Indian Solar Panel Initiatives in Reducing Carbon Dioxide Emissions

Environmental degradation and the emission of greenhouse gases particularly carbon dioxide have expanded problems to human wellness and to the atmosphere. The second-most populated country in the globe, India, is among the primary users of conventional resources, which leads to global warming. The growth rate is anticipated to raise more before 2050, which will cause the brisk industrial expansion and rising energy demand to both increases. In order to reduce carbon emissions and meet energy requirements, many countries use alternate usage of renewable energy particularly solar energy. In this review we aim to study solar panel schemes initiated by India, mainly focusing on National Solar Mission. This study also reviews the present solar installed capacity, solar panel scheme 2022, and initiatives and outcomes of solar panels in residences and offices. This study reviewed that by using solar panel resources, the (MNRE) Ministry of New and Renewable Energy hopes to help the Indian Government reach its purpose of 100 GW solar installed capacity by end of 2022. Despite having an amazing 40 GW of solar power installed capacity till December 2021, India is still far from reaching its own goal of 100 GW by March 2023 as per NSM. In essence, this means that India will need to change a few of its ongoing plans further.

Technical Analysis of Energy Saving and Emission Reducing in China's Cement Industry Based on LEAP Model

[Objective] The study aimed at evaluating the ability to save energy and reduce CO2 emission in China＇s cement industry. [Method] Based on long-term energy alternative planning system software （LEAP）, ＂LEAP of China＇s cement industry＂ model was established to simulate energy conservation and emission reduction in China＇s cement industry from 2010 to 2040 in different technologic situations. E ResultJ To save ener- gy and reduce CO2 emissions, new dry process kiln has priority over other technologies or measures, followed by equipment enlargement, mechani- cal shaft kiln, power generation system based on waste heat, as well as high-efficiency and energy-saving grinding technology, and new prepara- tion technology. If all the advanced technologies and measures are adopted, energy consumption and C02 emissions can be reduced by about 40.76% and 42.97% respectively. [ Condusion] LEAP of model is suitable for analyzing energy saving and emission reducing in China＇s cement industry and other industrial fields.

Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Energy Self-Sufficiency of Woody Biomass Utilization for Residential Heating: A Case Study of Nishiwaga, Japan

Renewable energy sources, including bioenergy, are presently attracting considerable attention as possible substitutes for fossil fuels. Among the various sources of bioenergy, biomass can arguably play a significant role in the reduction of greenhouse gases and the provision of a stable energy supply. However, the use of fossil fuels continues in the production of bioenergy. Consequently, the overall extent to which biomass utilization for energy can reduce carbon dioxide emissions as a substitute for fossil fuels and whether this can improve the energy self-sufficiency rate remains largely unknown. This study responds to these questions using a case of a Japanese rural community using firewood for residential heating. The results showed that woody biomass utilization for energy is able to both reduce the dependence on fossil fuels and mitigate climate change. These findings offer new insights into the development of sustainability in rural communities.

Saving Energy and Reducing Emission When Recycling Acetone dudng the Production of Soy Phospholipid

Acetone,which is volatile,flammable,toxic,expen- sive and causing serious air pollution,is often used as extracting solvent in the production of powdery soy phospholipid.Recycling and reusing acetone is the key of reducing the cost of production. Therefore,saving energy and reducing emission when recycling acetone are the most important technologies during the production of phospholipid.On the basis of the productivity of powdery phospholipid being 2.4 t every day,43.2 t acetone is reused every 8 h and the total volume of acetone gas emitted is 450.75 m3 (about 901.5 kg).According to the current price of acetone,the lost money is about 7212 yuan RMB.

Present situation and development of saving energy and reducing emission technology in iron ore sintering process

The energy consumption of iron ore sintering process is about 10%- 15%of the total of iron and steel industry.Therefore,it is of great significance to take effective measures to reduce the energy consumption in the iron ore sintering process to reduce the costs of sintering product and cut down the emissions of harmful gases,such as CO_2 and SO_2.In this study,the technology development of saving energy and reducing emission in iron ore sintering process was reviewed and discussed;some new directions and measures of saving energy were presented for the sintering process in the future.

