Developing and Applying a Ship Operation Energy Efficiency Evaluation Index Using SEEMP: a Case Study of South Korea

The CO2 emission reduction policy of the International Maritime Organization(IMO)recommends that the operation of ships,managed by maritime transport companies,should be energy-efficient.An evaluation method that can determine how successfully a ship implements the energy efficiency plan is proposed in this study.To develop this method,the measures required for energy-efficient ship operations according to the Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan(SEEMP)operational guidelines were selected.The weights of the selected measures,which indicate how they contribute to the energy-efficient operation of a ship,were derived using a survey based on the analytic hierarchy process(AHP)method.Consequently,using these measures and their weights,a new evaluation method was proposed.This evaluation method was applied to shipping companies in South Korea,and their ship operation energy efficiency indices were derived and compared.This evaluation method will be useful to the government and shipping companies in assessing the energy efficiency of ship operations.

Research on Energy Efficiency Design Index for Sea-going LNG Carriers

This paper describes the characteristics of liquefied natural gas （LNG） carriers briefly. The LNG carrier includes power plant selection, vapor treatment, liquid cargo tank type, etc. Two parameters fuel substitution rate and recovery of boil of gas （BOG） volume to energy efficiency design index （EEDI） formula are added, and EEDI formula of LNG carriers is established based on ship EEDI formula. Then, based on steam turbine propulsion device of LNG carriers, mathematical models of LNG carriers＇ reference line value are established in this paper. By verification, the EEDI formula of LNG carriers described in this paper can provide a reference for LNG carrier EEDI calculation and green shipbuilding.

Development of an Energy Efficiency Design Index for Inland Vessels of Bangladesh

More than 10000 different types of ship ply the waters of Bangladesh all year round,but the performance of these ships in terms of CO2 emission is not known and regulations related to energy efficiency of inland waterway ships remain nonexistent.This paper attempts to assess the present situation of inland class vessels in terms of Energy Efficiency Design Index(EEDI).With the use of a developed database of inland vessels in Bangladesh,EEDI reference lines for different types of inland vessels in Bangladesh were established and then compared with those of other countries.The present EEDI of existing inland vessels was investigated.Results indicate that most of the existing vessels do not meet the current EEDI baseline.Hence,new guidelines are necessary to achieve EEDI compliance in the near future.Some recommendations were proposed for improving CO2 emissions,with the socioeconomic and technical factors in Bangladesh taken into consideration.

Influencing Factors of Total Factor Energy Efficiency in Bohai Rim Region Based on DEA-Tobit Model

Bohai Rim region is an important economic development area and a large carbon emission area in China.It is of great significance to explore the total factor energy efficiency and its influencing factors for the low carbon transformation and high-quality development of the Bohai Rim region.Based on the total factor energy efficiency framework,the DDF-DEA model was used to calculate the total factor energy efficiency,and the internal and external differences of the total factor energy efficiency were further analyzed.The internal and external influencing factors were determined by ML index method and classical endogenous growth theory,and then the Tobit panel model was used to empirically analyze the action mechanism of all influencing factors of total factor energy efficiency in the Bohai Rim region.The results show that the pure technical efficiency,scale efficiency and technological progress among the internal influencing factors contribute to the improvement of energy efficiency in the Bohai Rim region.Industrial structure,industrial internal structure and ownership structure inhibit the improvement of energy efficiency.Energy consumption structure and energy endowment also have a negative impact on energy efficiency.Therefore,measures such as promoting technological progress,adjusting economic structure and optimizing energy structure will effectively improve total factor energy efficiency in the Bohai Rim region.

