Energy-dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy for the Quantitative Analysis of Pyrite Thin Specimens

To explore ways to improve the accuracy of quantitative analysis of samples in the micrometer to nanometer range of magnitudes,we adopted analytical transmission electron microscopy(AEM/EDS)for qualitative and quantitative analysis of pyrite materials.Additionally,the k factor of pyrite is calculated experimentally.To develop an appropriate non-standard quantitative analysis model for pyrite materials,the experimentally calculated k factor is compared with that estimated from the non-standard quantitative analytical model of the instrument software.The experimental findings demonstrate that the EDS attached to a TEM can be employed for precise quantitative analysis of micro-and nanoscale regions of pyrite materials.Furthermore,it serves as a reference for improving the results of the EDS quantitative analysis of other sulfides.

Determination of Element Levels of Lagoon from Townships near Cocody City Abidjan Côte D’Ivoire Using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence

Eight water bottles from Ebrie lagoon with pollution potency were studied using nuclear chemistry technique and Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence. This pollution is characterized by pH and conductivity parameters, concentrations average in mg/L of metals such Fe (0.731), Mn (0.345), Cr (0.070), Cu (0.014) and concentrations of nutrients known to be pollutants and toxic for living or-ganisms. These heavy metals are dangerous to the lives, the local inhabitants and also a threat to aquatic life since this water is essential for the economical town, Abidjan. According to the Manganese concentration average (0.345 mg) values that higher than WHO (0.05 mg) value, the main likely source of pollu-tants is anthropogenic, industrial and agricultural. This study also shows the use of materials and lubricants near the lagoon that pollute this water.

Alpha-actinin expression at different differentiating time points from temporal lobe cerebral cortex neural stem cells to neuron-like cells using energy dispersive X-ray analysis

BACKGROUND： Alpha-actinin （ a -actinin） plays a key role in neuronal growth cone migration during directional differentiation from neural stem cells （NSCs） to neurons. OBJECTIVE： To detect in situ microdistribution and quantitative expression of a -actinin during directional differentiation of NSCs to neurons in the temporal lobe cerebral cortex of neonatal rats. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： Between January 2006 and December 2008, culture and directional differentiation of NSCs were performed at Department of Histology and Embryology, Preclinical Medical College, China Medical University. Immune electron microscopy was performed at Department of Histology and Embryology and Department of Electron Micrology, Preclinical Medical College, China Medical University. Spectrum analysis was performed at Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Mental Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences. MATERIALS： Basic fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor, brain-derived nerve growth factor, type-1 insulin like growth factor, and a -actinin antibody were provided by Gibco BRL, USA; rabbit-anti-rat nestin monoclonal antibody, rabbit-anti-rat neuron specific enolase polyclonal antibody, and EDAX-9100 energy dispersive X-ray analysis were provided by PHILIPS Company, Netherlands. METHODS： NSCs, following primary and passage culture, were differentiated with serum culture medium （DMEM/F12 ＋ 10% fetal bovine serum ＋ 2 ng/mL brain-derived nerve growth factor ＋ 2 ng/mL type-1 insulin like growth factor）. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Expression of a -actinin in neuron-like cells was quantitatively and qualitatively detected with immunocytochemistry using energy dispersive X-ray analysis. RESULTS： Immunocytochemistry, combined with electron microscopy, indicated that positive α -actinin expression was like a spheroid particle with high electron density. In addition, the expression was gradually concentrated from the nuclear edge to the cytoplasm and expanded into developing neurites, during differentiation of neural stem cells to neurons. Conversely, energy dispersive X-ray analysis indicated that the more mature the neural differentiation was, and the greater the expression of α -actinin. CONCLUSION： The gradual increase of α -actinin expression is related to growth, development, and maturity of differentiated neuron-like cells, in neonatal rat frontal lobe cortex, at different differentiating time points of NSCs to neurons.

