Spatiotemporal variations,influencing factors,and configurational promotion paths of energy efficiency in China’s cities

The promotion of energy efficiency(EE)helps address energy constraints and promote environmental sustainability.This study comprehensively explores the spatiotemporal variations,influencing factors,and configuration promotion paths of EE in 284 Chinese cities during 2003‒2019 using the global super-efficiency minimum distance to strong efficient frontier(G-S-MinDS),exploratory spatial data analysis(ESDA),multiscale geographically weighted regression(MGWR),and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis(fsQCA)methods.The findings are:①China’s cities have an annual average EE of 0.658 with a growth rate of 0.53%,showing considerable promotion potential.②Industrial structure optimization,population agglomeration,economic development,and increased green coverage contribute positively,while government intervention and openness hinder China’s urban EE.③Four configurational promotion paths for enhancing China’s urban EE are identified,where among those paths population density is a core condition,while government intervention is not.This study provides valuable insights into substantially improving urban EE,emphasizing the need for targeted policies to address energy and environmental crises in China.

Do smart city policies improve energy efficiency?Evidence from China

To address air pollution and offer a convenient and comfortable living environment,the Chinese government launched a smart city pilot(SCP)project in 2012,accompanied by a comprehensive set of environmental and energy-related laws and regulations.Although academic interest in smart cities has surged,there remains a notable gap in empirical research exploring the economic,environmental,and energy effects of such initiatives.Taking 232 prefecture-level cities from 2003 to 2017 as research subjects,this study measures energy effi‐ciency by using energy consumption per unit of GDP and adopts a difference-in-differences(DID)analysis to investigate the impact of SCPs on energy efficiency.The empirical results indicate that SCPs improved energy efficiency by promoting urban technological innovation capabilities and green total factor productivity,and this effect was more pronounced in cities that were more dependent on traditional fossil fuel energy sources and had more developed fiscal and financial levels.Studying the impact of smart city construction on energy utilization efficiency in developing countries,such as China,is not only significantly enlightening for China’s green and low-carbon transition but also provides reference opinions for constructing smart cities and the path to enhancing energy efficiency in other developing countries.The findings provide valuable insights into the global development of smart cities,urban sustainability,and high-quality economic growth.

Energy efficiency evaluation based on DEA integrated factor analysis in ethylene production

Energy efficiency evaluation plays an important role in energy efficiency improvement of the ethylene production. It is observed from the actual production data that the ethylene production energy efficiency often varies with the complex production working conditions. In the favored methods for energy efficiency evaluation,DEA models may show poor resolution when directly used to evaluate the efficiency values. Therefore, a new energy efficiency evaluation method for ethylene production is proposed based on DEA integrated factor analysis with respect to operation classification. Three key factors, including raw material composition, cracking depth and load rate, are taken into account in determining the production working conditions by means of k-means algorithm. Based on the multi-working conditions mode the energy efficiency evaluation of the ethylene production is made by using DEA model, where the most related energy data are screened by factor analysis.Furthermore, the supporting decision of energy efficiency improvement is provided to the operators. The accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed method are illustrated by applying in a practical ethylene production,which gives more effective energy efficiency evaluation in the complicated working conditions of ethylene production with declined dimension of input indicators.

Dynamic change of agricultural energy efficiency and its influencing factors in China