Integrated energy efficiency evaluation of a multi-source multi-load desalination micro-energy network

With increasing global shortage of fresh water resources,many countries are prioritizing desalination as a means of utilizing abundantly available seawater resources.Integrated energy efficiency evaluation is a scientific method for the quantitative analysis of energy efficiency based on multiple indicators and is very useful for investment,construction,and scientific decision-making for desalination projects.In this paper,the energy efficiency evaluation of the micro energy network (MEN) of desalination for multi-source and multi-load is studied,and the basic idea of comprehensive energy efficiency evaluation is analyzed.The process includes the use of a MEN model to establish an integrated energy efficiency evaluation index system,taking into consideration energy,equipment,economic,environmental,and social factors.A combined evaluation method considering subjective and objective comprehensive weights for multi-source multi-load desalination MENs is proposed to evaluate the energy efficiency of desalination and from multiple perspectives.

Dual-radiation-chamber coordinated overall energy efficiency scheduling solution for ethylene cracking process regarding multi-parameter setting and multi-flow allocation

Ethylene cracking process is the core production process in ethylene industry,and is paid more attention to reduce high energy consumption.Because of the interdependent relationships between multi-flow allocation and multi-parameter setting in cracking process,it is difficult to find the overall energy efficiency scheduling for the purpose of saving energy.The traditional scheduling solutions with optimal economic benefit are not applicable for energy efficiency scheduling issue due to the neglecting of recycle and lost energy,as well as critical operation parameters as coil outlet pressure(COP)and dilution ratio.In addition,the scheduling solutions mostly regard each cracking furnace as an elementary unit,regardless of the coordinated operation of internal dual radiation chambers(DRC).Therefore,to improve energy utilization and production operation,a novel energy efficiency scheduling solution for ethylene cracking process is proposed in this paper.Specifically,steam heat recycle and exhaust heat loss are considered in cracking process based on 6 types of extreme learning machine(ELM)based cracking models incorporating DRC operation and three operation parameters as coil outlet temperature(COT),COP,and dilution ratio according to semi-mechanism analysis.Then to provide long-term decision-making basis for energy efficiency scheduling,overall energy efficiency indexes,including overall output per unit net energy input(OONE),output-input ratio per unit net energy input(ORNE),exhaust gas heat loss ratio(EGHL),are designed based on input-output analysis in terms of material and energy flows.Finally,a multiobjective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition(MOEA/D)is employed to solve the formulated multi-objective mixed-integer nonlinear programming(MOMINLP)model.The validities of the proposed scheduling solution are illustrated through a case study.The scheduling results demonstrate that an optimal balance between multi-flow allocation,multi-parameter setting,and DRC coordinated operation is reached,which achieves 3.37%and 2.63%decreases in net energy input for same product output and conversion ratio,as well as the 1.56%decrease in energy loss ratio.

Technical Progress Has Positive,Differentiated Effects on Energy Efficiency of Chinese Industries

The rebound effects of technological advancement on energy consumption make it very complicated to measure the impact of technological advancement on energy efficiency.This article,taking 35 industries as samples,utilizes the non-parameter DEA-Malmquist productivity approach to subcategorise technological advancement into three parts:science-technological(sci-tech)progress,pure technical efficiency and efficiency of scale.The panel technique is then used to work out each subcategory’s contribution to energy efficiency individually.Findings show that technological efficiency (calculated by multiplying the results of pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency)is the principal factor in the improvement of energy efficiency while the contribution from sci-tech progress is comparatively less.Overtime,however,the effect of sci-tech progress is gradually heightened while the effect of technical efficiency slowly diminishes.

Development of Wi-Fi Based Home Energy Monitoring System for Green Internet of Things

Green Internet of things （loT） has been heralded as the ＂next big thing＂ waiting to be realized in energy-efficient ubiquitous computing. Green IoT revolves around increased machine-to-machine communications and encompasses energy-efficient wireless embedded sensors and actuators that assist in monitoring and controlling home appliances. Energy efficiency in home applications can be achieved by better monitoring of the specific energy consumption by the appliances. There are many wireless standards that can be adopted for the design of such embedded devices in loT. These communication technologies cater to different requirements and are classified as the short-range and long-range ones. To select the best communication method, this paper surveys various loT communication technologies and discusses the advantages and disadvantages to develop an energy monitoring system. An IoT device based on the Wi-Fi technology system is developed and tested for usage in the home energy monitoring environment. The performance of this system is then evaluated by the measurement of power consumption metrics. In the efficient deep-sleep mode, the system saves up to 0.3 W per cycle with an average power dissipation of less than 0.1 W/s.

