Review of multi-objective optimization in long-term energy system models

Modeling and optimizing long-term energy systems can provide solutions to various energy and environmental policies involving public-interest issues.The conventional optimization of long-term energy system models focuses on a single economic goal.However,the increasingly complex demands of energy systems necessitate the comprehensive consideration of multiple dimensional objectives,such as environmental,social,and energy security.Therefore,a multi-objective optimization of long-term energy system models has been developed.Herein,studies pertaining to the multi-objective optimization of long-term energy system models are summarized;the optimization objectives of long-term energy system models are classified into economic,environmental,social,and energy security aspects;and the multi-objective optimization methods are classified and explained based on the preferential expression of decision makers.Finally,the key development direction of the multi-objective optimization of energy system models is discussed.

Evaluation of regional energy security in eastern coastal China based on the DPSIR model

The DPSIR assessment method, which implies the relationships among driving force （D）, pressure （P）, status （S）, impact （I）, and response （R）, is widely applied by scholars. This paper aims to establish a comprehensive assessment system for regional energy security in eastern coastal China based on the above model using different indicators. Factor analysis and the SPSS statistical analysis software were used to carry out scientific and quantitative assessments. The results indicated that con- tradictions of energy supply and demand as well as environmental pollution are the critical factors that present great challenges to regional energy security in this area. The authors argued that a sustainable, stable, and safe supply energy supply is crucial in solving the aforesaid dilemma, and improving the energy use efficiency is one of the best choices. Some countermeasures and suggestions regarding regional energy supply stability and utilization security were pointed out.

China’s Energy Security Strategy for Sustainable Development

In recent years, soaring energy consumption is posing a huge potential threat to China＇s energy security. China has rich coal resources, but most of the coal is mainly burned directly with low efficiency. Thus oil and gas plays a comparatively important role in national economic development. However domestic oil and gas cannot meet the need of economic development. To solve this problem, China would continue to import oil and gas from petroleum producing countries, especially from the Middle East. The dependence on oil import increases year after year and the sources of supply are concentrated in a few countries, which results in the insecurity of energy supply. Therefore, China should optimize its energy structure, improve energy efficiency, increase the geographic diversity of oil supply, build oil reserve bases, and develop new energies actively.

ISSUES ON CHINA′S ENERGY SECURITY

For many years, China has made great strides in constructing a sizeable and stable energy supply system rooted mainly in domestic coal supply. That system, however, is subject to immense strain as a result of rapid economic growth, rising living standard, widespread environmental degradation, limited oil reserves and uneven resources distribution. Industrialization and urbanization since the early 1980s have imposed structural constraints on its traditional coal-based energy supply model. Eventually, China became a net oil-importer in 1993 when ten million tons of crude oil and petroleum products from abroad fed into the local economies of the coastal areas. Such a change meant that energy security has become an increasingly sensitive issue to the central government of China. This paper argues that China could benefit from a more open energy supply by striking to a balance of both domestic and international sources, rather than the traditional mode emphasized on a highly self-sufficiency rate.

New Trends in International Energy Security in the Context of Profound Changes Unseen in a Century

Major changes such as the pandemic, games among great powers, and the Ukraine crisis alongside scientific and technological progress, economic transformation, social change, and cultural development have led to new features and trends in the international energy field. Historic fluctuations in international energy prices and adjustments in energy relations have taken place in the past two years. The energy system has fallen into disorder and discomfort;volatility in the energy market has triggered a strong domino effect, and major countries have taken unprecedented measures to address it. These changes have pushed international energy politics to a new development track. In a certain period of time in the future, the political and security aspects of energy will once again come to the fore. The long-term nature and complexity of the energy transition have become more obvious. In international energy politics, turbulence and uncertainty will be the new normal. A new binary opposition may emerge in the international energy landscape as well, with constant changes taking place in the connotation and extension of energy security. Academic and strategic circles should think deeply about how to dialectically discuss the relation between energy transition and the major changes of a scale unseen in a century, energy transition and energy security, and geopolitics and energy politics, among others, and consider the integration of development and security and the realization of common energy security as important principles for operating and developing energy strategies and promoting global energy governance.