In order to practice the concept of‘lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets’and promote the green development of agriculture,it is necessary to improve the efficiency of agricultural energy utilization.Based on the panel data of 28 provinces from 1995 to 2018,this paper calculated China’s agricultural energy input from two categories of direct energy and indirect energy,and used EBM(Epsilon-based Measure)mixed distance function model to measure the energy efficiency of agriculture in China.The nuclear density function and spatial autocorrelation were used to analyze the dynamic evolution of agricultural energy efficiency,and the dynamic panel model was used to analyze the influencing factors of agricultural energy efficiency.The results showed that:①From 1995 to 2018,the total agricultural energy input had increased year by year in China,with an average annual growth rate of 2%.Energy input structure changed from indirect energy-based to direct energy-based.Agricultural energy efficiency showed an evolutionary trend of‘rising-stagnating-rising rapidly’in China.The agricultural energy efficiency was generally low in China,and there was a large space for improvement in agricultural energy efficiency.②From 1995 to 2018,the average annual growth rate of agricultural energy efficiency in the eastern,central and western regions was 2.7%,1.9%and 1.4%respectively.In 2018,the agricultural energy efficiency in the eastern,central and western regions was 0.81,0.71 and 0.59 respectively.The gap between regions was expanding rapidly,and the agricultural energy efficiency in the central and western regions needed to be improved.③From 1995 to 2018,the agricultural energy efficiency of each province was polarized and the absolute gap was widened.There was obvious improvement in agricultural energy efficiency in Guangdong,Shandong,Jiangxi,Jiangsu,Liaoning and Tianjin,while the agricultural energy efficiency of Xinjiang,Guizhou,Zhejiang,Shanghai,and Inner Mongolia deteriorated.④From 1995 to 2018,there was no global spatial correlation of China’s agricultural energy efficiency.However,local‘high-high’concentration gradually appeared in the eastern region since 2010.⑤The first lag of energy efficiency had a significant positive impact on agricultural energy efficiency,and agricultural energy efficiency improvement had a time lag.The level of human capital,per capita net income of farmers and the level of urbanizaton had a significant positive impact on agricultural energy efficiency.The disaster rate,the level of development of secondary and tertiary industries,and the level of opening up had a significant negative impact on agricultural energy efficiency.In the implementation of the strategy of rural revitalization,we should focus on the central and western regions,take the cultivation of professional farmers as the key,focus on improving agricultural production conditions,enhance the level of cooperation between regions,exert the leading role of the secondary and tertiary industries,and enhance the ability of agricultural disaster prevention and mitigation.

Influencing Factors of Total Factor Energy Efficiency in Bohai Rim Region Based on DEA-Tobit Model

Bohai Rim region is an important economic development area and a large carbon emission area in China.It is of great significance to explore the total factor energy efficiency and its influencing factors for the low carbon transformation and high-quality development of the Bohai Rim region.Based on the total factor energy efficiency framework,the DDF-DEA model was used to calculate the total factor energy efficiency,and the internal and external differences of the total factor energy efficiency were further analyzed.The internal and external influencing factors were determined by ML index method and classical endogenous growth theory,and then the Tobit panel model was used to empirically analyze the action mechanism of all influencing factors of total factor energy efficiency in the Bohai Rim region.The results show that the pure technical efficiency,scale efficiency and technological progress among the internal influencing factors contribute to the improvement of energy efficiency in the Bohai Rim region.Industrial structure,industrial internal structure and ownership structure inhibit the improvement of energy efficiency.Energy consumption structure and energy endowment also have a negative impact on energy efficiency.Therefore,measures such as promoting technological progress,adjusting economic structure and optimizing energy structure will effectively improve total factor energy efficiency in the Bohai Rim region.

Factor decomposition analysis of energy efficiency change based on modified structural model:A case of Xinjiang

In order to find the dominant factor of energy efficiency change, this paper uses the modified structural model to analyze energy efficiency change from 1990 to 2012 in Xinjiang. The result shows that the energy efficiency increase is largely due to energy technological innovation especially by the industrial sector, and the contribution from structural shift is limited. Therefore, we should vigorously support energy-saving technological progress in the industrial sector and develop the modern service industries with lower energy consumption, in order to realize the goal of improving energy efficiency.

Urban Energy Efficiency from Cities in China and Policy Implications

Using 1995-2006 panel data for 210 cities,this article firstly measures total factor energy efficiency for Chinese cities with constant return to scale data envelopment analysis model,and then describes the features of regional differences.The results show that the changing trend displays four "reversed U" shapes.A turning point of widening gap occurred among cities in 2000 and there was a certain convergence among four regions.Urban energy efficiency level is unstable.Cities with low efficiency and high energy input will be the focus of energy-saving and reducing emissions.According to Tobit model,resource endowment,temperature,industrial structure,technology level and variety of policy factors should be treated differently in different situations.