The Efficiency of the Energy Saving Stoves in Amboseli Ecosystem-Analysis of Time, Energy and Carbon Emissions Savings

It is estimated that more than 2.5 billion people worldwide use biomass for cooking. Burning biomass is one of the major contributors to carbon dioxide (CO2) emission—a principle gas in global warming and climate change. One way of cutting down the CO2 emissions is adaptation of efficient and clean energy technologies. This study examined the efficiency of the energy saving stoves in Amboseli ecosystem by comparing the cooking time, energy use, wood fuel and carbon emissions to the traditional three stone open fire set ups. The result indicates a statistical difference in the time spent cooking on energy stoves and three stone open fire (t = 5.3055;n = 60;p = 0.00117). Energy saving stoves saved 12.7% - 33.3% of wood fuel compared to the traditional three stones set ups. Water boiling tests to determine the energy savings, revealed that energy saving stoves saved between 25.74% and 26.16% energy/joule per session in-house and outdoor settings respectively. Based on the two meals prepared per day by each household, the total Carbon Emission Savings for the 1000 local beneficiaries of energy saving stoves varied from 102,200 kg CO2 (indoor cooking) to 357,700 kg CO2 (outdoor cooking) per year. It is therefore concluded that energy saving stoves saves time, fuel wood and energy, and reduces carbon emissions. The study findings refute the claims that open fire when carefully operated can be fuel efficient and clean burning to rival energy saving stoves. To improve the performance of the energy saving stoves, it is recommended that a design modification be done to include a chimney to emit excess smoke during indoor cooking;and the stove should be fixed to the floor with mortar to minimise heat loss and breakages.

Primary energy-related carbon dioxide emissions in China

Climate change is one of the focuses to mitigate greenhouse effect and reduce carbon dioxide emissions.First,the paper summarizes on the carbon dioxide emission factors and methods suitable to the situation in China.Second,it analyzes the primary energy-related carbon dioxide emissions during the period between 1995 and 2005 from different fossil fuels and different zones.The trend of primary energy-related carbon dioxide emissions from 1995 to 2005 is"first decreasing and later increasing."Seven regions-Liaoning,Shanxi,Hebei,Shandong,Henan,and Jiangsu-and most of the provinces(cities or regions)were found to have similar trends regarding total carbon dioxide emissions in China.The annual carbon dioxide emissions and the growth ratio of these seven regions are much higher compared to those of the other 24 provinces(cities or regions).Finally,this paper puts forward some suggestions to reduce carbon dioxide.

Energy Outlook in East Africa Region and the Carbon Emissions for Conventional En-ergy Projection (Part I)

In this investigation, we focus on the current energy sources and future projects situation in East Africa up to 2040. Electricity generation potential of energy mix and electrical capacity will be analyzed. For both electricity generation and electrical capacity, the data source shows that some forms of energies such bio-energy, solar PV, etc. will contribute less as well as with insignificant contribution of nuclear energy. Whereas hydro is dominating comparing with gas, oil, coal, solar PV, bio-energy and other renewables energies. From 2000 up to 2012, hydro and oil were only the one source of electricity generation. Starting from 2020, other forms of energies will appear and continue to increase at different rate. The international trade of electricity in this region will appear in 2020 and continue to increase as predicted by the data. Up to 2040, hydro will play a big role in electricity generation with other renewable energy sources, such as coal, oil, Gas, bio- energy and solar PV that will continue to increase at different rate. The share of solar PV in energy generation will slowly increase compared to other sources. The capacity of hydro and renewable energy sources will be high compared with other sources of energy such as bioenergy, coal, oil, PV solar, and gas. The results show also that bio-energy will increase slowly in electricity generation in comparison with other source of energies. The present report shows that oil will continue to emit a lot carbon dioxide compared to gas and coal. The emission of CO2 from total final consumption (TFC) of oil will continue to be high in comparing with CO2 emission from power generation (PG) of oil. But the emission of carbon dioxide from power generation of coal from 2025 until 2040 will be high compared with emission of CO2 generated from FTC of coal. In this period, the emission from TFC for gas will remain insignificant. The total final consumption emission of oil in general will dominate other emissions from both coal and gas. Due to this high emission of CO2, new technologies should be introduced in order to reduce gas pollution from TFC.

