A Novel Bidirectional Interaction Model and Electric Energy Measuring Scheme of EVs for V2G with Distorted Power Loads

With the increasing demand for petroleum resources and environmental issues,new energy electric vehicles are increasingly being used.However,the large number of electric vehicles connected to the grid has brought new challenges to the operation of the grid.Firstly,A novel bidirectional interaction model is established based on modulation theory with nonlinear loads.Then,the electric energy measuring scheme of EVs for V2G is derived under the conditions of distorted power loads.The scheme is composed of fundamental electric energy,fundamental-distorted electric energy,distorted-fundamental electric energy and distorted electric energy.And the characteristics of each electric energy are analyzed.Finally,the correctness of the model and energy measurement method is verified by three simulation cases:the impact signals,the fluctuating signals,and the harmonic signals.

Analysis on electric energy measuring method based on multi-resolution analysis

Along with the massive applications of the non-linear loads and the impact loads, many non-stationary stochastic signals such as harmonics, inter-harmonics, impulse signals and so on are introduced into the electric network, and these non-stationary stochastic signals have had effects on the accuracy of the measurement of electric energy. The traditional method like Fourier Analysis can he applied efficiently on the stationary stochastic signals, hut it has little effect on non-stationary stochastic signals. In light of this, the form of the signals of the electric network in wavelet domain will he discussed in this paper. A measurement method of active power based on multi-resolution analysis in the stochastic process is presented. This method has a wider application scope compared with the traditional method Fourier analysis, and it is of good referential value and practical value in terms of raising the level of the existing electric energy measurement.

Improvement of Beam Energy Measurement System for BES-III

The beam energy measurement system is significant and profit for both BES-III detector and BEPC-II accelerator. The detection of the high energy scattering photons is realized by virtue of the Compton backscattering principle. Many advanced techniques and precise instruments are employed to acquire the highly accurate measurement of positron/electron beam energy. During five years’ running period, in order to satisfy the requirement of data taking and enhance the capacity of measurement itself, the upgradation of system is continued, which involves the components reformation of laser and optics subsystem, replacement of view-port of the laser to vacuum insertion subsystem, the usage of electric cooling system for high purity germanium detector, and the refinement of data acquisition and processing subsystem. The upgrading of system guarantees the smooth and effective measuring of beam energy at BEPC-II and accommodates the accurate offline energy values for further physics analysis at BES-III.

Traceability Technology of DC Electric Energy Metering for On-Site Inspection of Chargers

The on-site inspection of high-power DC chargers results in new DC high-current measurement and DC energy traceability system requirements.This paper studies the traceability technology of electric energy value for automotive high-power DC chargers,including:(1)the traceability method of the built-in DC energy meter and shunt of the charger;(2)precision DC high current and small precision DC voltage output and measurement technology.This paper designs a 0.1 mA∼600 A DC high current measurement system and proposes a 0.005 level DC powermeasurement traceability system.The uncertainty evaluation experiment of theDC powermeasurement calibration system and the high-power DC charger’s on-site calibration experiment results verify the method’s effectiveness and feasibility in this paper.The experimental results show that the combined standard uncertainty of the DC power metering verification system can be 0.0451%.

Energy flow problem solution based on state estimation approaches and smart meter data

Accurate electric energy(EE)measurements and billing estimations in a power system necessitate the development of an energy flow distribution model.This paper summarizes the results of investigations on a new problem related to the determination of EE flow in a power system over time intervals ranging from minutes to years.The problem is referred to as the energy flow problem(EFP).Generally,the grid state and topology may fluctuate over time.An attempt to use instantaneous(not integral)power values obtained from telemetry to solve classical electrical engineering equations leads to significant modeling errors,particularly with topology changes.A promoted EFP model may be suitable in the presence of such topological and state changes.Herein,EE flows are determined using state estimation approaches based on direct EE measurement data in Watt-hours(Volt-ampere reactive-hours)provided by electricity meters.The EFP solution is essential for a broad set of applications,including meter data validation,zero unbalance EE billing,and nontechnical EE loss check.

