Economic feasibility and efficiency enhancement approaches for in situ upgrading of low-maturity organic-rich shale from an energy consumption ratio perspective

The technical feasibility of in situ upgrading technology to develop the enormous oil and gas resource potential in low-maturity shale is widely acknowledged.However,because of the large quantities of energy required to heat shale,its economic feasibility is still a matter of debate and has yet to be convincingly demonstrated quantitatively.Based on the energy conservation law,the energy acquisition of oil and gas generation and the energy consumption of organic matter cracking,shale heat-absorption,and surrounding rock heat dissipation during in situ heating were evaluated in this study.The energy consumption ratios for different conditions were determined,and the factors that influence them were analyzed.The results show that the energy consumption ratio increases rapidly with increasing total organic carbon(TOC)content.For oil-prone shales,the TOC content corresponding to an energy consumption ratio of 3 is approximately 4.2%.This indicates that shale with a high TOC content can be expected to reduce the project cost through large-scale operation,making the energy consumption ratio after consideration of the project cost greater than 1.In situ heating and upgrading technology can achieve economic benefits.The main methods for improving the economic feasibility by analyzing factors that influence the energy consumption ratio include the following:(1)exploring technologies that efficiently heat shale but reduce the heat dissipation of surrounding rocks,(2)exploring technologies for efficient transformation of organic matter into oil and gas,i.e.,exploring technologies with catalytic effects,or the capability to reduce in situ heating time,and(3)establishing a horizontal well deployment technology that comprehensively considers the energy consumption ratio,time cost,and engineering cost.

Experimental Analysis of the Performances of Unit Refrigeration Systems Based on Parallel Compressors with Consideration of the Volumetric and Isentropic Efficiency

The performances of a refrigeration unit relying on compressors working in parallel have been investigated considering the influence of the compressor volumetric efficiency and isentropic efficiency on the compression ratio.Moreover,the following influential factors have been taken into account:evaporation temperature,condensation temperature and compressor suction-exhaust pressure ratio for different opening conditions of the compressor.The following quantities have been selected as the unit performance measurement indicators:refrigeration capacity,energy efficiency ratio(COP),compressor power consumption,and refrigerant flow rate.The experimental results indicate that the system refrigeration capacity and COP decrease with a decrease in evaporation temperature,increase of condensation temperature,and increase in pressure ratio.The refrigerant flow rate increases with the increase in evaporation temperature,decrease in condensing temperature and increase in pressure ratio.The compressor power consumption increases with the increase in condensing temperature and increase in pressure ratio,but is not significantly affected by the evaporation temperature.

Experimental Study on Conversion Efficiency of A Floating OWC Pentagonal Backward Bent Duct Buoy Wave Energy Converter

Wave tank tests were carried out to evaluate the total efficiency of a floating OWC Pentagonal Backward Bent Duct Buoy (PBBDB). Two kinds of turbine generators were used in tests. The incident wave power, pneumatic power and electricity were measured. The test results show that the primary efficiency can reach up to 185.98% in regular waves and 85.86% in irregular waves. The total efficiency from wave to wire with Wells turbine-generator set is 33.43% in regular waves and 15.82% in irregular waves. The peak total efficiency of the PBBDB with check valves equipped with the impulse turbine-generator set is 41.68% in regular waves and 27.10% in irregular waves. The efficiency of the turbine-generator set is about 30% in the tests. Obviously, the total efficiency can be further improved with the increasing of turbine efficiency.

MIMO Spectral Efficiency over Energy Consumption Requirements: Application to WSNs

This paper presents the evaluation of the “capacity to the total energy consumption per bit ratio” of multiple antennas systems with distributed fashion. We propose an adequate geometric channel modeling for the wireless communication system which operates in indoor propagation environment with scatterers. The channel model is derived in function of both the line of sight (LOS) and the non line of sight (NLOS) components. The aim of this paper is to study the limits in the gain concerning the capacity to the total energy consumption ratio when additional antennas are implemented in the communication system. To do so, we have evaluated by simulations both the capacity and the total energy consumption per bit. Then, we have determined the capacity to the total energy consumption ratio. Finally, the computational capacity to the total energy ratio is obtained for different system configurations. We have shown that the gain in capacity increases with the number of antennas but it stills be limited by the total energy consumption. The limits for increasing the number of transmit antennas are determined in function of the separation distances between the transmitter and the receiver sides of the communication system. Optimal power allocation strategy via water-filling algorithm has been carried out for evaluating the capacity to energy ratio. We find by simulation that optimal power allocation brings a gain in the addressed metric reaching a level of about 1.7 at transmit signal to noise ratio of 8 dB if comparing to the case when transmit energy is equally split among transmit antennas.

