Utilization of Livestock's Dejection as Biogas Origin in Building New Countryside in Heilongjiang Province--Developing Utilization of Biogas and Promoting Energy-saving and Emission Reduction

With the startup and execution of new socialistic countryside construction in Heilongjiang Province,the transition from castoff to resource is strengthened in the countryside,aiming at neat appearance of the countryside,clean production and saving energy.People produce biogas and provide the countryside with new energy by means of turning livestock＇s dejection into resources,composting of the plant and animal＇s leavings in the courtyard and even in the factory.It is helpful for the countryside to conserve the energy and reduce emission of the waste.And it also plays an important role in protecting the eco-environment,beautifying homestead and developing the ecological agriculture and so on.The liquid and solid residue in the biogas production can be reused as fertilizer for crops or food for animals after pretreatment,which is propitious to accelerate the development of the circular economy in Heilongjiang Province.

Numerical Simulation and Experimental Characterization of Clay Paste under Loads for Energy Saving in Clay Materials Processing

Requirements for the respect of the environment encourage to reduce the impact of human activity on the nature. Civil engineering answers these requirements by the development of ecological construction materials. This paper deals with the transformation of clay raw materials which enable the processing of environmentally friendly construction materials: in addition to their biodegradability, the alveolar fired clay materials allow energy saving in home heating thanks to their thermal isolation properties. But their manufacturing is a high energy consumption process, in particular during compaction, drying and firing which contribute to the emission of greenhouse gases. The goal of this paper is to study the rheology of clay pastes in order to develop low energy in manufacturing processes. For this purpose, theoretical and experimental approaches were carried out on six clay varieties. In the theoretical approach, a finite element (FE) simulation model has been developed for pressing a non-rigid material predicting deformations and stresses occurring within the clay structure. Experiments have then been carried out to validate the finite element modelling. In this experimental approach, the clay pastes were transformed with water content respecting the Atterberg limits which determine the plasticity of clays. The samples compaction has been carried out under variable loadings in order to determine the suitable low energy consumption loading.

Application of Geothermal Energy to New Countryside Construction——A Case Study of Xiong County, Hebei Province

Hujiatai Village, Xiong County, Hebei Province was nominated as the experimental unit of new countryside construction by Hebei Province in 2008. In order to make Hujiatai Village become a new countryside model with friendly ecological and environmental conditions, local energy resources should be considered. In this study, a mode of 'geothermal energy extraction-heat exchange-space heating-reinjection' was adopted to supply heat to resident houses in Hujiatai Village cooperating with a geothermal development entity based on the abundant geothermal resources, thereby constructing a clean, economic and autarkic new countryside energy system, which avoids utilization of fossil-energy, reduces emission of greenhouse gases and generation of solid coal cinder, protecting air and land environment, improving life quality of the people and building a typical model for Hebei Province and even for the whole country.

Dwellers’ Habit of Opening Windows in Detached Houses in Cold and Hot-Humid Climate of Japan

The design of openings is important for sustainable living in the cooling climate. Dweller’s habit of opening windows was investigated in nine Japanese detached houses using a window monitor originated by the author. The monitor measures the open width of sliding window and record daily and annual changes. The performance of a house and the living style of its dweller were investigated using questions to the dwellers. The investigation gave the following results. Windows were closed not only at night but also in the day time even in mild seasons in most houses. The average open widths were very small in mild and hot seasons in most houses. The daily and annual changes of open widths are very various. The open widths of windows are influenced by many factors;the type of a room, the number of a floor, the living schedule of dwellers, thermal performances of a house and the equipment for heating or cooling and the weather conditions. Therefore these factors have to be reconsidered to design effective windows.

Modified Packing Algorithm for Dynamic Energy-Saving in Cloud Computing Servers

Since the raising of the cloud computing, the applications of web service have been extended rapidly. However, the data centers of cloud computing also cause the problem of power consumption and the resources usually have not been used effectively. Decreasing the power consumption and enhancing resource utilization become main issues in cloud computing environment. In this paper, we propose a method, called MBFDP （modified best fit decreasing packing）, to decrease power consumption and enhance resource utilization of cloud computing servers. From the results of experiments, the proposed solution can reduce power consumption effectively and enhance the utilization of resources of servers.