Performance Evaluation of Listed Companies in New-Energy Automotive Industry

As one of the national strategic emerging industries, new-energy-automobile industry has been caused people’s attention increasingly. Therefore, improving the new energy industry listing corporation performance, not only can alleviate the pressure on energy and the environment, but also can conducive to accelerating the transformation and upgrading of the automotive industry. Moreover, it can foster new economic point of growth and international competitiveness. This essay uses the super efficiency DEA model and Malmquist index method to analyze the performance of new-energy-automotive industry listing corporation. The data is from Year 2011 to 2013. Finally according to the conclusion of the empirical research, this paper made several suggestions to improve the operational efficiency of China’s new energy automobile enterprises and promote new energy-automobile industry.

大庆油田能效评价指标体系及能效综合评价方法研究

针对现行油田主要生产系统能效评价指标及其限值和评价方法对于大庆油田不完全适用的问题,根据工作内容,将油田生产系统划分为机采、集输、注水3个子系统;根据用能的关联性,将油田生产系统划分为机采集输和注水两个子系统,对于这两种子系统的划分,分别建立了能效评价指标体系。体系中的能效评价指标均分为系统级、单元级和设备级3个层级;明确了体系中各项指标的定义、计算方法、基础参数来源及统计口径。基于大庆油田实际情况,根据开采区块类型、驱替方式等,将测试数据进行分组,用统计方法确定每组各个能效指标的优良和合格限值;建立了单项与多项组合的油田生产系统加权能效综合评价方法,该方法综合考虑系统效率或系统单耗及其影响因素,在以较大权重计入系统级指标的同时,以较小的权重计入主要影响因素,即在要求系统指标的同时,也对单元级和设备级指标提出要求,从而分析评定所评价系统能效的提升空间。应用此评价方法对6个机采系统、1个集输和1个机采集输系统进行了能效综合评价。

基于模糊DEMATEL-超效率DEA的可再生能源发电技术综合效益评估方法

“双碳”目标下,各类可再生能源发电技术发展迅速,综合权衡不同可再生能源发电方案的综合效益对可再生能源的优化设计具有重要意义。综合考虑经济效益、环境效益、能源效益和社会效益4个层面,提出了一种基于模糊决策试验和评价实验(decision making trial and evaluation laboratory,DEMATEL)与超效率数据包络分析(data envelopment analysis,DEA)模型的可再生能源发电技术综合效益评估方法。该方法分为投入-产出指标体系构建和综合评估2个阶段。首先,利用三角直觉模糊数处理模糊评价信息,将其与DEMATEL相结合量化各指标之间相互影响关系,基于指标间逻辑分析结果建立投入-产出评估指标体系。然后,基于超效率DEA模型对各可再生能源发电方案进行评估排序,结合投入冗余和产出不足分析结果给出各方案的针对性改善建议,以期为进一步选择和确定可再生能源产业发展战略提供参考。最后以某省10类可再生能源发电单元为研究对象,基于所提研究方法进行综合评估和分析,并与多准则妥协解排序法和熵权法进行对比分析,验证了所提方法的有效性。

水冷冷水机组热回收的节能分析

本文首先介绍了夏热冬暖地区生活热水系统常用的三种热水供给方案,并对其所用的热源机组进行能效分析及能耗分析,把空调制冷与生活热水作为一个整体,具体计算了三种方案热源机组的单位制热量耗电指标,这一指标的计算结果表明了回收水冷冷水机组的冷凝余热用于生活热水系统节能效果明显,且在此基础上推导出不同环境温度下运行经济性最佳的水冷冷水机组热回收温度,进而通过工程实例广东佛山某酒店项目的生活热水系统热源机组年能耗计算佐证之。本文量化分析了水冷冷水机组热回收的节能效果以及热回收温度对节能效果的影响,以期为水冷冷水机组热回收的应用及运行提供有益的参考和指导。