Precipitation efficiency and its relationship to physical factors

The precipitation efficiency and its relationship to physical factors are examined by analyzing a two-dimensional cloud-resolving model simulation during TOGA COARE in this study. The basic physical factors include convective avail- able potential energy, water-vapor convergence, vertical wind shear, cloud ratio, sea surface temperature, air temperature, and precipitable water. Precipitation efficiencies do not show a close relationship to air temperature nor to sea surface tem- perature nor to precipitable water. The precipitation efficiency increases as the water-vapor convergence rate increases and vertical wind shear weakens, whereas it decreases as the convective available potential energy dissipates and anvil clouds develop.

环境参数对回热空气制冷系统COP及能效最优压缩比的影响分析

为配合加强基加利修正案中氢氟碳化物的管控,环境友好型制冷空调系统的研究成为热点。针对以空气为工质的制冷系统,为研究系统性能系数(COP)及其达峰的最优压缩比,本文建立了回热直流高压空气制冷系统COP计算模型,探讨分析了环境温度、压力及相对湿度等参数对系统COP与能效最优压缩比的影响。结果表明:降低环境温度、增大环境压力可降低系统的能效最优压缩比并提高制冷COP,且环境压力升高可显著减少膨胀过程的凝冰量;环境空气相对湿度对能效最优压缩比及系统制冷COP影响较小。

某商业建筑高效制冷机房运行数据分析

制冷机房作为系统工程,其系统运行参数的变化(如冷冻水供回水温差)会对机房内不同设备的能效产生不同的影响,机房整体能效最优是机房节能运行的重要目标。针对现有建筑运行数据存储较多但对其分析较少的现状,采用数据挖掘技术,对某商业建筑制冷机房实际运行能耗、能效进行统计计算,并将其与负荷率、供回水温度、供回水温差等变量的相关性展开分析,揭示机房能效与各变量间的内在联系。研究结果显示:制冷机房单位面积制冷能耗约为16~17 kW·h/(m^(2)·a),冷水机组能耗占80%以上,冷水机组的能效表现主导了机房的整体能效表现,机房系统能效比(COPs)高于设计值6.06 kW·h/kW·h,达到了预期目标。机房整体能效与室外气温及负荷率、冷冻(却)水供回水温差、冷却水进水出水温度呈负相关关系,机房整体能效与冷冻水供回水温度主要呈正相关关系。冷水机组运行COP与机组负荷率和冷却水回水温度呈现一定相关性,且基本符合机组定冷却水温和AHRI变冷却水温工况下的选型曲线。

江门市某厂房制冷机房系统实际运行分析

以广东某工业厂房中央空调制冷机房系统为例,对其运行现状进行分析,得出制冷机房系统全年综合能效比约为4.7,系统实际最大供冷量不超过原设计容量的60%。经系统测试计算,夏季某典型日机房EER均值为5.12,日耗电量可达4348 kW·h,主机COP均值为6.67,水泵WTF均值可达50以上,冷却塔热质交换系数εct均值为0.53、冷冻供回水温差均值为5.1℃、冷却供回水温差均值为4.6℃。而过渡季节典型日和冬季典型日,EER均值分别为4.86和4.10、日耗电量分别为1684 kW·h和1431 kW·h、COP均值分别为9.14和12.45、WTF均值分别为32和15、εct均值分别为0.38和0.2、冷冻水温差均值分别为2.5℃和1.1℃、冷却水温差均值分别为1.71℃和0.75℃。结果表明:该系统季节运行模式需要改善,部分设备热质交换效率不高,系统设计可以进一步优化。

某酒店制冷机房运行策略优化

对华东地区某酒店制冷机房运行策略进行了优化,利用能耗模拟软件对多种运行方案进行了仿真分析。结果表明:原方案仅对冷水泵采用变频控制,制冷机房能效比为4.62;优化方案1采取传统变频方式,对冷水泵、冷却水泵、冷却塔风机采用变频控制,制冷机房能效比达到5.32,与原方案相比提升了15.1%;优化方案2通过对冷水机组、冷水泵、冷却水泵、冷却塔风机进行优化控制,制冷机房能效比为5.48,与原方案相比能效比提升了18.6%,且每年可减少约79 t碳排放量,节能效果显著。

上海地铁某车站空调系统高效制冷机房改造实测分析

地铁车站空调系统高效技术是当前轨道交通节能降碳的主要手段,针对上海某地铁车站制冷机房高效化改造的具体情况、改造效果、能效提升进行了详细的分析和研究。改造选择了磁悬浮冷水机组,应用了变频技术来优化水泵的运行,改造后空调季制冷机房平均能效比达到5.16,年节电量约为30万kWh,节能效果显著。通过对制冷机房运行数据进行对比分析得知,负载率的优化对冷水机组能效具有直接而显著的影响,通过调整冷机出水温度和优化水泵变频策略,能进一步提高制冷机房的能效,为地铁车站制冷机房高效化改造和能效提升提供参考和帮助。

