Time-energy properties of an attosecond extreme ultra-violet pulse

The time-energy properties of high-order harmonic generation （HHG） are calculated for a linearly polarized 7- fs laser pulse with different carrier-envelope phases （CEPs）. The quantum trajectory paths that contribute to an as （1 as=10^-18 s） pulse in HHG are identified. The laser-duration dependence and the CEP dependence of HHG energy property are investigated. The study shows that an as extreme ultra-violet （XUV） pulse can be selected from HHG spectrum near cut-off energy with a bandpass optical filter. The theoretical prediction of the pulse duration is proportional to bandwidth. Analysis suggests that a measured narrowband as XUV pulse may consist of instantaneous shorter pulses each dependent on laser pulse duration, intensity, and CEP. These information can be used as references for producing, selecting, improving and manipulating （timing） as pulses.

Statistical properties of the photoelectron energy spectrum generated by an intense laser pulse and a continuous X-ray

This study shows that the photoelectron energy spectrum generated by an intense laser pulse in the presence of a continuous X-ray has interesting and useful statistical properties. The total photoionization production is linearly propor- tional to the time duration of the laser pulse and the square of the beam size. The spectral double energy-integration is an intrinsic value of the laser-assisted X-ray photoionization, which linearly depends on the laser intensity and which quantita- tively reflects the strengths of the laser-field modulation and the quantum interference between photoelectrons. The spectral energy width also linearly depends on the laser intensity. These linear relationships suggest new methods for the in-situ measurement of laser intensity and pulse duration with high precision.

Increase in the Hydrophilicity and Lewis Acid-Base Properties of Solid Surfaces Achieved by Electric Gliding Discharge in Humid Air: Effects on Bacterial Adherence

This study addressed the effects of treatment with gliding discharge plasma on the surface properties of solid materials, as well as the consequences concerning adherence of a model bacterium. As evaluated by contact angles with selected liquids, plasma treatment caused an increase in surface hydrophilicity and in the Lewis acid-base components of the surface energy of all materials tested. These modifications were more marked for low density polyethylene and stainless steel than for polytetrafiuoroethylene. After treatment, the hydrophilicity of the materials remained relatively stable for at least 20 days. Moreover, analysis of the topography of the materials by atomic force microscopy revealed that the roughness of both polymers was reduced by glidarc plasma treatment. As a result of all these modifications, solid substrates were activated towards micro-organisms and the adherence of S. epidermidis, a negatively charged Lewis-base and mildly hydrophilic strain selected as the model, was increased in almost all the cases tested.

A Minimum-energy Path-preserving Topology Control Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks

The topology control strategies of wireless sensor networks are very important for reducing the energy consumption of sensor nodes and prolonging the life-span of networks. In this paper, we put forward a minimum-energy path-preserving topology control （MPTC） algorithm based on a concept of none k-redundant edges. MPTC not only resolves the problem of excessive energy consumption because of the unclosed region in small minimum-energy communication network （SMECN）, but also preserves at least one minimum-energy path between every pair of nodes in a wireless sensor network. We also propose an energy-efficient reconfiguration protocol that maintains the minimum-energy path property in the case where the network topology changes dynamically. Finally, we demonstrate the performance improvements of our algorithm through simulation.

Frequency Up-conversion Luminescence Properties and Mechanism of Tm^(3+) /Er^(3+)/Yb^(3+) Co-doped Oxyfluorogermanate Glasses

Oxyfluoride glasses were developed with composition 60GeO 2 ·10AlF 3 ·25BaF 2 ·（1.95-x）GdF 3 · 3YbF 3 ·0.05TmF 3 ·xErF 3 （x=0.02,0.05,0.08,0.11,0.14,0.17）in mole percent.Intense blue（476 nm）,green（524 and 546 nm）and red（658 nm）emissions which identified from the 1G 4 →3H 6 transition of Tm3＋and the（2H 11/2 ,4S 3/2 ）→4I 15/2 ,4F 9/2 →4I 15/2 transitions of Er3＋,respectively,were simultaneously observed under 980 nm excitation at room temperature.The results show that multicolor luminescence including white light can be adjustably tuned by changing doping concentrations of Er3＋ion or the excitation power.In addition,the energy transfer processes among Tm3＋,Er3＋and Yb3＋ions,and up-conversion mechanisms are discussed.