城镇化、技术创新影响全要素能源利用效率的中介效应研究——来自黄河“几”字弯的实证

采用全局参比Malmquist模型测算黄河“几”字弯都市圈城市2006—2021年的全要素能源利用效率,分析GML指数变化与全要素能源利用值的变化,利用三阶段中介效应模型分析城镇化、技术创新对黄河“几”字弯都市圈城市全要素能源利用效率的影响效应。研究表明:黄河“几”字弯大部分城市的全要素能源利用效率值呈现增长态势,且资源型城市高于非资源型城市,省会城市低于非省会城市;产业结构高级化是城镇化促进全要素能源利用效率的部分中介;经济增长是技术创新促进全要素能源利用效率的完全中介;降低环境污染是技术创新促进全要素能源利用效率的部分中介。黄河“几”字弯都市圈各城市应构建现代经济能源体系,加速产业升级与城市转型,建设低碳零碳负碳工程,推动技术创新与经济增长、绿色发展齐头并进。

丝绸之路经济带能源生态效率测度及影响因素

党的十八大以来,生态文明建设被提升到前所未有的战略高度,能源生态效率研究也备受关注。丝绸之路经济带作为我国重要的能源基地和对外开放新前沿,对我国经济发展具有重要意义。基于丝绸之路经济带沿线省份2006—2019年数据,运用Super-SBM和ML指数对能源生态效率分别进行静态和动态测度,并运用Tobit模型对其影响因素进行研究。实证结果显示:丝绸之路经济带能源生态效率未达到有效水平,在趋势上有所下降;人口规模、产业结构、科学技术水平对能源生态效率具有积极的推动作用;而能源消费结构和对外开放水平则起到了抑制作用。据此,提出促进产业结构优化升级、大力发展清洁能源、调整进出口商品结构、完善创新驱动发展战略等建议。

重点领域能效指标在清洁生产审核工作中的应用研究

重点领域能效指标作为界定企业能耗水平的标准,制定初衷与清洁生产工作具有本质上的一致性,其在企业清洁生产审核工作中能够发挥减污降碳方面的指导效力。对能效指标在审核过程中潜力的评估、目标的设置、绩效的评估等关键环节中的应用与作用效果进行研究,比较分析其与行业清洁生产评价指标体系的作用,结果表明,能效指标可在清洁生产审核工作中发挥高效权威作用,能够给被审核企业带来更切实的扩展效益,为企业获得更多的资金渠道和政策支持。随着审核方式方法的不断充实完善,能效指标在清洁生产审核工作中应用将成为必不可少的辅助工具。

中国现代能源体系建设进程评估

能源是国家经济社会发展的基石,构建现代能源体系对保障国家能源安全,如期实现“双碳”目标,推动经济社会高质量发展具有重要意义。本文基于清洁、低碳、安全、高效4个维度构建了现代能源指标体系,运用序关系分析法定量评价中国现代能源体系的历史进程,并进行国内外横向对比。结果表明:过去11年(2010—2020年),中国推动能源革命进程成效显著,2020年达到了世界平均水平,在全球76个主要经济体中排名第38位,落后于欧盟、美国、日本等发达经济体,领先于俄罗斯、印度等发展中经济体。中国高效指数排名明显落后于发达经济体,表明中国能效提升方面空间巨大,也说明更要重视科技投入;中国的安全指数排名比较靠前,证明了中国煤炭在能源安全中的“压舱石”地位,但是同样的原因导致中国的低碳指数相对落后;过去10年,中国能源清洁利用成效显著,但是排名整体靠后,说明中国能源的清洁开发利用依然任重道远。其中,中国能源结构指标、碳排放系列指标、能源强度指标是影响中国综合指数水平的关键性指标,尤其是能源强度指标。因此,首先,未来要加快构建以可再生能源为主、以化石能源为辅的现代能源体系;其次,新能源与低碳技术达到体量尚需时日,长期以来,煤炭支撑中国经济和社会较快发展,是中国能源安全保障的压舱石和稳定器,煤炭清洁高效利用仍需加强,而实现了清洁高效利用的煤炭就是能源清洁;最后,能源转型的关键是优化能源结构,要多能互补,集成热、电、气、冷,提升火电机组灵活性,而在终端消费方面提高能源效率,降低能源强度,实施电能替代,形成以电为中心的能源消费格局。