A Hybrid Angular/Energy Dispersive Method to Improve Some Characteristics of Laboratory X-Ray Diffraction

The Energy Dispersive X-ray Diffraction, generally referred as EDXD, has shown to be a valid alternative to the conventional Angular Dispersive X-ray Diffraction, the ADXD. EDXD exhibits several advantages to its AD counterpart, mainly related to the properties of the polychromatic X-ray beam utilized for diffracting, such as higher signal intensities, a wider accessible region of the reciprocal space, a greater transparency of samples, and a parallel data collection of the q-points in the diffraction pattern acquisition. However, the main drawback of poly-chromaticity lays in the fact that the quantities that modulate the scattered intensity in a diffraction measurement depend on the energy. These quantities are the primary X-ray beam spectrum, polarization, and X-ray absorption, the last producing by far the most critical effect because it rapidly changes as a function of energy. Therefore, a detailed knowledge of the energy dependence of all these quantities is required in EDXD in order to process the data correctly and prevent systematic errors. The difficulty in handling the energy-dependent factors complicates the experimental procedure and may make the measurements unreliable. In the present paper, a hybrid method between the ED and AD X-ray Diffraction is proposed to maintain the advantages of the polychromatic nature of the radiation utilized in EDXD, while preventing the problems produced by the energy-dependent quantities.

Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy of the Sohnari Member of Laki Formation from Southern Indus Basin of Pakistan

This study determines the geochemical and depositional environment analysis of the sediments of the Sohnari Member of the Laki Formation, Northern Kirthar Fold Belt of Pakistan. The Energy-Dispersive-X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) technique is used for the detection of major elements and the effects of shifting depositional climatic conditions of six representative samples which were acquired from the Sohnari Member of the Laki Formation at Lakhra area, Sindh, Pakistan. The sedimentological studies clarify that the sediments the Sonahri Member are relatively immature and most migrated in clastic mode. The availability of Silica shows that the Member was formed due to biochemical precipitation and detrital mode and was deposited at a fast rate of sediment deposition under the fluvio-deltaic depositional system. This is also deduced that the rapid rate of sediment deposition might be created a reducing atmosphere and allowing for the mineralization of sulphur.

X-Ray and Mössbauer Study of Magnetic Black Sand from Mayotte Island

Natural magnetic black sands are known from several sites often located in areas of volcanic origin. Their elemental and mineral composition provides information on the geology of their territory and depends on several factors occurred during their formation. A sample of black sand was collected on the seashore of the island of Mayotte in the Indian Ocean and its magnetic part was investigated by means of energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), and MÖssbauer spectroscopy at room temperature. The mineral composition is dominantly magnetite, in good agreement with samples collected in other sites of volcanic origin. Contrary to pure magnetite, a relevant fraction of Ti was detected by EDS. The 16% Ti and 1% Mn content increase the magnetite lattice parameter to 8.4312 (25) Å. The broadening of XRD lines pointed towards a significant degree of disorder. This was confirmed by MÖssbauer spectroscopy and is attributed to the presence of Ti replacing Fe in the magnetite lattice. The presence of Ti modifies the local magnetic field on the Fe sites, leading to a broader and more complex MÖssbauer transmission spectrum with respect to the one of pure magnetite. To study the effect of temperature, samples were heated for 12 hours to 600°C and 800°C in argon and to 1000°C in air. Annealing in argon did not improve the crystallinity while annealing in air caused a complete decomposition of magnetite into hematite and pseudobrookite.

Mossbauer,X-Ray and Magnetic Studies of Black Sand from the Italian Mediterranean Sea

The study of natural magnetic sands is instrumental to investigate the geological aspects of their formation and of the origin of their territory. In particular, Mossbauer spectroscopy provides unique information on their iron content and on the oxidation state of iron in their mineral composition. The Italian coast on the Mediterranean Sea near Rome is known for the presence of highly magnetic black sands of volcanic origin. A study of the room temperature Mossbauer spectrum, powder X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and magnetic measurements of a sample of black magnetic sand collected on the seashore of the town of Ladispoli is performed. This study reveals magnetite as main constituent with iron in both tetrahedral and octahedral sites. Minor constituents are the iron minerals hematite and ilmenite, the iron containing minerals diopsite, gossular, and allanite, as well as ubiquitous sanidine, quartz, and calcite.

Establishment of Energy Dispersive X-ray Diffraction Experimental System With Synchrotron Radiation Under High Pressure

Because the interactions between molecules and atoms in mediums can be dramatically changed by compression, high pressure studies on materials can provide much information on fundamental properties including phase transition and

Possible Relevance of the Allende Meteorite Conditions in Prebiotic Chemistry: An Insight into the Chondrules and Organic Compounds