A hefty target of reducing the intensity of carbon dioxide emissions

At the end of January, China formally handed over the report on pollution reduction targets to the United Nations.

Low Carbon Building Design Optimization Based on Intelligent Energy Management System

The construction of relevant standards for building carbon emission assessment in China has just started,and the quantitative analysis method and evaluation system are still imperfect,which hinders the development of low-carbon building design.Therefore,the use of intelligent energy management system is very necessary.The purpose of this paper is to explore the design optimization of low-carbon buildings based on intelligent energy management systems.Based on the proposed quantitative method of building carbon emission,this paper establishes the quota theoretical system of building carbon emission analysis,and develops the quota based carbon emission calculation software.Smart energy management system is a low-carbon energy-saving system based on the reference of large-scale building energy-saving system and combined with energy consumption.It provides a fast and effective calculation tool for the quantitative evaluation of carbon emission of construction projects,so as to realize the carbon emission control and optimization in the early stage of architectural design and construction.On this basis,the evaluation,analysis and calculation method of building structure based on carbon reduction target is proposed,combined with the carbon emission quota management standard proposed in this paper.Taking small high-rise residential buildings as an example,this paper compares and analyzes different building structural systems from the perspectives of structural performance,economy and carbon emission level.It provides a reference for the design and evaluation of low-carbon building structures.The smart energy management system collects user energy use parameters.It uses time period and time sequence to obtain a large amount of data for analysis and integration,which provides users with intuitive energy consumption data.Compared with the traditional architectural design method,the industrialized construction method can save 589.22 megajoules(MJ)per square meter.Based on 29270 megajoules(MJ)per ton of standard coal,the construction area of the case is about 8000 m2,and the energy saving of residential buildings is 161.04 tons of standard coal.This research is of great significance in reducing the carbon emission intensity of buildings.

Realizing Low Carbon Emission in the University Campus towards Energy Sustainability

Energy consumption increases with intensity of human activities. People consume energy for movement and other activities and the more fossil-fuel based energy used, the more carbon dioxide (CO2) emission. Since carbon dioxide is the major element of the greenhouse gases (GHG), this phenomenon has a serious implication for global warming and consequent climate change—a scenario that calls for sustainable development. This research considers the emission of CO2 from energy use within the campus of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Two major sources of energy consumption were identified, namely: electricity and transport. The emission for electricity was estimated based on electricity meter reading and the conversion rate in accordance with the stand-ardized conversion factors for fuel mix of the purchased electric energy as given by PTM (Pusat Tenaga Malaysia), while the associated CO2 emission for transport was estimated based on the number of miles driven (VMT—Vehicle Miles Travel) within the campus, emissions produced per litre of gasoline, and fuel economy of vehicles plying the campus in line with the Code of Federal Regulations USEPA and consistent with the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines. It was observed that high CO2 emission resulted from electricity energy consumption, and the highest emission in the transport sector was produced by commuting vehicles while emission from service delivery for cooling, lighting and other equipment was similar to national average.