绿色金融对我国能源利用效率的影响研究

基于2007—2022年中国30个省(区、市)的绿色金融水平和能源利用效率测度,运用面板Tobit模型实证检验绿色金融对能源利用效率的影响效应。结果表明,绿色金融在较低水平时对能源利用效率的增长起到抑制作用,在较高水平时对能源利用效率的增长起到促进作用。调节机制表明,绿色金融通过资本引导、资源优化配置、技术创新和节能减排等中介变量影响能源利用效率。鉴于此,要加快地区产业转型升级,提升绿色金融整体发展水平,科学规范行业管理,进一步提升能源利用效率。

基于辐射型反射涂层的热控制墙体性能分析

为评估基于辐射型反射涂层的热控制墙体节能效果,解决相关评测体系缺失问题,建立墙体瞬态传热模型,探究复杂气候交变环境下墙体温度和热流的动态特性,以及辐射换热在被动式制冷过程中的热调控作用,基于热流和墙体传热系数提出一种新的评估模型进行性能评价.结果表明:在室内空调开启情况下,热控制墙体相比于普通墙体,其外表面温度平均下降10.74%,热流提升了281.54%;在夏热冬暖地区,建筑南侧涂覆辐射型反射涂层效果最佳,涂层可以降低建筑全年冷负荷87.8 MJ/m2;在夏热冬冷地区,建筑西面涂覆辐射型反射涂层可以降低建筑全年总负荷26.3 MJ/m2.所提出的性能评价指标能够刻画热控制墙体一天内的传热过程和传热特性,进而得到墙体的折合传热系数,对指导实际建筑施工、降低建筑全生命周期总能耗有重要意义.

基于盲板的地板送风式数据中心热管理与能效案例研究

数据中心机房空调设备长期运行,每年需对其性能进行测试和评估,以确保安全高效运行。针对机架内服务器布局、盲板结构以及工况适应性进行实测,研究了封闭式冷通道地板下送风式数据中心的热环境;并通过热性能指标和能效指标,对该数据中心的安全性和能效进行了全年评估。结果表明:在冷通道中间区域推荐安装功率为2 kW以上的机架;机架间隙处安装盲板后,能够促进服务器内部冷气流循环,减少热气流的回流干扰,最大出口温度降低3.32℃,出口平均速度降低约24%;夏季工况时,该数据中心的PUE、WUE、CUE分别约为1.2、3.5、0.84,且WUE呈现出较强的季节性,冬季工况时,自由冷却可有效降低数据中心的能耗。此外,数据中心冷通道末端的机架过热问题显著,其中16个机架的机柜冷却指数均低于90%,热损失较高。

面向能效的多约束集成维护策略研究

针对制造系统在加工过程中,由于机床退化水平提高导致的系统质量损失增加、维护成本升高和能效降低等问题,提出一种面向能效的多约束集成维护策略。基于伽马过程建立机床退化状态与质量损失、维护成本的关系,并设立质量损失和维护成本约束,通过离散化能耗递增过程得到系统的有效能效模型,提出以能效为优化目标的多约束集成维护策略,采用模拟退火算法找到最优解和约束组合。实例分析和策略对比验证了所提维护策略的优越性和有效性。