The study of the mineral and organic content of the Allende meteorite is important for our understanding of the molecular evolution of the universe as well as the ancient Earth. Previous studies have characterized the magnetic minerals present in ordinary and carbonaceous chondrites, providing information on the evolution of magnetic fields. The interaction of organic compounds with magnetic minerals is a possible source of chemical diversity, which is crucial for molecular evolution. Carbon compounds in meteorites are of great scientific interest for a variety of reasons, such as their relevance to the origins of chirality in living organisms. This study presents the characterization of organic and mineral compounds in the Allende meteorite. The structural and physicochemical characterization of the Allende meteorite was accomplished through light microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction with complementary Rietveld refinement, Raman and infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy using magnetic signal methods to determine the complex structure and the interaction of organic compounds with magnetic Ni-Fe minerals. The presence of Liesegang-like patterns of chondrules in fragments of the Allende structure may also be relevant to understanding how the meteorite was formed. Other observations include the presence of magnetic materials and nanorod-like solids with relatively similar sizes as well as the heterogeneous distribution of carbon in chondrules. Signals observed in the Raman and infrared spectra resemble organic compounds such as carbon nanotubes and peptide-like molecules that have been previously reported in other meteorites, making the Mexican Allende meteorite a feasible sample for the study of the early Earth and exoplanetary bodies.

PVC/PP,PVC/PP/SPS共混体系相结构的X射线能谱微区分析

本文用扫描电子显微镜 (SEM)、能谱仪 (EDS)和IPP图像处理系统联用对PVC PP共混体系和磺化聚苯乙烯 (SPS)增容PVC PP共混体系相结构进行了X射线能谱微区分析。结果表明 :X射线能谱微区分析方法可用于共混物相结构的研究 ,所得到的特征元素面分布图像清晰、相归属准确。通过对图像处理得到的相面积百分数能够半定量地说明相间相容性。研究还表明SPS能明显改善PVC和PP的相容性 ,SPS对PVC和PP共混物的增容效果随SPS磺化度增加而变差 。

黄土中碳酸钙分布的能谱分析

本研究利用能谱分析(EDX)技术对黄土中碳酸钙分布进行研究,其结果表明:在黄土及其团粒中分布着很多碳酸钙,大颗粒碳酸钙数量较少,以镶嵌型分布于矿物颗粒之间;小颗粒碳酸钙数量多,主要以附着型分布在矿物表面。能谱分析不仅能测定黄土的主要组成元素,而且能够很好地显示主要组成元素(包括碳酸钙)的分布。以黄土中Si、Al、Ca重复分布图来探讨碳酸钙分布方法是完全可行的。

表面活性剂与Pb、Zn协同作用对蚕豆叶细胞的损伤

采用透射电子显微镜及能量发散X-射线微量分析技术,研究了非离子型表面活性剂烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚(AE)与矿山尾砂中高浓度Pb、Zn协同作用对蚕豆叶细胞的损伤.结果表明,高浓度Pb、Zn使蚕豆叶绿体中类囊体解体,嗜锇颗粒的数量和体积显著增加.细胞外间隙和液泡中出现大量的不溶性毛发状晶体.AE与Pb、Zn复合污染时,细胞内膜结构的透性增加,细胞内毛发状晶体扩散到叶绿体、细胞核中.因此,AE可加重Pb、Zn对蚕豆叶细胞的损伤作用,毛发状晶体的形成可能与细胞脱毒有关.

PVC/PP-g-MAH共混物X射线能谱微区分析

用 X射线能谱微区分析方法对 PVC/ PP- g- MAH共混物进行了研究 ,得到了共混物断面氯元素的面分布图 ,并对面分布图像进行了相分析 ,从亚微观层次揭示了 PVC/ PP- g- MAH共混物的相结构。通过对元素面分布图的面积计算 ,研究了共混组成与相容性的关系 。

水体悬浮颗粒物的扫描电镜与X射线能谱显微分析

利用扫描电子显微镜和X射线能谱仪对在厦门湾采集的水体悬浮颗粒物进行形态观察和X射线能谱微区元素分析。用扫描电镜研究不同深度采集的悬浮颗粒物,表明悬浮颗粒物形貌主要由硅藻及其碎片、块状结构、粒状结构、片层结构等形状规则结构和无定形结构组成。X射线能谱微区元素分析表明,氧、硅和铝是颗粒物的主要组成元素。硅、铝的含量一般分别在20%和10%,无明显的有机颗粒存在。表层细粒径(<63μm)沉积物的组成与悬浮颗粒物相似,具有相同的来源。