Improved Breakdown Strength in(Ba_(0.6)Sr_(0.4))_(0.85)Bi_(0.1)TiO_3 Ceramics with Addition of CaZrO_3 for Energy Storage Application

（Ba（0.6） Sr（0.4））（0.85） Bi（0.1） TiO3 ceramics doped with x wt%CaZrO3（x= 0-10） were synthesized by solid-state reaction method. The effects of CaZrO3 amount on the dielectric properties and structure of（Ba（0.6）Sr（0.4））（0.85） Bi（0.1） TiO3 ceramics were investigated. X-ray diffraction results indicated a pure cubic perovskite structure for all samples and that the lattice parameter increased till x=5 and then slightly decreased. A homogenous microstructure was observed with the addition of CaZrO3. Dielectric measurements revealed a relaxor-like characteristic for all samples and that the diffusivity γ reached the maximum value of 1.78 at x=5. With the addition of CaZrO3, the dielectric constant dependence on electric field was weakened, insulation resistivity enhanced and dielectric breakdown strength improved obviously and reached 19.9 k V/mm at x=7.5. In virtue of low dielectric loss（tan d〈0.001 5）, moderate dielectric constant（er 〉1 500） and high breakdown strength（Eb 〉17.5 k V/mm）, the CaZrO3 doped（Ba（0.6）Sr（0.4））0.85 Bi（0.1） TiO3 ceramic is a potential candidate material for high power electric applications.

Theoretical Studies on the Structure and Detonation Properties of a Furazanbased Energetic Macrocycle Compound

Based on the full optimized molecular geometric structure at 6-311＋＋G＊＊ level,the density（ρ）,detonation velocity（D）,and detonation pressure（P） for a new furazan-based energetic macrocycle compound,hexakis[1,2,5]oxadi-azole[3,4-c：3＇,4＇-e;3＇＇,4＇＇-g：3＇＇＇,4＇＇＇-k：3＇＇＇＇,4＇＇＇＇-m：3＇＇＇＇＇,4＇＇＇＇＇-o][1,2,9,10]-tetraazacyclohexadecine,were investigated to verify its capacity as high energy density material（HEDM）. The infrared spectrum was also predicted. The heat of formation（HOF） was calculated using designed isodesmic reaction. The calculation on the bond dissociation energies（BDEs） was done and the pyrolysis mechanism of the compound was studied. The result shows that the N3–O1 bond in the ring may be the weakest one and the ring cleavage is possible to happen in thermal decomposition. The condensed phase HOF and the crystal density were also calculated for the title compound. The detonation data show that it can be considered as a potential HEDM. These results would provide basic information for the molecular design of novel high energy materials.

Spectral energetic properties of the X-ray-boosted photoionization by an intense few-cycle laser

We report a discovery that an intense few-cycle laser pulse passing through gas leaves a fingerprint of its field en- velope on the photoelectron energy spectrum, which involves continuous X-ray radiations. The spectrum resulting from the photoionization processes includes significant quantum enhancement and interference and exhibits interesting energetic properties. The spectral cut-off energies reflect the strength, time, and interference of the laser field modulation on the photoelectron energy. These energetic properties suggest a new method for precise intense-laser-pulse measurement in situ. The method has the advantages of accuracy, simplicity, speed, and large dynamic ranges （up to many orders of intensity）.

Theoretical Investigations on the Structure,Density,Thermodynamic and Performance Properties of Bis(2,2-dinitropropyl) formal

Density functional method was used to investigate the IR spectrum, heat of forma- tion and thermal stability of a new energetic material bis（2,2-dinitropropyl） formal （BDNPF）. The detonation velocity and pressure were evaluated by using the Kamlet-Jacobs equations based on the theoretical density and heat of formation. The bond dissociation energies for the weakest bonds were analyzed to investigate the thermal stability of the title compound. The results show that the C（I ）-N（I ） bond is predicted to be the trigger bond during pyrolysis. The crystal structure obtained by molecular mechanics belongs to the P21 space group, with the lattice parameters to be Z = 2, a = 11.5254, b = 6.2168, c = 9.5000 A andp= 1.66 g/cm3.

Evaluation of gas wettability and its effects on fluid distribution and fluid flow in porous media

The special gas wettability phenomenon of reservoir rocks has been recognized by more and more researchers.It has a significant effect on efficient development of unconventional reservoirs.First,based on the preferentially gas-covered ability and surface free energy changes,definition and evaluation methods have been established.Second,a method for altering rock wettability and its mechanisms have been studied,surface oriented phenomena of functional groups with low surface energy are the fundamental reason for gas wettability alteration of rock.Third,the effect of gas wettability on the surface energy,electrical properties and dilatability are investigated.Last,the effects of gas wettability on capillary pressure,oil/gas/water distribution and flow are investigated with capillary tubes and etchedglass network models.The gas wettability theory of reservoir rocks has been initially established,which provides theoretical support for the efficient production of unconventional reservoirs and has great significance.