ENERGY-SAVING SCHEDULING FOR LTE MULTICAST SERVICES

In the Long Term Evolution(LTE)downlink multicast scheduling,Base Station(BS)usually allocates transmit power equally among all Resource Blocks(RBs),it may cause the waste of transmit power.To avoid it,this paper put forward a new algorithm for LTE multicast downlink scheduling called the Energy-saving based Inter-group Proportional Fair(EIPF).The basic idea of EIPF is to calculate an appropriate transmitting power for each group according to its data rate respectively,and then follow the inter-group proportional fair principle to allocate RBs among multicast groups.The results of EIPF simulation show that the proposed algorithm not only can reduce the transmit power of BS effectively but also improve the utilization rate of energy.

MECHANICAL INSULATION CASE STUDY-TIMELY OPPORTUNITY FOR RETROFITS AND NEW CONSTRUCTION

INTRODUCTION“You won’t find any issues in our newly constructed and retrofitted buildings,”was the response that Lyndon Johnson,representative of the BC Insulators,got from the campus facility manager when explaining the poor state of practice of mechanical insulation,“let me show you one of our showcase buildings.”The building in question had just undergone$80 million in upgrades and was designed to achieve LEED®Silver equivalent rating.The upgrades included a high-performance climate control system that allows for precise control of temperature and humidity in different rooms.“We toured the building and found many problems with the mechanical insulation,”explained Mr.Johnson afterwards,“including substandard finish,adhesive tape lifting,and most disturbing,20 feet of missing insulation on each floor of the building along the dividing line of the two phases of the project.One or both sets of contractors that worked on the job had completely left off the insulation.The saddest part is,this didn’t surprise me given what we know about the state of the industry today.”

PHOENIX’S FIRST NET-ZERO ENERGY OFFICE RETROFIT: A GREEN AND LEAN CASE STUDY

Many in the construction industry view lean practices as a means for reducing cost and schedule while maintaining or improving quality. This paper argues that lean practices can also be used to promote energy savings throughout a building’s life cycle. This paper presents a case study of an existing building retrofit in Phoenix, Arizona. The project owner, a general contractor, self-performed much of the building construction and worked to ensure the project team aligned around the project’s net-zero energy goal. All building systems, excepting the walls and roof, were re-designed and re-constructed. After retrofit, the building has achieved net-zero energy consumption;that is, the building produces as much energy as it consumes on an annual basis. Deep building energy retrofits typically result in larger energy savings than operational changes alone can provide, as these retrofits take a whole-building approach to design (i.e., optimize the whole) and implement integrated project delivery methods (e.g., (AIA, 2007)). This paper discusses a net-zero energy retrofit and how lessons learned on this project could apply to other deep energy retrofits for commercial buildings (where “deep” refers to energy savings of 25% or more) that may significantly improve building value (Miller and Pogue, 2009). The inefficiency of existing building stock supports the need for retrofitting: energy consumption in the existing building stock in the United States accounts for approximately 41% of the total primary energy consumption (US DOE, 2012). In order to reduce this consumption, existing buildings must be retrofit, through replacement or upgrade of their existing building systems, to improve their energy performance. Beyond the energy motivation, a building’s operating costs account for the largest portion of the life cycle cost. Thus, deep energy retrofit projects offer an opportunity to significantly reduce both national energy consumption and expenditures. While much research exists on the topic of energy retrofits, very little explores the role of the contractor. This paper explores the contractor’s role (rather than the designer’s or engineer’s role) in delivering deep energy retrofit projects. The contractor plays a critical role in delivering a project that meets the owner’s expectations and goals and satisfies the specifications (Ahn and Pearce, 2007). Namely, the contractor executes the plans and specifications, giving physical reality to the design team’s vision. In the case of deep energy retrofits, this role is particularly important, as installation and operation must conform to the design intent to achieve the predicted energy performance. Moreover, the contractor must understand the existing condition to effectively retrofit the building. This paper explores critical building energy efficiency measures and processes for achieving deep energy savings in retrofit projects. Specifically, we present the role of the contractor in a case study project in Phoenix, Arizona where the contractor was engaged in the project early in the design stage. This paper discusses the process of developing and selecting energy efficiency measures (EEMs). It explains the reasons for choosing particular EEMs, including a discussion of selecting an appropriate baseline for energy savings calculations, and documents the impact of EEMs on total energy consumption and design intent. The paper concludes with a discussion of recommendations that, if applied in part or whole, will increase the effectiveness of future construction teams in delivering deep energy retrofit projects.