Measurement of Secondary Electron Energy Spectra of Polymethyl Methacrylate

We report on a novel and convenient method of measuring secondary electron spectra for insulators in a secondary electron yield measurement system with a planar grid analyzer configuration and a metal mesh probe. In this measurement, the planar grid is negatively biased to force some emitted secondary electrons to return to the sample surface and to neutralize charges accumulated on the sample during the previous beam irradiation. The surface potential of the sample is then measured by use of a metal mesh probe. The grid bias for neutralization corresponding to the zero surface potential is determined based on the linear relationship between the surface potential and the grid bias. Once the surface potential equals zero, the secondary electron spectra of polymethyl methacrylate（PMMA） are studied experimentally by measuring the -curve and then fitting it to Everhart＇s formula. The measurement results show that the peak energy and the full width at half maximum of the spectra are 4.26 eV and 14.06 eV, respectively.

Energy Measures on a Homogeneous Hierarchical Gasket

On a homogeneous hierarchical gasket we give a linear extension method to compute the energy measures of harmonic functions with respect to the standard energy.

Faults and Claims about Thermal Environments in Relation to Energy Saving Measures in Smaller Office Buildings

Building equipment, energy-saving systems, and claims of inappropriate indoor thermal environments were analyzed in relation to the floor area using responses to a questionnaire survey of service managers of 157 buildings built in Osaka, Kyoto and Hyogo prefectures in Kinki area of Japan. Results show the following： （1） In smaller buildings （〈 5,000 m2）, setting temperatures are higher in summer and lower in winter, effects of ＂uncomfortable radiation from windows＂ are greater, energy-saving systems decrease indoor thermal comfort, but claims of ＂hot＂ and ＂cold＂ are fewer; （2） Claims of ＂hot＂ and ＂cold＂ are unrelated to the setting temperature and whether the air-conditioning control system is central or local; （3） The adoption rates of mitigation of dress codes （＂COOL-BIZ＂ and ＂WARM-BIZ＂） are higher than those of temperature mitigation of air conditioning.

Research on Green Transformation of Campus Sponge and Energy Saving Facilities on Sloping Land

Based on the renovation of sponge and energy-saving facilities in a middle school in Nanning,this paper systematically studies the overall elevation of the campus,the composition of the drainage system and the layout of space functions,and formulates a characteristic scheme for the renovation of sponge and energy-saving facilities according to the characteristics of the sloping campus.In order to control the total amount of rainwater runoff,the sponge transformation mainly adopts the transformation methods of partition catchment,upper storage and lower use,multi-stage detection and classification treatment.For the purpose of solar energy and wind energy utilization,solar photovoltaic panels and small-scale wind power generation system are adopted.The application effects of sponge and energy-saving facilities are estimated and evaluated.

Dark Energy from Kaluza-Klein Spacetime and Noether’s Theorem via Lagrangian Multiplier Method

The supposedly missing dark energy of the cosmos is found quantitatively in a direct analysis without involving ordinary energy. The analysis relies on five dimensional Kaluza-Klein spacetime and a Lagrangian constrained by an auxiliary condition. Employing the Lagrangian multiplier method, it is found that this multiplier is equal to the dark energy of the cosmos and is given by where E is energy, m is mass, c is the speed of light, and λ is the Lagrangian multiplier. The result is in full agreement with cosmic measurements which were awarded the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics as well as with the interpretation that dark energy is the energy of the quantum wave while ordinary energy is the energy of the quantum particle. Consequently dark energy could not be found directly using our current measurement methods because measurement leads to wave collapse leaving only the quantum particle and its ordinary energy intact.

Evaluating different levels of information on the calibration of building energy simulation models

A poorly calibrated model undermines confidence in the effectiveness of building energy simulation, impeding the widespread application of advanced energy conservation measures (ECMs). Striking a balance between information-gathering efforts and achieving sufficient model credibility is crucial but often obscured by ambiguities. To address this gap, we model and calibrate a test bed with different levels of information (LOI). Beginning with an initial model based on building geometry (LOI 1), we progressively introduce additional information, including nameplate information (LOI 2), envelope conductivity (LOI 3), zone infiltration rate (LOI 4), AHU fan power (LOI 5), and HVAC data (LOI 6). The models are evaluated for accuracy, consistency, and the robustness of their predictions. Our results indicate that adding more information for calibration leads to improved data fit. However, this improvement is not uniform across all observed outputs due to identifiability issues. Furthermore, for energy-saving analysis, adding more information can significantly affect the projected energy savings by up to two times. Nevertheless, for ECM ranking, models that did not meet ASHRAE 14 accuracy thresholds can yield correct retrofit decisions. These findings underscore equifinality in modeling complex building systems. Clearly, predictive accuracy is not synonymous with model credibility. Therefore, to balance efforts in information-gathering and model reliability, it is crucial to (1) determine the minimum level of information required for calibration compatible with its intended purpose and (2) calibrate models with information closely linked to all outputs of interest, particularly when simultaneous accuracy for multiple outputs is necessary.