家用空调器产品监督检验中常见不合格项目解析

制冷量、制冷消耗功率、全年能源消耗效率(APF)和制冷季节能源消耗效率(SEER)、接地措施、连续骚扰(端子电压)这五个项目是家用空气调节器产品在监督检验中常见的不合格项目,本文通过列举具体案例,从标准要求和实测数据等方面,重点分析了导致不合格产生的客观及主观原因,并给出了相应的整改方案,为企业提升认识、完善设计、加强质控、规范制造提供了有效的改进建议,助力企业生产出符合国家标准要求的合格产品。

国标中的COP与EER

通过对中华人民共和国国家标准中的COP和EER对比研读,分析了国家标准中的COP和EER的术语解释。COP既用来表示单一的制冷性能系数或制热性能系数,也用来表示制冷及制热性能系数;EER则用来表示制冷能效比,且EER不是独立出现,与此对应的是用来表示制热性能系数COP。

立管间接蒸发冷却器与机械制冷复合空气处理机组干湿工况运行模式能耗分析

在达到同样送风要求的前提下,为了研究立管间接蒸发冷却与机械制冷复合机组在数据中心运行时干湿两种模式的运行能耗,搭建了实验台,在室外干球温度为3-7℃范围内,对其不同干湿模式的运行能耗进行了测试并分析。实验结果表明,在达到同样送风要求的前提下,且干湿模式产生的制冷量相同的情况下,湿模式的能效比明显大于干模式的能效比,建议加大湿模式的运行时长。

多因素耦合的光伏水泵提水系统配置优化方法

为探究提水效率影响因素及系统配置对光伏水泵提水系统性能影响,该研究利用光伏水泵循环提水系统,探究不同辐照强度、阀门开度、提水高度下光伏组件利用效率、水泵运行效率、管路效率变化规律,并构建系统流量计算模型,根据该模型计算各个区间的提水量占比及不同提水高度下提水系统的参数,根据该系统整体效率和太阳能利用率确定最优提水高度;在此基础上,通过增加光伏组件面积及蓄水池数量降低提水系统提水成本及提高太阳能利用率,并确定提水成本最低时光伏组件面积和蓄水池数量。研究结果表明:确定光伏组件利用效率随辐照强度变化关系及水泵高效率运行区间,并确定光伏水泵最优提水高度为20 m,太阳能利用率为64.05%,整体利用效率为4.521%,提水成本为0.151元/m^(3);在最优提水高度的基础上,讨论了增加光伏板面积及蓄水池数量对太阳能利用率与提水成本的影响,当提水成本最低时,光伏板面积为3.71 m2,成本为0.143元/m^(3),太阳能利用率为90.83%;蓄水池数量为4个,成本为0.145元/m^(3),太阳能利用率为94.62%,表明增加光伏板面积和蓄水池数量有效降低提水成本和提高太阳能利用率,为光伏水泵提水系统配置的优化提供新思路。

内聚焦真空管集热器热泵系统实验研究及分析

本文提出了一种集热蒸发器为内聚焦真空管的直膨式太阳能热泵来提升系统性能,并搭建实验台获取实验数据,深入研究不同工况下系统的热力学性能。结果表明,太阳辐照强度对系统性能影响显著,当太阳辐照强度由400 W/m^(2)上升到800 W/m^(2)时,系统COP由4.18升至5.34,集热效率由0.94降至0.67,此时系统损由1175.33 W升高到2290.27 W,系统效率由16.82%下降到11.99%,此外循环水入水温度和环境温度对系统的性能影响远小于太阳辐照强度。集热蒸发器是系统从太阳辐射获取能量的部件,对它的设计优化将有助于改善系统性能。

基于能量传递效率的煤冲击倾向性评价指标

冲击地压与煤体能量的积聚和释放密切相关,能量传递是评价冲击倾向性的关键参数之一。通过构建能量源扰动条件下的能量传递模型,关联冲击能量指数与弹性能量指数,提出能量释放比例φ,基于传递过程中的能量耗散模型提出了能量传递效率β,建立了包含2种参数的冲击倾向性评价方法。对煤矿11个煤层分层进行冲击倾向性鉴定试验,引用79个煤矿分层的冲击倾向性鉴定结果进行可靠性验证。结果表明:能量释放比例φ具有冲击地压边界条件的意义;能量传递效率β与泊松比具有负相关性,取值范围可以由模型边界条件推导获得;能量传递指数η的计算结果,与冲击倾向性鉴定的结果具有较高的一致性(88.61%),能够反映煤体的冲击倾向性,并且可以成为“*”结果的评价依据,是一种适用于现有冲击倾向性评价体系的有效指标。