East Africa Region Energy Projection with the Carbon Emissions for Conventional Energy

In this study we analyzed the generation and the potential of the electricity capacity of energy mix in East Africa from 2020 to 2040 including CO2 emission. The predicted results show that the electricity generated from hydro will dominate compared to gas, oil, coal, Solar PV, bio-energy and other renewable energy. Some forms of energies such as bio-energy, solar PV will contribute less, while the contribution of nuclear will remain insignificant. The oil will continue to emit a lot carbon dioxides compared to the emission from gas and coal. The emission of CO2 from total final consumption (TFC) of oil will be high compared to its emission from power generation (PG) of oil. More importantly, the results show a linear relationship between the energy outlook and time. This approach of modeling the energy in a linear form simplifies significantly the analysis of the electricity generation and capacity. Due to this high emission of CO2, a new policy and a transition from conventional to renewable should be implemented with clean and energy efficiency technology.

The role of new energy in carbon neutral

Carbon dioxide is an important medium of the global carbon cycle,and has the dual properties of realizing the conversion of organic matter in the ecosystem and causing the greenhouse effect.The fixed or available carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is defined as"gray carbon",while the carbon dioxide that cannot be fixed or used and remains in the atmosphere is called"black carbon".Carbon neutral is the consensus of human development,but its implementation still faces many challenges in politics,resources,technology,market,and energy structure,etc.It is proposed that carbon replacement,carbon emission reduction,carbon sequestration,and carbon cycle are the four main approaches to achieve carbon neutral,among which carbon replacement is the backbone.New energy has become the leading role of the third energy conversion and will dominate carbon neutral in the future.Nowadays,solar energy,wind energy,hydropower,nuclear energy and hydrogen energy are the main forces of new energy,helping the power sector to achieve low carbon emissions."Green hydrogen"is the reserve force of new energy,helping further reduce carbon emissions in industrial and transportation fields.Artificial carbon conversion technology is a bridge connecting new energy and fossil energy,effectively reducing the carbon emissions of fossil energy.It is predicted that the peak value of China’s carbon dioxide emissions will reach 110×10^(8) t in 2030.The study predicts that China’s carbon emissions will drop to 22×10^(8) t,33×10^(8) t and 44×10^(8) t,respectively,in 2060 according to three scenarios of high,medium,and low levels.To realize carbon neutral in China,seven implementation suggestions have been put forward to build a new"three small and one large"energy structure in China and promote the realization of China’s energy independence strategy.

Developing China's National Emission Trading Scheme:Experiences from Existing Global Schemes and China's Pilot Programs

Market-based emission trading schemes(ETSs) are widely used in the developed world to reduce greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions which are perceived as the source of global climate change. China, as the largest GHG emitter in the world, is committed to introducing an ETS to reduce emissions. Here we reviewed existing ETSs and sustainable energy policies worldwide as well as China's pilot programs. These studies were conducted in order to propose recommendations for national initiatives and strategies to be implemented in China in relation to climate change adaptation and mitigation. It has been shown that setting emission caps in the context of a national emission intensity target is difficult. However, implementing reliable systems for measurement, reporting, and verification of emissions are essential. A two-level management system(by central and provincial governments) for carbon trading is beneficial to ensure uniform standards and compliance while maintaining flexibility. Persistent political support from, and effective coordination of, policies by the government are crucial. In addition, strengthening of institutional innovation, and the establishment of a national GHG emissions information system, are of equal importance. This vital information could provide a great opportunity for China to re-define its economic growth and take global leadership in combatting climate change.

Research on the Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutralization Model in Colleges and Universities:Taking China University of Geosciences(Beijing)as an Example

The“3060”goal demonstrates China’s responsibility in actively responding to global climate,enhances China’s voice and influence in climate governance,and sets an example of energy conservation and emission reduction for developing countries.As the main institutions that educate people for the Party and the country,colleges and universities have the responsibility to explore the realization path of carbon peak and carbon neutralization against the new problems encountered in the practice of energy conservation and emission reduction in colleges and universities.In response to the national strategy and the action plan of the Ministry of Education,taking the carbon practice of China University of Geosciences(Beijing)as the starting point,this paper conducts benchmarking research on the path of carbon peak and carbon neutralization in universities through the ecological factor method,campus carbon footprint,and questionnaire analysis.