PHOENIX’S FIRST NET-ZERO ENERGY OFFICE RETROFIT: A GREEN AND LEAN CASE STUDY

Many in the construction industry view lean practices as a means for reducing cost and schedule while maintaining or improving quality. This paper argues that lean practices can also be used to promote energy savings throughout a building’s life cycle. This paper presents a case study of an existing building retrofit in Phoenix, Arizona. The project owner, a general contractor, self-performed much of the building construction and worked to ensure the project team aligned around the project’s net-zero energy goal. All building systems, excepting the walls and roof, were re-designed and re-constructed. After retrofit, the building has achieved net-zero energy consumption;that is, the building produces as much energy as it consumes on an annual basis. Deep building energy retrofits typically result in larger energy savings than operational changes alone can provide, as these retrofits take a whole-building approach to design (i.e., optimize the whole) and implement integrated project delivery methods (e.g., (AIA, 2007)). This paper discusses a net-zero energy retrofit and how lessons learned on this project could apply to other deep energy retrofits for commercial buildings (where “deep” refers to energy savings of 25% or more) that may significantly improve building value (Miller and Pogue, 2009). The inefficiency of existing building stock supports the need for retrofitting: energy consumption in the existing building stock in the United States accounts for approximately 41% of the total primary energy consumption (US DOE, 2012). In order to reduce this consumption, existing buildings must be retrofit, through replacement or upgrade of their existing building systems, to improve their energy performance. Beyond the energy motivation, a building’s operating costs account for the largest portion of the life cycle cost. Thus, deep energy retrofit projects offer an opportunity to significantly reduce both national energy consumption and expenditures. While much research exists on the topic of energy retrofits, very little explores the role of the contractor. This paper explores the contractor’s role (rather than the designer’s or engineer’s role) in delivering deep energy retrofit projects. The contractor plays a critical role in delivering a project that meets the owner’s expectations and goals and satisfies the specifications (Ahn and Pearce, 2007). Namely, the contractor executes the plans and specifications, giving physical reality to the design team’s vision. In the case of deep energy retrofits, this role is particularly important, as installation and operation must conform to the design intent to achieve the predicted energy performance. Moreover, the contractor must understand the existing condition to effectively retrofit the building. This paper explores critical building energy efficiency measures and processes for achieving deep energy savings in retrofit projects. Specifically, we present the role of the contractor in a case study project in Phoenix, Arizona where the contractor was engaged in the project early in the design stage. This paper discusses the process of developing and selecting energy efficiency measures (EEMs). It explains the reasons for choosing particular EEMs, including a discussion of selecting an appropriate baseline for energy savings calculations, and documents the impact of EEMs on total energy consumption and design intent. The paper concludes with a discussion of recommendations that, if applied in part or whole, will increase the effectiveness of future construction teams in delivering deep energy retrofit projects.

SUSTAINABLE IMPACT OF BUILDING ENERGY RETROFIT MEASURES

Energy retrofitting is argued to be the most feasible and cost-effective method for improving existing buildings’energy efficiency.As a sustainable development,build-ing energy retrofits require the consideration and integration of all three sustainability dimensions:environmental,economic and social.The objective of this study is to estimate and compare the sustainable impact of building energy retrofits to determine the maximum sustainable benefit when implementing different energy-related mea-sures.The proposed analysis consists of integrating three approaches for evaluating these benefits.Economic benefits are measured by estimating the payback period of energy-related measures,environmental benefits are measured by estimating the CO_(2) equivalent saving per year due to the implementation of energy-related measures,and social benefits are measured by defining a“social impact index”that establishes the impact of energy-related measures on buildings’users.A case study is used to demonstrate the framework for four potential scenarios.The results show that for the case study,energy-related“controlling”and“upgrading mechanical system”measures have the highest sustainable impact among the identified energy retrofitting measures.