小数字大作用——经济和环境反馈干预对群体节能行为作用效果的现场对照实验

私人消费领域中的个体或家庭节能行为已日益受到重视,然而对于群体消费情境下的用能者而言,如何促进其主动节能还缺乏关注。为了评估信息反馈策略激励群体用户节电行为的有效性,本研究开展了一项为期18周的现场对照实验。根据节能动机的差异,实验分为3个实验组(经济型反馈组、抽象环境型反馈组、具体环境型反馈组),并设置一个无干预对照组,以评估三种干预策略促进节电行为的有效性。实验以电力系统记录的居住者的真实用电量数据为依据,运用倾向得分匹配-双重差分法,分析三种干预策略的节电效果。结果显示:经济型反馈组和具体环境型反馈组可以显著促进群体用能者主动节电。其中,经济型反馈组的节电效果最好(14.4%),其次是具体环境型反馈组(6.2%),而抽象环境型反馈组与对照组无显著差异。干预策略的长期效应检验进一步发现,随着干预停止,经济型反馈组和具体环境型反馈组的节能效果仍然存在。干预停止后,具体环境型反馈组的节电效果更好,证明了具体环境型反馈策略的长期有效性。此外,本研究还发现:群体特征异质性也会影响不同干预策略的节电效果。这些结论为如何在群体消费情境下利用反馈干预措施节约能源提供了依据和可行的建议。

Energy-saving technologies for construction machinery:a review of electro-hydraulic pump-valve coordinated system

With the rapid development of the global economy,more and more attention has been paid to the energy conservation of construction machinery.The hydraulic system is the key component of construction machinery,and improving its energy utilization rate has become an important means to achieve energy conservation.In conventional valve-controlled or pump-controlled hydraulic systems of construction machinery,controllability and energy-saving performance typically cannot be considered at the same time.The pump-valve coordinated system combines the energy-saving characteristics of the pump-controlled system and the high-precision and high-frequency response of the valve-controlled system,which has the potential to become a primary research direction of electro-hydraulic systems.This review summarizes the recent research progress in energy-saving technologies based on pump-valve coordinated systems.Particularly,we discuss the structures of hydraulic systems in different categories of construction machinery,various control methods of the electro-hydraulic system,novel hydraulic hybrid energy regeneration systems,and key components.In addition,future directions and challenges of the pump-valve coordinated systems are described,such as independent metering system(IMS),common pressure rail(CPR),and hybrid power source(HPS).

秦岭天台山超长公路隧道群关键技术创新与实践

针对秦岭天台山超长公路隧道群在建设和运营过程中面临的工程建设难度大,运营管理复杂、安全风险高以及运营能耗高等诸多技术难题,围绕安全智慧运营、安全快速施工、单层衬砌支护、自然能源利用等方向,系统总结了秦岭山区特殊地质地形条件下32 km隧道群建设与运营过程中系列创新技术成果。主要结论:1)通过超长隧道群安全智慧运营技术创新与应用,破解山区超长连续公路隧道群运营安全保障难题;2)通过公路隧道安全快速施工技术创新与应用,突破超长大断面公路隧道机械化安全快速施工瓶颈;3)通过公路隧道单层衬砌支护技术创新与应用,构建硬质岩公路隧道单层衬砌支护体系;4)通过公路隧道利用自然能源技术推广应用,探索超长公路隧道绿色低碳运行。

考虑环境影响的管道输送场站系统用能评价分析模型及应用

用能评价分析方法对系统节能减排和“双碳”目标实现具有指导作用,实际用能分析除了需要考虑能量分析外,还需要考虑污染物及温室气体排放等影响;基于能量利用和环境效应(污染物和温室气体排放等),构建新的用能评价分析模型,提出温室气体排放过程的虚拟能计算方法;利用所建模型对原油输送场站典型工艺系统进行用能分析,考虑输入及输出过程虚拟能对运行效率的影响。结果表明,考虑环境效应的用能分析,系统及设备(单元)虚拟效率均有所降低。