Energy efficiency and economic growth of China:1953-2006

Energy plays an important role in the economic life. With the rapid development of economy, the constraint of energy on the sustainable development of economy is becoming more and more obvious. This paper just studies the factors influencing energy efficiency of China and the relationship between energy efficiency and China's economic growth. By using time series multivariable linear regression methods with China's relevant data from 1953 to 2006, this paper constructs the regression model to analyze the factors that would impact energy efficiency. After that, a regression model of China's real output to capital, labor and energy efficiency is conducted to estimate the marginal contribution of every factor to the real output to prove the fundamental influence of energy eff iciency to the economic growth. In the end, some policies and recommendations are also put forward in order to improve the energy efficiency of China.

Impacts of Market-based Environmental Regulation on Green Total Factor Energy Efficiency in China

This study employed a difference-in-differences design to assess the effect of marketbased environmental regulation on green total factor energy efficiency(GTFEE)in a quasi-natural experiment that investigated China's carbon emissions trading scheme(ETS).The empirical results show that ETS had a positive effect on GTFEE.A series of robustness tests revealed that the results were robust.Potential mechanisms through which ETS can improve GTFEE include the promotion of technological innovation and the upgrading of industrial structure.The positive effects varied in different cities and diferent regions-the result was pronounced in eastern China and developed cities,but it was insignificant in central and western areas and developing cities.This study confirms the satisfactory performance of China's ETS in improving GTFEE,and this is relevant for other emerging countries.

Energy Factor and Mathematical Modeling for Power DC/DC Converters

Mathematical modelling for power DC/DC converters is a historical problem accompanying DC/DC conversion technology since 1940’s. The traditional mathematical modelling is not available for complex structure converters since the differential equation order increases very high. We have to search other way to establish mathematical modelling for power DC/DC converters.We have theoretically defined a new concept-Energy Factor （EF） in this paper and researched the relations between EF and the mathematical modelling for power DC/DC converters. EF is a new concept in power DC/DC conversion technology, which thoroughly differs from the traditional concepts such as power factor （PF）, power transfer efficiency （η）, total harmonic distortion （THD） and ripple factor （RF）. EF and the subsequential EFV (and EFVD) can illustrate the system stability, reference response and interference recovery. This investigation is very helpful for system design and DC/DC converters characteristics foreseeing. Two DC/DC converters: Buck converter and Super-Lift Luo-Converter as the samples are analysed in this paper to demonstrate the applications of EF, EFV (and EFVD), PE, SE, VE （and VED）, time constant τ and damping time constant τd.

新能源在高质量发展中的全要素生产率贡献研究

新能源作为具有高科技、高效能、高质量特征的新质生产力,催生能源领域的新产业、新模式、新动能,带动全要素生产率提升。在测度中国全要素生产率、全要素能源效率和绿色全要素新能源效率及其变化率基础上,分析新能源技术效率对全要素生产率变化的贡献。研究表明,提升新能源效率不仅有利于增强新能源对传统能源的竞争优势,助推能源结构绿色市场化转型,而且有利于提高全要素生产率,因此有必要以持续创新加快新能源技术进步和技术效率提升,以更高的新能源效率促进能源结构绿色转型,助力经济高质量发展。

家用空调器产品监督检验中常见不合格项目解析

制冷量、制冷消耗功率、全年能源消耗效率(APF)和制冷季节能源消耗效率(SEER)、接地措施、连续骚扰(端子电压)这五个项目是家用空气调节器产品在监督检验中常见的不合格项目,本文通过列举具体案例,从标准要求和实测数据等方面,重点分析了导致不合格产生的客观及主观原因,并给出了相应的整改方案,为企业提升认识、完善设计、加强质控、规范制造提供了有效的改进建议,助力企业生产出符合国家标准要求的合格产品。

福建省能源效率的时空分异及影响因素研究

采用超效率SBM模型对2011—2021年福建省各设区市的能源综合效率进行测算,分析其时空分异特征及影响因素。结果显示:福建省能源综合效率总体处于中上水平,且呈现稳步增长态势;福建省能源综合效率水平总体差异自2019年后呈快速扩大趋势;经济发展水平和对外开放程度是福建省能源综合效率提升的重要正向影响因素,产业结构、生产要素比例、技术水平和政府干预为负向影响因素。