Working principles of the energy measurement system at BEPCⅡ

The proposed beam energy measurement system at BEPC II is composed of three parts： the laser source and optics system, the laser-electron interaction system and the HPGe detector system. The working principles of each system are expounded together with the calculation for preliminary design. The normaliza- tions of laser and electron beams are put forth and used for the evaluation of intensity of the backscattering photon. The simulation of HPGe detector is also performed for understanding the working properties.

Processing of measurement while drilling data for rock mass characterization

The information extracted from monitoring of rotary blasthole drills helps to optimize the overall mining operation. Rock hardness, drillability, blastability and specific energy of drilling are examples of parameters that have been estimated in the past using measurement while drilling techniques. In order to be able to properly utilize measurement while drilling techniques, it is important to properly collect, analyze and interpret extracted data. This paper deals with processing of measurement while drilling data such as rate of penetration, rotary speed, rotary torque and pulldown force collected from rotary blasthole drills.Different methods are discussed to calculate a true rate of penetration which is the most important monitored drill variable for use in rock mass characterization. Then specific energy of drilling is defined and calculated based on electrical and mechanical inputs and the results are compared. The results show that specific energy of drilling can be estimated using the drill's primary drive systems' electrical responses with good accuracy when compared to values based on mechanical inputs.

Beam energy measurement system at BEPCⅡ

The beam energy measurement system at BEPCII is composed of there parts： laser source and optics system, laser-electron interaction system and High Purity Germanium （HPGe） detector system. The special components and construction of each part are introduced, especially about radiation background measurement in the storage ring, which is of great importance for the safe commissioning of HPGe detector.

Online Energy Measure and Analysis System for Large-Scale Public Buildings

Large-scale public buildings have high energy density, which on average consume 5 to 15 times more electricity than residential buildings. In Beijing, those public buildings account for about ten percent of the total building area, but their energy consumption （except heating） amounts to more than thirty percent of the total. Few electric meters are installed in those public buildings, however, making it more difficult to monitor how the energy is used.

Upgrade of beam energy measurement system at BEPC-Ⅱ

The beam energy measurement system is of great importance for both BEPC-II accelerator and BES-III detector. The system is based on measuring the energies of Compton back-scattered photons. In order to meet the requirements of data taking and improve the measurement accuracy, the system has continued to be upgraded, which involves the updating of laser and optics subsystems, replacement of a view-port of the laser to the vacuum insertion subsystem, the use of an electric cooling system for a high purity germanium detector, and improvement of the data acquisition and processing subsystem. The upgrade system guarantees the smooth and efficient measurement of beam energy at BEPC-II and enables accurate offline energy values for further physics analysis at BES-III.

Modeling Distortion Signals of Power Grid Based on Wiener-G Functionals

The uniform mathematical model of distortion signals in power grid has been setup with the theory of Wiener-G Functional. Firstly,the Matlab simulation models were established. Secondly,the Wiener kernel of power load was found based on the Gaussian white noise as input. And then the uniform mathematical model of the power grid signal was established according to the homogeneous of the same order of Wiener functional series. Finally,taking three typical distortion sources which are semiconductor rectifier,electric locomotive and electric arc furnace in power grid as examples,we have validated the model through the Matlab simulation and analyzed the simulation errors. The results show that the uniform mathematical model of distortion signals in power grid can approximation the actual model by growing the items of the series under the condition of the enough storage space and computing speed.

A SEMI-OPEN-LOOP CODING MODE SELECTION ALGORITHM BASED ON EFM AND SELECTED AMR-WB+ FEATURES

To solve the problems of the AMR-WB+(Extended Adaptive Multi-Rate-WideBand) semi-open-loop coding mode selection algorithm,features for ACELP(Algebraic Code Excited Linear Prediction) and TCX(Transform Coded eXcitation) classification are investigated.11 classifying features in the AMR-WB+ codec are selected and 2 novel classifying features,i.e.,EFM(Energy Flatness Measurement) and stdEFM(standard deviation of EFM),are proposed.Consequently,a novel semi-open-loop mode selection algorithm based on EFM and selected AMR-WB+ features is proposed.The results of classifying test and listening test show that the performance of the novel algorithm is much better than that of the AMR-WB+ semi-open-loop coding mode selection algorithm.