不同绿蓝光比例对罗勒生长及其能源利用效率的影响

【目的】在红光(R,660 nm)保持定量的条件下,探究不同绿蓝光比例(G/B)对罗勒(Ocimum basilicum Linn.)生长、气孔特征、光合能力以及能源利用效率的影响,为植物工厂罗勒高效节能生产提供技术支撑。【方法】在植物工厂环境下,以罗勒为试验材料,将生长19 d的罗勒幼苗分别置于RB(R﹕G﹕B=8﹕0﹕8,设为对照处理)、RG1B7(R﹕G﹕B=8﹕1﹕7)、RG1B3(R﹕G﹕B=8﹕2﹕6)、RG1B1(R﹕G﹕B=8﹕4﹕4)、RG3B1(R﹕G﹕B=8﹕6﹕2)、RG7B1(R﹕G﹕B=8﹕7﹕1)和RG(R﹕G﹕B=8﹕8﹕0)7种不同光质组合处理中,光照强度设置为160μmol·m^(-2)·s^(-1),其中红光占50%,光照时间为16 h/d,光/暗期温度为25℃/23℃,相对湿度设定为65%,光期CO_(2)浓度设定为1000μmol·mol^(-1)。试验处理13 d后测量罗勒的光合作用参数,处理19 d后测量其生长指标、气孔特征以及能源利用效率。【结果】除RG1B3处理外,添加绿光处理比对照显著提升了罗勒的株高、叶面积和干鲜重,不同绿蓝光比例(G/B)处理的地上部干、鲜重分别比对照提高了19%—51%和26%—64%;但除RG处理外,不同G/B处理间的叶面积和干、鲜重差异不显著。低G/B处理(RG1B7)仅降低罗勒下层叶片反面的气孔密度,随着G/B的增大,下层叶片正面及上层叶片的气孔密度均降低。总体上,叶片氮含量随着G/B的增加而降低,叶片氮含量和气孔密度的降低导致罗勒的CO_(2)同化能力、光利用能力下降,降低程度总体上随着G/B的增加而增大。由于绿光LED的发光效率比蓝光低,总耗电量随着G/B的增加而增加,本试验中仅RG1B7处理比对照显著提高了25%的电能利用效率;除RG1B3处理外,不同G/B处理比对照提升了30%—57%的光能利用效率,提升程度在除RG外的不同G/B处理间无显著差异;与对照相比,RG3B1和RG处理提高了罗勒上层和下层叶片水分利用效率,其中RG3B1分别提高了58%和74%,RG分别提高了67%和90%。【结论】结合罗勒生长和能量利用效率数据可知,RG1B7处理可被认为是植物工厂罗勒生产较为适宜的光质组合。研究结果可为明确不同绿蓝光比例对罗勒生长、光合特性及能源利用效率的影响规律提供参考,也为完善植物工厂环境下罗勒高效节能生产光配方提供技术支撑。

热泵干燥系统性能模拟及优化研究

热泵技术高效环保,被广泛应用于干燥行业。为了研究热泵干燥系统的性能,设计了4种不同的干燥系统,分别为单级压缩热泵干燥系统、准二级压缩热泵干燥系统、单级压缩回热干燥系统和准二级压缩回热干燥系统。分别对各系统进行数学建模与分析,结果表明蒸发温度与系统功耗和除湿量呈正相关;在单级压缩热泵干燥系统的基础上增设回热器与经济器均可以提高系统除湿量,但功耗也随之增加;在单级压缩热泵干燥系统的基础上单独增设经济器,系统的COP最大,单独增设回热器或同时设置回热器与经济器会使系统COP降低,但系统的除湿能效比(SMER)最大。

高效制冷站在某汽车工厂涂装车间的应用研究

从高效制冷站的基本概念及设计理念出发,以高效供需匹配为导向,给出了高效制冷站的设计要点及其在汽车工厂涂装车间的应用案例。案例实际运行数据表明,该制冷站的全年运行平均能效比(EER)达到6.5,远高于T/CECS 1100—2022《高效空调制冷机房评价标准》一级要求,实现节能50%以上。

行业和地方标准中的COP与EER

通过中华人民共和国行业标准和地方标准中有关COP和EER的研究,分析了行业标准和地方标准中的COP和EER的术语解释和其他条文涉及的COP、EER的解读。行业标准中COP表示为制冷性能系数,而EER为制冷能效比或冷源系统能效系数;地方标准中COP既用来表示单一的制冷性能系数或制热性能系数,也用来表示制冷及制热性能系数;EER用来表示制冷或制热能效比。