band and the characteristics of the broad and featureless fluorescence peaks in the longwave band, one can conclude that the excimers are formed between the new ethanol-water cluster molecules in the excited state and the ground state through the interaction among different chromophores. The excitation spectra in the two fluorescence bands have been studied, and their emission mechanisms have been ascertained based on the energy transfer theory. Furthermore, the critical distance of the resonance energy transfer has been calculated.

Wavelet spectrum analysis on energy transfer of multi-scale structures in wall turbulence

The streamwise velocity components at different vertical heights in wall turbulence were measured. Wavelet transform was used to study the turbulent energy spectra, indicating that the global spectrum results from the weighted average of Fourier spectrum based on wavelet scales. W＇avelet transform with more vanishing moments can express the declining of turbulent spectrum. The local wavelet spectrum shows that the physical phenomena such as deformation position in the boundary layer, and the or breakup of eddies are related to the vertical energy-containing eddies exist in a multi-scale form. Moreover, the size of these eddies increases with the measured points moving out of the wall. In the buffer region, the small scale energy-containing eddies with higher frequency are excited. In the outer region, the maximal energy is concentrated in the low-frequency large-scale eddies, and the frequency domain of energy-containing eddies becomes narrower.

Application of the wavelet packet and its energy spectrum to identify nugget splash during the aluminum alloys spot welding

Nugget splash during aluminum alloys spot welding has a detrimental effect on weld nugget integrity, strength and durability of the welded joints. This investigation is performed to identify nugget splash from voltage signals because these are easily accessible on-line. In the present work, we propose a novel method based on the wavelet packet transform and its energy spectrum for pattern recognition of splash signal. The result demonstrates that this novel method is more accuracy and a useful way of monitoring the spot welding quality.

The quantum Kirchhoff equation and quantum current and energy spectrum of a homogeneous mesoscopic dissipation transmission line

On the basis of quantization of charge, the loop equations of quantum circuits are investigated by using the Helsenberg motion equation for a mesoscopic dissipation transmission line. On the supposition that the system has a symmetry under translation in charge space, the quantum current and the quantum energy spectrum in the mesoscopic transmission llne are given by solving their eigenvalue equations. Results show that the quantum current and the quantum energy spectrum are not only related to the parameters of the transmission llne, but also dependent on the quantized character of the charge obviously.

An improved secondary electrons energy spectrum model and its application in multipactor discharge

Secondary electron emission(SEE)of metal and dielectric materials plays a key role in multipactor discharge,which is a bottle neck problem for high-power satelliate components.Measurements of both the secondary electron yield(SEY)and the secondary electron energy spectrum(SES)are performed on metal samples for an accurate description of the real SEE phenomenon.In order to simplify the fitting process and improve the simulation efficiency,an improved model is proposed for the description of secondary electrons(SE)emitted from the material surface,including true,elastic,and inelastic SE.Embedding the novel SES model into the electromagnetic particle-in-cell method,the electronic resonant multipactor in microwave components is simulated successfully and hence the discharge threshold is predicted.Simulation results of the SES variation in the improved model demonstrate that the multipactor threshold is strongly dependent on SES.In addition,the mutipactor simulation results agree quite well with the experiment for the practical microwave component,while the numerical model of SEY and SES fits well with the sample data taken from the microwave component.

Dynamic energy spectrum and energy deposition in solid target by intense pulsed ion beams

A method for analyzing the dynamic energy spectrum of intense pulsed ion beam(IPIB) was proposed.Its influence on beam energy deposition in metal target was studied with IPIB produced by two types of magnetically insulated diodes(MID).The emission of IPIB was described with space charge limitation model,and the dynamic energy spectrum was further analyzed with time-of-flight method.IPIBs generated by pulsed accelerators of BIPPAB-450(active MID) and TEMP-4M(passive MID) were studied.The dynamic energy spectrum was used to deduce the power density distribution of IPIB in the target with Monte Carlo simulation and infrared imaging diagnostics.The effect on the distribution and evolution of thermal field induced by the characteristics of IPIB dynamic energy spectrum was discussed.

Transformation of Wave Energy Spectrum in Shallow Water

Combined with irregular wave-maker, the growing process of Wave Energy Spectrum in shallow water can be studied in wind wave channel on different water depth conditions, and its transformation characteristics and rules can be obtained.

Photoluminescence and Ce^(3+)→Tb^(3+)→Eu^(3+) Energy Transfer Processes of the Ce^(3+)/Tb^(3+)/Eu^(3+)-doped β-NaYF_(4) Phosphors with Broadened Excitation Spectrum

Ce^(3+)/Tb^(3+) co-doped and Ce^(3+)/Tb^(3+)/Eu^(3+) tri-doped β-NaYF_(4) photoluminescent microcrystals using oleic acid as surfactant were synthesized using the solvothermal method.Their microstructural characteristics and photoluminescence properties were investigated in detail.They have the shape of hexagonal prism bipyramids with uniform particle size,which decreases with the concentrations of Tb^(3+) and Eu^(3+).The energy transfer processes of both the Ce^(3+)→Tb^(3+) and the Ce^(3+)→Tb^(3+)→Eu^(3+) were systematically studied.Compared with Eu^(3+) or Tb^(3+) single-doped β-NaYF_(4) microcrystals,the sensitization by Ce^(3+) for the photoluminescence of Tb^(3+) and Eu^(3+) leads to a broad excitation spectral bandwidth in the ultraviolet (UV) range.Meanwhile,the corresponding optical absorption efficiency is greatly enhanced.High energy transfer efficiencies have been observed from Ce^(3+) to Tb^(3+) and from Tb^(3+) to Eu^(3+).

Experimental Study of Wave Energy Spectrum in Shallow Water

Wave energy spectrum in shallow water can be studied in wind wave channel in combination with irregular wave- maker. Fetch length is successfully extended and by 'Relay' method the corresponding spectrum pattern and the wind velocity scale are obtained.

Application of wavelet packet decomposition and its energy spectrum on the coal-rock interface identification

The theory and method of wavelet packet decomposition and its energy spectrum dealing with the coal rock Interface Identification are presented in the paper. The characteristic frequency band of the coal rock signal could be identified by wavelet packet decomposition and its energy spectrum conveniently, at the same time, quantification analysis were performed. The result demonstrates that this method is more advantageous and of practical value than traditional Fourier analysis method.

Application of Wavelet Packet Energy Spectrum to Extract the Feature of the Pulse Signal

The wavelet packet is presented as a new kind of multiscale analysis technique followed by Wavelet analysis. The fundamental and realization arithmetic of the wavelet packet analysis method are described in this paper. A new application approach of the wavelet packed method to extract the feature of the pulse signal from energy distributing angle is expatiated. It is convenient for the microchip to process and judge by using the wavelet packet analysis method to make the pulse signals quantized and analyzed. Kinds of experiments are simulated in the lab, and the experiments prove that it is a convenient and accurate method to extract the feature of the pulse signal based on wavelet packed-energy spectrumanalysis.