Energy Security and Security Relationship

Energy policies and energy security are essential for all of the countries. ＂Energy supply security＂ is also important. Because developed countries do not have dominant energy sources adequately, energy security has in fact an undeniable importance. Today, fossil fuels are the dominant energy sources for almost all countries. Energy security is a vital concept that ranks in a lot of definition and stated with 4A （availability, acceptability, affordability, accessibility） impressions and also 6A （availability, acceptability, affordability, accessibility, appropriateness, adjustment） impressions including energy transit countries. Then it was arguing the threat risks of the energy security with four stages of growing up the events. Lastly, sub events in many varieties and different relations with them were given in details and prevent suggestions were proposed.

An Analysis of Influencers of Energy Security for SMEs in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana

Investments in the exploitation of the continent’s raw material reserves have resulted in little (positive) impact on the energy security situation within Africa. This paper attempts to explore factors influencing the level of energy security of Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana, and from the dimension of availability, affordability, economic efficiency and environmental stewardship or sustainability of energy. The cross-sectional survey design was employed as the design for the collection and analysis of data. The study applied a quantitative research method in examining the indicators of energy security for SMEs in Accra Metropolis in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. The population covered about 500 SMEs who have about 100 employees and total revenue of $1 million or the equivalence in Ghana Cedis. A sample of 246 was selected through a cluster and simple random sampling. The analysis adopted statistical techniques to conduct descriptive, exploratory and inferential analysis of the data collected. Factors that influence the level of energy security of SMEs are broadly categorized into the environment and economic change, political factors, physical disruptions and market conditions. Ge- nerally, the level of energy security under the availability dimension is medium among the SMEs. Issues of affordability, economic efficiency and environmental stewardship provide high medium interventions on energy security for SMEs. It is recommended that managers of Ghana’s energy sector should ensure prudent management of the country’s energy resources since the disruption of supply lines or sources form the key conditions that influence the energy security level of SMEs. SMEs should adopt energy efficiency measures to ensure that energy is conserved for future use.

Hydrocarbon reserves of the South China Sea:Implications for regional energy security

The countries such as China,Vietnam,Philippines,Malaysia,Indonesia and Brunei that border South China Sea region have immense stakes in exploring and exploiting the natural resources of the region including hydrocarbon.More than the hydrocarbon reserves,the South China Sea is home to World’s high-networth trade route that brings the interests of non-geographic entities to this region.Further,the purported reserves of hydrocarbon in the region are in the orders of Persian Gulf but are not yet properly explored and the reserves recovered owing to territorial and non-claimant stakeholder’s influences/interventions.This paper is a synopsis of information on the hydrocarbon reserves of the South China Sea region,and evaluates the territorial and extra-territorial interests in the light of energy security and equitable development and utilization of natural resources from a geological perspective.We also suggest several measures for future consideration and implementation.

A study of zoning for energy security in China

As a result of more and more serious energy risks, the study of national energy security zoning is not only the basic requirement of energy risk management but also the new demand of economic development for the energy industry. Firstly, this paper analyzes the basic situation of energy resources and production and consumption of primary. energy from 1996 to 2005 in China. Secondly; this paper founds an Energy Security Index System formed by six indices including the percentage of energy reserves, interlocal dependent degree, energy elasticity coefficient and so on. It subsequently calculates the weight of these indices with the factor analysis rating method Lastly, the paper evaluates and zones the abilities of energy security of 30 provinces in China with the grey chuster method According to their security; the 30 provinces are classified into three different levels： high, medium, and low levels. The regions at low energy security level include Beijing, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. They are mainly littoral and short of primary energy production while mostly dependent on other provinces. Those at medium energy security level include 15 provinces （cities or districts）, such as Liaoning, Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Hunan and so on. These provinces are in the northeast, north, east of and central China. Those at high energy security level contain Shanxi. lnner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Chongqing, Sichuan, Shaanxi. Xinjiang. These provinces are the main primary energy production bases.

Energy Security in the European Union

According to the European Commission, the three challenges that Europe must face related to energy are sustainability, security of supply and reaching an effective competitiveness in the internal energy market. To meet these three challenges, the Commission deems necessary to implement a common energy policy. To this end, it proposed an action plan based on the effective creation of an internal energy market, the solidarity between Member States and security of supply for oil, gas and electricity, Therefore energy security is one of the main concerns, and so one of the priorities, of the new European energy policy proposed by the Commission. This paper tries to show that even though energy has been on the basis of what we call today European Union, it has been extremely complicated to get a common energy policy. Bearing this in mind, energy security has been one of the main areas of consensus that has led EU to the mentioned Commission proposal, and we can see now the first steps of the so much wanted common energy policy.