Structure,dielectric properties of low-temperature-sintering BaTiO3-based glass–ceramics for energy storage

The 0.85BaTiO3–0.15Bi(Mg_(2/3)Nb_(1/3))O_(3)(BTBMN)ceramics with low-melting-temperature B_(2)O_(3)–Na_(2)B_(4)O_(7)–Na_(2)SiO_(3)(BNN)glass addition were prepared by the solid state method.The composition of the glass–ceramics was BTBMN–x wt.%BNN(x=0,1,3,5,7,9,12,15;abbreviated as BG).The sintering characteristics,phase structure,microstructure,dielectric properties and energy storage properties were systematically investigated.The sintering temperature of BTBMN ceramics was greatly reduced by the addition of BNN glass.The second-phase BaTi(BO_(3)T_(2)was observed in the BG system until the glass content reached 15 wt.%.The addition of BNN glass significantly reduces the grain size of BTBMN ceramics.With the increase of BNN glass content,dielectric constant of BG glass–ceramics at 1 kHz gradually decreased,the maximum dielectric constant("mT of BG glass–ceramics gradually decreased,while the temperature corresponding to the maximum dielectric constant(T_(m)T increased,the ferroelectric relaxation behavior decreased and the temperature stability of the dielectric constant gradually improved.As the BNN glass content increased,the breakdown electric field strength(BDS)of BG glass–ceramics increased first and then decreased,and the polarization values reduced gradually,while the trend of energy storage performance is similar to BDS.When the BNN glass content was 3 wt.%,the energy storage properties of the BG glass–ceramics were optimal,and a recoverable energy storage density(Wrec)of 1.26 J/cm^(3)and an energy storage efficiency(η)of 80.9%were obtained at the electric field strength of 220 kV/cm.The results showed that BG glass–ceramics were promising for energy storage capacitors.

Laser Properties of Nd_2O_3 Doped Na_2O–CaO–SiO_2 Transparent Glass-Ceramics for Space Solar Energy

A series of Na20-CaO-SiO2 glass ceramics containing different content of Nd3＋ ions were prepared by the method of high temperature melting and subsequent crystallization. The absorption, excitation and emis- sion spectra of these glass ceramics were investigated; effects of Nd3＋ content and crystallization behavior on the laser properties of this material had been studied. The results show that the emission bands origi- nating from the 4F3/2 state of Nd3＋ were firstly enhanced with the increase of the Nd2O3 doping content and the crystallinity degree, and then decreased with more doping content and deepened crystalliza- tion. The possible reasons of this phenomenon were analyzed. Research will be favored to promote the development of glass ceramics laser materials for space solar energy.

Synergistic effect of chitin nanofibers and polyacrylamide on electrochemical performance of their ternary composite with polypyrrole

Development of simple methods for preparation of polymeric electrode materials with nanofibrous network structure is a perspective way toward cheap supercapacitors with high specific capacitance and energy density. In this work one-pot synthesis of electroactive ternary composite based on polypyrrole, polyacrylamide and chitin nanofibers with beneficial morphology was elaborated. Ternary system demonstrates better electrochemical performance in comparison with both polypyrrole–polyacrylamide and polypyrrole–chitin binary composites. Possible mechanism of synergistic effect of simultaneous influence of polyacrylamide and chitin nanofibers on the formation of composite＇s structure is discussed.The highest attained specific capacitance of electroactive polypyrrole in ternary composite reached 249 F/g at 0.5 A/g and 150 F/g at 32 A/g. Symmetrical supercapacitor was assembled using the elaborated electrode material. High specific capacitance 89 F/g and good cycling stability with capacitance retention of 90% after 3000 cycles at 2 A/g were measured.

Catalytic reduction of N_2O by CO over Pt_lAu-m^- clusters:A first-principles study

Based on the density functional theory, we investigate negatively charged clusters PtlAum^-（l ＋ m = 4）, which show significant catalytic properties in the simultaneous removal of N2O and CO. We find that in these clusters, the platinum atom acts as the adsorption center for N2O, the gold and Pt atoms act as electron donors during the reaction, and the charge transfers from the bimetallic cluster to the N2O molecule. As the proportion of Au in the cluster increases, the d band center shifts down further away from the Fermi level, meanwhile more charge is transferred to the N2O molecule, resulting in weaker N–O bond strength. Therefore bimetallic cluster PtAu3^- shows better catalytic properties than the other clusters,especially pure Pt4^- and Au4^-clusters. This means that there is a synergetic effect between the Pt and Au atoms in the negatively charged bimetallic clusters. Our results help to reveal the mechanism of PtlAum^- bimetallic clusters as excellent catalysts.