解码转发全双工能量收集最大的多认知中继网络能效谱效权衡

在无线携能(SWIPT)支持下的全双工多认知中继网络中,为使能效谱效最大,选择能量收集最大的中继进行解码转发,以此形成一个能效谱效权衡最优化问题,采用变量变换和凹凸过程优化方法将该问题转换为凸优化问题。当权衡因子为0时,该优化问题等价于使谱效(SE)最大的优化问题;当权衡因子为1时,该优化问题等价于使系统消耗的能量最小问题。为求解该优化问题,提出一种可以直接得到使能效(EE)最大的权衡因子的改进算法,通过联合源节点发射功率和功率分割因子进行优化。所提算法分为两步:首先固定功率分割因子,得到使EE最优的源节点发射功率和权衡因子;其次,固定最优的源节点发射功率,利用能效谱效与功率分割因子之间的关系,求得最优的功率分割因子。仿真实验结果表明,相较于剩余其他中继组成的网络,能量收集最大的中继网络在EE和SE上都更优。在能效谱效方面,与只优化发射功率的方法相比,所提算法的EE提高了63%以上,SE提高了30%以上;所提算法EE和SE与穷举法相差不大,同时算法收敛较快。

煤炭开采企业绿色全要素能源效率研究

煤炭开采行业是高碳能源的生产行业,提升煤炭开采企业的绿色全要素能源效率对促进我国“双碳”目标的实现具有重要作用。基于影子价格模型,对企业的二氧化碳边际减排成本进行测算,进而构建DEA-Malmquist指数模型计算煤炭开采企业绿色全要素能源效率。实证结果表明:样本企业绿色全要素能源效率水平参差不齐,但均呈现不同程度的上升趋势;相对于综合技术效率,技术进步对企业绿色全要素能源效率水平上升做出了更多贡献。基于上述结果,从企业内部、外部2个视角对影响企业绿色全要素能源效率的因素进行分析,通过专利分析企业自主研发能力及技术选择、分析外部政策环境,提出完善碳交易市场形成有效监管、适当扩张企业规模提高规模效率、加强自主研发走内涵式发展道路等对策建议。

非共沸工质CO_(2)/R1234yf商超增压制冷系统性能分析

为满足商超制冷领域系统能效提升和制冷剂替代的需求,提出了非共沸工质CO_(2)/R1234yf商超增压制冷系统,通过建立热力学模型,与纯CO_(2)商超增压制冷系统进行对比。结果表明:CO_(2)/R1234yf商超增压制冷系统可在最优的CO_(2)质量分数(0.94)及最优排气压力(8.81 MPa)下获得最大COP(1.40);CO_(2)/R1234yf商超增压制冷系统COP与纯CO_(2)系统相比具有显著提升,环境温度为35℃时,提升7.25%;CO_(2)/R1234yf商超增压制冷系统APF提升率为2.68%~4.72%,系统APF随典型城市所处纬度的增加而增大。CO_(2)/R1234yf商超增压系统(火用)效率随CO_(2)质量分数的增加呈先增后减趋势,CO_(2)质量分数为0.95时获得最高(火用)效率,为0.18,相比纯CO_(2)系统提升4.62%。

海洋温差发电混合工质二次热回收循环系统理论和实验研究

因海洋温差发电系统中可利用的温差较小,发电效率相对较低,寻求海洋温差发电系统高效热力循环方式一直是该领域的重要研究内容。本文构建了非共沸混合工质的海洋温差发电热力循环,增加了稀溶液支路的二次热回收装置,并进行理论分析与数值计算,得到了循环效率与工质浓度、透平进口压力和抽气系数等参数之间的关系。结果表明:通过增加稀溶液支路的二次热回收装置,循环效率最高可达5.25%。研建了10 kW二次热回收海洋温差发电系统,得到了平稳运行工况下的系统性能,发电系统效率最高达3.8%,同时得到了蒸发器和冷凝器在该换热条件下的换热系数,为工程应用提供基础数据和技术支撑。