Energy Security and Climate Change in the European Union,China and Latin American Relationships:Major Challenges and Areas of International Cooperation

The author discusses the subject in both ecological and political perspectives based on a most comprehensive,authoritative and updated bibliography.Hence,Latin America and the Caribbean(LAC) is as much diversified as there are sub-regions and regional organizations in geopolitical and geo-economical terms and often dialectic regarding energy security,climate change and LAC ties with Europeans and China and so is the tripartite relations with the rest of the world so far as energy security and climate cha...

Development Trend of Energy and Key Points of Ecological Environment Protection in China's "14^(th) Five-Year Plan" Period

From the changes of total primary energy consumption and primary energy consumption structure,installed capacity and power generation of secondary energy(electricity),etc.,the development characteristics of China's energy structure in the"13^(th) Five-Year Plan"period was comprehensively studied.Combined with the complexity of the international situation,the diversification of the domestic energy system,the intelligence of the energy industry,etc.,the situation and challenges faced by China's energy development were deeply discussed in the four aspects of energy security,energy low-carbon transformation,energy system efficiency,and energy technology level.From the angle of ecological environment protection,the development of energy in the"14^(th) Five-Year Plan"period in China was analyzed,and some policies and measures were put forward.

A new method of encryption wireless energy transmission for EV in the smart grid

Wireless charging has played a crucial role in electric vehicle charging market presently.As electric vehicles will be important nodes access to the smart grid in the future,the security flow of energy and information between wireless charging infrastructure and the smart grid will directly affect the security of the smart grid.A novel secure wireless transfer method for energy and information transfer simultaneously has been represented in this paper by designing a reasonable dual-band coil for simultaneous transmission of energy and information,using improved chaotic modulation and a three times handshake protocol for encrypting energy and information between wireless charging infrastructure and the smart grid.Both the simulation and experiments show that the security of energy transmission can be effectively improved by this structure,in the premise of ensuring the power and efficiency of wireless energy transmission.

＂Collapse＂ of Europe in the Light of Energy Dependence

The issue of the future of Europe is becoming increasingly important what with the depth of the economic crisis that started in 2008. In addition to a continuous growth in the number of the unemployed, the crisis particularly emphasizes the chronic level of energy dependence. The energy saving measures ~energy efficiency）, diversification of sources （stability of supply）, and the creation of substitutes in renewable energy （energy transition）, intertwine with administrative measures and form the response of European countries to the growing energy dependence. At the same time, although facing the threatening warming （or cooling） of the Earth, Europe, as a big advocate of reducing CO2 remains passively dependent on NATO （North Atlantic Treaty Organization） policy in the field of defense in the context of energy dependence. However, for the first time after many decades, Europe and America do not have the same energy, and consequently geo-strategic objective： The US has become energy independent while Europe is chronically energy dependent.

Evaluation of Natural Gas Supply Security in Turkey with Future Projection

Natural gas is one of the key energy resources for Turkey due to fact that 32% of annual primary energy supply and 45% of annual electricity production is obtained from natural gas with also common usage of residential and industrial zones. In this study, the supply security of natural gas was taken into consideration with strategic criteria of energy policy with the SWOT （strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats） analysis and the future projection for Turkey. It has been concluded on geopolitics criteria, domestic production and research for resources must be stimulated as high as possible and participation to abroad resources must be implemented.

不可食用生物柴油在船用柴油发动机中作为一种环保和可持续的替代燃料在印度发展的潜力

This article explores the possibilities of inedible biodiesel as a viable and environmentally friendly substitute fuel for marine diesel engines in India.This article encompasses on various crucial elements,including engine compatibility,biodiesel blends,fuel quality,emissions reduction,regulatory compliance,cost analysis,environmental advantages,and research and development.Implementing biodiesel in maritime operations within India presents favourable opportunities for mitigating carbon emissions,improving air quality,bolstering energy security,promoting sustainable agriculture,and harmonizing with international environmental objectives.Nevertheless,the effective incorporation of biodiesel necessitates a meticulous examination of multiple variables and an all-encompassing methodology that involves formulating policies,investment in infrastructure,research and development,and collaboration among relevant parties.Adopting biodiesel in India’s maritime sector offers a promising prospect for substantially contributing to sustainability and environmental stewardship.