环境补贴能提升企业碳绩效吗--基于A股上市公司实证分析

环境补贴既是国家实现“双碳”目标的宏观调控手段,也是减轻企业环保负担、引导企业节能减排的推动力。选取2014~2019年接受环境补贴的1094家A股上市公司3735个观测值作为研究样本,采用双向固定效应模型,实证探究环境补贴对企业碳绩效的影响。研究表明,环境补贴与企业碳绩效显著正相关且具有滞后性特征,异质性检验发现,成立时间长的企业、国有企业、东部地区与中低污染企业环境补贴作用效果显著;进一步研究发现,环境补贴中的节能减排补贴与企业碳绩效显著正相关,环境治理补贴对企业碳绩效起负向作用。据此,提出环境补贴应以降碳为重点、减污降碳协同增效为目的等建议。

北京市大学生碳足迹现状及碳中和意愿研究

该文从多个维度分析北京大学生碳足迹现状,深入挖掘大学生碳中和意愿及其影响因素。通过问卷调查、深度访谈等方法对北京市高校学生衣食住行等现状和碳中和意愿进行调研,运用因子分析法基于调研数据对学生碳足迹进行计算和评估,通过Matlab、anova1函数、回归模型等对调研结果进行数据挖掘和因果关联分析,探究其相关影响因素。结果显示:在8个影响因素的基础上,20个因子能更好地刻画原始数据信息。对20个因子进行多元线性回归分析,拟合度得到显著改善。回归结果表明环保意识、碳中和态度等多个因子对低碳生活认同产生了显著影响。根据以上研究对高校碳中和提出在交通、水电、饮食及宣传方面的可行性建议。

大学生“节能低碳”意识调查与模糊综合评价——以昆明冶金高等专科学校为例

为加快建设一个“环境友好型”社会并尽快实现“双碳”目标,对于大学生的“节能低碳”意识培养变得越来越重要。以昆明冶金高等专科学校安宁校区学生为调查对象,采用问卷调查的方法对9个学院不同年级学生从“国家政策、个人意识、个人行为”三方面进行了调查;根据调查结果,利用模糊数学综合评价法对各学院学生的“节能低碳”意识进行评价。评价结果表明,学校大部分学生在心理上对“节能低碳”意识存在一定的认知,但是在日常生活中,大部分学生并不知道如何实践“节能低碳”,他们对于常见的节能低碳方法缺乏清晰的了解。并依据分析结果,从政府、学校和大学生自身层面提出了提升大学生“节能低碳”意识的对策。

新能源材料与器件课程O2O智慧教学模式探索

新能源材料对“碳达峰、碳中和”国家战略目标的实现具有重要的支撑作用。新能源材料与器件课程是新能源材料研究与应用的基础,也是新能源人才培养过程中的主干课程,现有教学模式很难满足对高质量新能源人才的培养,因此该文提出将“智慧教学”理念及“O2O模式”应用到课程教学的各个环节。通过信息化技术搭建智慧教育平台,延伸教与学的边界,建构出一种虚实相生、情境结合、意象交融的教学空间;通过智能化的方式提高教学效率,增强教学互动,提升学生学习效率,加强信息反馈和教学管理。从而开发教师和学生的聪明才智和主观能动性,使投入得到最大化产出、获得最优学习效果,支撑我国新能源人才的培养。

高安屯再生水厂碳中和实践措施及效果

高安屯再生水厂位于北京市,水处理规模20万m^(3)/d,主体工艺为AAO+砂滤池,污泥处理中心规模1836 t/d(污泥含水率80%),主体工艺为热水解+厌氧消化+板框脱水。对比了不同碳核算标准,确定了高安屯再生水厂碳排放计算边界。高安屯再生水厂碳中和项目采用节能降耗、回收能源、利用清洁能源的方法,是泥水共治、餐厨协同、多能耦合、能源自给的大型碳中和示范工程。