Excellent thermal stability and high energy storage performances of BNT-based ceramics via phase-structure engineering

Herein,a novel strategy for regulating the phase structure was used to significantly enhance the recoverable energy storage density(Wrec)and the thermal stability via designing the(1-x)[(Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5))_(0.7)Sr_(0.3)TiO_(3)]-xBiScO_(3)((1-x)BNST-xBS)relaxor ferroelectric ceramics.The incorporation of BS into BNST ceramics markedly increases the local micro-structure disorder,causing a high polarization and inhibiting polarization hysteresis for 0.95BNST-0.05BS ceramics,leading to a large Wrec of 5.41 J/cm^(3)with an ideal efficiency(h)of 78.5%.Meanwhile,transmission electron microscope(TEM)results further proved that the nano-domain structure and the tetragonal(P4bm)phase superlattice structure of 0.95BNST-0.05BS ceramics possess an excellent thermal stability(20-200℃).An outstanding Wrec value of 3.18×(1.00±0.03)J/cm^(3)and an h value of 74.500±0.025 are achieved under a temperature range from 20℃to 200℃.This work provides a promising method for phase-structure design that can make it possible to apply temperature-insensitive ceramic dielectrics with a high energy storage density in harsh environments.

Enhancing lithium-sulfur battery performance with In_(2)O_(3)-In_(2)S_(3)@NSC heterostructures:Synergistic effects of double barrier and catalytic transformation

The sluggish redox reaction kinetics of lithium polysulfides(LiPSs)are considered the main obstacle to the commercial application of lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries.To accelerate the conversion by catalysis and inhibit the shuttling of soluble LiPSs in Li-S batteries,a solution is proposed in this study.The solution involves fabrication of N,S co-doped carbon coated In_(2)O_(3)/In_(2)S_(3)heterostructure(In_(2)O_(3)-In_(2)S_(3)@NSC)as a multifunctional host material for the cathode.The In_(2)O_(3)-In_(2)S_(3)@NSC composite can reduce the Gibbs free energy for the conversion reactions of LiPSs,which results in superior performance.The synergy between different components in In_(2)O_(3)-In_(2)S_(3)@NSC and the unique 3D structure facilitate ion and electron transport in Li-S batteries.The In_(2)O_(3)-In_(2)S_(3)@NSC/Li 2 S 6 cathode exhibits excellent rate capacity,with a capacity of 599 mAh g−1 at 5.5 C,and good cycle stability,with a capacity of 436 mAh g^(−1)after 1000 cycles at 1 C.Overall,this study proposes a promising solution to improve the energy storage properties of Li-S batteries,which could potentially facilitate the commercialization of Li-S batteries.

Optimizing the grain size and grain boundary morphology of (K,Na) NbO_(3)-based ceramics: Paving the way for ultrahigh energy storage capacitors

Relaxor dielectric ceramic capacitors are very attractive for high-power energy storage.However,the low breakdown strength severely restricts improvements to the energy storage density and practical application.Here,a strategy of designing small grain sizes and abundant amorphous grain boundaries is proposed to improve the energy storage properties under the guidance of phase field theory.0.925(K_(0.5)Na_(0.5))NbO_(3)-e0.075Bi(Zn_(2/3)(Ta_(0.5)Nb_(0.5))1/3)O_(3)(KNNe-BZTN)relaxor ferroelectric ceramic is taken as an example to verify our strategy.The grain sizes and grain boundaries of the KNNeBZTN ceramics are carefully controlled by the high-energy ball milling method and twoestep sintering strategy.Impedance analysis and diffusion reflectance spectra demonstrate that KNNeBZTN ceramics with a small grain size and abundant amorphous grain boundary exhibit a lower charge carrier concentration and higher band gap.As a consequence,the breakdown electric field of KNNeBZTN ceramics increases from 222 kV/cm to 317 kV/cm when the grain size is decreased from 410 nm to 200 nm,accompanied by a slightly degraded maximum polarization.KNNeBZTN ceramics with an average grain size of~250 nm and abundant amorphous grain boundaries exhibit optimum energy storage properties with a high recoverable energy density of 4.02 J/cm^(3) and a high energy efficiency of 87.4%.This successful local structural design opens up a new paradigm to improve the energy storage performance of other dielectric ceramic capacitors for electrical energy storage.