Global oil and gas development in 2022:Situation,trends and enlightenment

Through analysis of four aspects,including the distribution and production of global oil and gas fields,the distribution and changes of remaining recoverable reserves,the differences in oil and gas production between regions/countries,and the development potential of oil and gas fields with production capacity not built and to be built,this paper presents the situation and trends of global oil and gas development in 2022.It is found that,in 2022,oil and gas fields are widely distributed worldwide,and upstream production activities continue to recover;the oil and gas reserves decrease slightly year on year,and the oil and gas reserves in sea areas increase significantly;the oil and gas production increases continuously,and the key resource countries make a significant contribution in oil and gas production growth;the oil and gas fields with production capacity not built and to be built hold abundant reserves,and their development potential will be gradually released with the economic benefits increase.Further analysis is conducted from the perspectives of global oil and gas resources continuity,geopolitical risks,potential of international cooperation,and upgrade of unconventional oil and gas technology.Finally,in view of core business domains and strategies under the new situation,the Chinese oil companies are recommended to:(1)keep a foothold in onshore conventional oil and gas development by virtue of their comparative advantages and learning from other’s experience in cooperation;(2)carry out pilot tests on development adjustment,and deepen the international cooperation in enhanced oil/gas recovery;(3)improve the oil and gas operation capabilities in sea areas to transform from follower as minority shareholder to joint venture and then to independent operations;and(4)seek appropriate ways for shale oil/gas development to reduce the dependence on foreign oil and gas.

Analysis of technology pathway of China's liquid fuel production with consideration of energy supply security and carbon price

Efforts to provide alternative resources and technologies for producing liquid fuel have recently been intensified.Different levels of dependence on oil imports and carbon prices have a significant impact on the composition of the cost-minimizing portfolio of technologies.Considering such factors,how should China plan its future liquid fuel industry?The model for supporting the technology portfolio and capacity configuration that minimizes the total system cost until 2045 is described in this study.The results obtained for different carbon prices and levels of dependence on oil import indicate that the oil-to-liquid fuel(OTL)will remain dominant in China's liquid fuel industry over the next three decades.If the carbon price is low,the coal-to-liquid fuel(CTL)process is competitive.For a high carbon price,the biomass-to-liquid fuel(BTL)technology expands more rapidly.The results also reveal that developing the BTL and CTL can effectively reduce the oil-import dependency;moreover,a high carbon price can lead to the CTL being replaced with the low-carbon technology(e.g.,BTL).Improvement in energy raw material conversion and application of CO_(2) removal technologies are also effective methods to control carbon emissions for achieving the carbon emission goals and ultimately emission reduction targets.

A Collaborative Approach for Secured Routing in Mobile Ad-Hoc Network

Mobile computing is the most powerful application for network com-munication and connectivity,given recent breakthroughs in thefield of wireless networks or Mobile Ad-hoc networks(MANETs).There are several obstacles that effective networks confront and the networks must be able to transport data from one system to another with adequate precision.For most applications,a frame-work must ensure that the retrieved data reflects the transmitted data.Before driv-ing to other nodes,if the frame between the two nodes is deformed in the data-link layer,it must be repaired.Most link-layer protocols immediately disregard the frame and enable the high-layer protocols to transmit it down.In other words,because of asset information must be secured from threats,information is a valu-able resource.In MANETs,some applications necessitate the use of a network method for detecting and blocking these assaults.Building a secure intrusion detection system in the network,which provides security to the nodes and route paths in the network,is a major difficulty in MANET.Attacks on the network can jeopardize security issues discovered by the intrusion detection system engine,which are then blocked by the network’s intrusion prevention engine.By bringing the Secure Intrusion Detection System(S-IDS)into the network,a new technique for implementing security goals and preventing attacks will be developed.The Secure Energy Routing(SER)protocol for MANETs is introduced in this study.The protocol addresses the issue of network security by detecting and preventing attacks in the network.The data transmission in the MANET is forwarded using Elliptical Curve Cryptography(ECC)with an objective to improve the level of security.Network Simulator–2 is used to simulate the network and experiments are compared with existing methods.