一种仿生塔式人工湿地水质净化效果和节能特征研究

构建一座仿生塔式人工湿地水质净化系统,以生活污水为处理对象,研究仿生塔式人工湿地对COD,NH_(4)^(+)-N,TN,TP的去除特征、节能效果和季节演变情况。研究表明,仿生塔式人工湿地对COD,NH_(4)^(+)-N,TN,TP的年平均去除率分别为(86.8±8.4)%,(98.7±2.8)%,(67.9±18.9)%,(89.7±10.5)%其中COD,NH_(4)^(+)-N,TN去除率均呈季节性小幅度变化,而TP去除率未呈季节性变化。以中试污水处理站(日处理规模为3.2t)为例,仿生塔式人工湿地可节约电能1.954元/t(仅鼓风机和回流泵2项),节电明显,具有显著的环境效益和经济效益,适合在分散生活污水处理领域推广。

建筑业钢筋工程质量追溯及成本控制研究——以广西自治区的建筑业钢筋加工为例

国家提出要持续开展绿色建筑创建行动,落实碳达峰碳中和目标任务,加快转变“大量建设、大量消耗、大量排放”的建设方式,推动城乡建设绿色发展。在建筑工业化领域实施智能建造模式是推动实现这一目标的有力举措,使整个工程实际施工实现从传统现场施工到项目的工厂化生产,有助于解决人力资源不足和技术水平参差不齐的痛点,从而有效提高工程建造的效率和控制施工成本。本文以智能建造为切入点,基于钢筋智能化生产加工领域内实际生产成本数据,将数据同步至质量追溯系统,分析当前成本控制效果,为钢筋加工智能化生产领域的成本控制提供降本增效措施建议,为推广成型钢筋应用提供数据支撑,进一步推动智能建造与建筑工业化协同发展。

房屋建筑工程施工中的绿色节能施工技术应用分析

房屋建筑工程其施工阶段对能源的消耗和环境污染具有较大影响。为实现节约资源的目标,绿色节能建筑工程受到了越来越多的重视和应用。本研究将对房屋建筑工程施工中的绿色节能施工技术进行分析,并讨论了其影响和应用的可行性。

建筑智能化设计在节能与可持续发展中的应用

文章研究了建筑智能化设计在节能与可持续发展中的应用,在明确基本应用原则的情况下,着重从建筑与环境、人与环境交互感知的理念出发,分析了智能化设计在自然采光、自然通风智能化设计、电气系统、太阳能等方面的应用,最大程度地发挥技术优势,促进人、建筑、环境之间的协调发展。

建筑节能设计在工业建筑设计中的运用分析

对建筑工程项目节能设计的可行性进行分析,从水资源节约、土地资源节约、材料节约、保温节能、自然环境利用几方面对建筑节能设计在工业建筑设计中的运用表现进行阐述,并从总体布局设计和房区设计两方面对建筑节能设计在工业建筑设计中的运用途径进行分析探讨。

房建施工中绿色节能策略与BIM技术的综合应用研究

文章研究了房建施工中绿色节能策略与BIM技术的综合应用,从绿色施工模拟、施工过程管理、绿色节能措施、绿色施工评价等方面出发,分析了基于BIM技术的房屋建筑绿色施工管理要点,然后着重强调了装配式建筑中的BIM技术应用,在信息化、数字化技术的支持下,有利于实现精细化管理,更好地满足绿色节能施工需求。

基于智能监管的绿色施工技术应用

绿色施工技术不仅综合了节约人力资源,发展可再生资源,节约水力、电力及土地资源等节能措施,而且将保护环境作为施工生产过程中的核心要义,为智能化的环境友好型工地建设提供了良好基础。结合BIM和物联网技术为绿色施工技术中的智能化监管方法提供强技术化载体,从而更好地展现绿色施工技术在实际工地建设当中的应用效果。

建筑施工中绿色节能建筑施工技术的应用策略研究

以上海科技环保城项目施工为例,分析了该项目中应用的绿色节能建筑施工技术,并总结了其应用策略。研究结果表明,绿色节能建筑施工技术的应用可以有效降低建筑施工对环境的影响,提高建筑的节能性能,同时也可以为建筑施工企业带来经济效益。因此,建议在今后的建筑施工中,应更加广泛地应用绿色节能建筑施工技术,并制定相应的应用策略,以推动建筑施工行业的可持续发展。