发网菌目黏菌子实体微量元素的初步分析

运用能散X-射线微区分析技术研究了发网菌目黏菌代表种的子实体的微量元素组成,结果表明:分属于7属的7种供试发网黏菌子实体囊被上的微量元素组成存在差异。尽管在显微镜下观察不到可见的如绒泡菌目黏菌子实体中存在的石灰质颗粒,但其中的钙元素所占比例均仍较高。同时,元素组成上的差异与子实体的颜色没有相关性。

稻壳与稻秆灼烧灰颗粒的微观形态特征及其能谱分析

应用扫描电镜(scanning electron microscopy,SEM)和能谱(energy disperse X-ray microanalysis,EDX)结合联用技术对稻壳和稻秆在600和815℃下灼烧产生的灰渣的微观形态特征及其元素组成进行了全面地研究,并考察了不同灰化温度对生物质灰的粒度分布、微观形态、颗粒表面、内部结构及元素组成等方面产生的影响。结果表明:灰化温度升高,灰粒的粒度减小,且分布较均匀,稻壳灰中多为团状颗粒,而稻秆灰以棒状颗粒居多;对于600℃稻壳灰,部分灰粒仍保留着稻壳的原始纤维结构,且灰中存在许多松散状的密实小颗粒,但并未出现粘结团聚,而600℃稻秆灰表面存在大量粘连着小颗粒的絮状物,表明此时灰中已经出现低熔点成分熔融而产生的弱粘结;815℃时2种生物质灰粒表面都出现熔融态的碱金属物质和以玻璃体突起形式存在的石英结构,而且都存在明显的团聚结渣现象;稻壳灰与稻秆灰的主要组成元素是C、O、Si、K和Ca,较少的Mg、Al、Fe、P等也被检出,而S只在稻秆灰中检出,稻壳灰中未检出S元素;灰化温度升高,稻壳灰的K含量明显下降,而稻秆灰中K、Na、Ca的含量变化较小,但是Cl、Fe、Al的含量均明显下降;稻秆灰的K、Na、Ca和Cl含量都远高于稻壳灰,稻秆灰比稻壳灰更易造成设备腐蚀、结渣等危害。

生物质垃圾与煤混烧污染特征的研究

对不同配比复合垃圾衍生燃料做实验试烧,并对燃烧产生的NOx、SO2等燃烧排放污染物进行了监测.利用扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱(EDX)结合联用技术观察了生物质垃圾与煤混合压制燃料的燃烧颗粒的微观形态特征.结果表明,随着生物质比例的加大,发现飞灰颗粒有细化的现象.Cl元素的排放主要出现在燃烧初期.钾的主要存在形式是氯化钾.飞灰颗粒的所有能谱分析中并没有检测到重金属元素的存在.

应用EDAX能谱仪SQ技术测定CCA防腐剂在木材中的渗透曲线

了解防腐剂在木材中的渗透情况传统的显色剂指示方法虽然能够直接观察到防腐剂的渗透深度,但无法了解防腐剂在木材各组织中的分布,更不能了解防腐剂在各层深度中的含量。 EDAX9100能谱仪可对试样进行定点、线扫描以及面扫描分析,对元素成分分析可以定性、定量。进行全定量分析时试样的几何条件要求比较严格,分析面必须光滑。

PVC/PP共混体系的X射线能谱微区分析

用Ｘ射线能谱微区分析方法对ＰＶＣ／ＰＰ共混物进行了研究，得到了共混物断面氯元素的面分布图，并对面分布图像进行了相分析，从亚微观层次揭示了ＰＶＣ／ ＰＰ共混物的相结构．将面分布图像与扫描电镜（ＳＥＭ） 对ＰＶＣ／ＰＰ共混物的形态照片进行了比较．结果表明，元素面分布图像比形态照片具有更清晰、直观的特点，能准确说明聚合物的相结构。

纳米碳纤维化学镀镍-铁-钴-磷合金镀层

在铁片试样上研究了化学镀Ni-Fe-Co-P合金镀层的工艺,利用此工艺在经过敏化、活化处理后的纳米碳纤维表面沉积出Ni-Fe-Co-P合金镀层。采用能量色散X射线谱(EDS)分析得出镀层成分,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察镀层形貌。结果表明,镀层的沉积速率随镀液中氯化镍质量浓度的增加而增加,随硫酸钴质量浓度的增加而降低;通过控制镀液中c(Co2+)/c(Ni2+)的比值,可控制沉积速率及镀层中镍、钴元素的相对含量;镀后的纳米碳纤维分散性好,获得了连续、均匀的Ni-Fe-Co-P合金镀层。