Novel lead-free NaNbO_(3) -based relaxor antiferroelectric ceramics with ultrahigh energy storage density and high efficiency

The development of environmentally friendly ceramics for electrostatic energy storage has drawn growing interest due to the wide application in high power and/or pulsed power electronic systems.However,it is difficult to simultaneously achieve ultrahigh recoverable energy storage density(W rec>8 J/cm^(3))and high efficiency(η>80%),which restricts their application in the miniaturized,light weight and easy integrated electronic devices.Herein,the novel NaNbO_(3)-(Bi_(0.8)Sr_(0.2))(Fe_(0.9) Nb_(0.1))O_(3) relaxor antiferro-electric ceramics,which integrates the merits of antiferroelectrics and relaxors,are demonstrated to exhibit stabilized antiferroelectric phase and enhanced dielectric relaxor behavior.Of particular impor-tance is that the 0.88NN-0.12BSFN ceramic achieves giant electric breakdown strength E_(b)=98.3 kV/mm,ultrahigh W _(rec)=16.5 J/cm^(3) and high h=83.3%,as well as excellent frequency,cycling and thermal reliability simultaneously.The comprehensive energy storage performance of NN-BSFN not only out-performs state-of-the-art dielectric ceramics by comparison,but also displays outstanding potential for next-generation energy storage capacitors.

Enhanced energy-storage performance in BNT-based lead-free dielectric ceramics via introducing SrTi_(0.875)Nb_(0.1)O_(3)

Environmentally friendly lead-free ceramics capacitors,with outstanding power density,rapid charging/discharging rate,and superior stability,have been receiving increasing attention of late for their ability to meet the critical requirements of pulsed power devices in low-consumption systems.However,the relatively low energy storage capability must be urgently overcome.Herein,this work reports on leadfree SrTi_(0.875)Nb_(0.1)O_(3)(STN)replacement of(Bi_(0.47)La_(0.03)Na_(0.5))_(0.94)Ba_(0.06)TiO_(3)(BLNBT)ferroelectric ceramics with excellent energy storage performance.Improving relaxor behaviour and breakdown strength(Eb),decreasing grain size,and mitigating large polarization difference are conductive to the enhancement of comprehensive energy storage performances.The phase-field simulation methods are further analysized evolution process of electrical tree in the experimental breakdown.In particular,the 0.70BLNBT-0.30STN ceramic exhibit a large discharged energy density of 4.2 J/cm^(3) with an efficiency of 89.3%at room temperature under electric field of 380 kV/cm.Additionally,for practical applications,the BLNBT-based ceramics achieve a high power density(~62.3 MW/cm^(3))and fast discharged time(~148.8 ns)over broad temperature range(20-200℃).Therefore,this work can provide a simple and effective guideline paradigm for acquiring high-performance dielectric materials in low-consumption systems operating in a wide range of temperatures and long-term operations.

A facile one-step approach to hierarchically assembled core-shell-like MnO2@MnO2 nanoarchitectures on carbon fibers： An efficient and flexible electrode material to enhance energy storage

Hierarchical core-shell-like MnO2 nanostructures （NSs） were used to anchor MnO2 hexagonal nanoplate arrays （HNPAs） on carbon cloth （CC） fibers. The NSs were prepared by a novel one-step electrochemical deposition method. Under an external cathodic voltage of -2.0 V for 30 min, hierarchical core-shell-like MnO2-NS-decorated MnO2 HNPAs （MnO2 NSs@MnO2 HNPAs） were uniformly grown on CC with reliable adhesion. The phase purity and morphological properties of the samples were characterized by various physicochemical techniques. At a constant external cathodic voltage, growth of MnO2 NSs@MnO2 HNPAs on CC was carried for different time periods. When utilized as a flexible, robust, and binder-free electrode for pseudocapacitors, the hierarchical core-shell-like MnO2 NSs@MnO2 HNPAs on CC showed clearly enhanced electrochemical properties in 1 M Na2SO4 electrolyte solution. The results indicate that the MnO2 NSs@MnO2 HNPAs on CC have a maximum specific capacitance of 244.54 F/g at a current density of 0.5 A/g with excellent cycling stability compared to that of bare MnO2 HNPAs on CC （112.1 F/g at 0.5 A/g current density）. We believe that the superior charge storage performance of the pseudocapacitive electrode can be mainly attributed to the hierarchical MnO2 NSs@MnO2 HNPAs building blocks that have a large specific surface area, offering additional electroactive sites for efficient electrochemical reactions. The facile and single-step approach to growth of hierarchical pseudocapacitive materials on textile based electrodes opens up the possibility for the fabrication of high-performance flexible energy storage devices.