Applying an Ordinal Priority Approach Based Neutrosophic Fuzzy Axiomatic Design Approach to Develop Sustainable Geothermal Energy Source

Geothermal energy is considered a renewable,environmentally friendly,especially carbon-free,sustainable energy source that can solve the problem of climate change.In general,countries with geothermal energy resources are the ones going through the ring of fire.Therefore,not every country is lucky enough to own this resource.As a country with 117 active volcanoes and within the world’s ring of fire,it is a country whose geothermal resources are estimated to be about 40%of the world’s geothermal energy potential.However,the percentage used compared to the geothermal potential is too small.Therefore,this is the main energy source that Indonesia is aiming to exploit and use.However,the deployment and development of this energy source are still facing many obstacles due to many aspects from budget sources due to high capital costs,factory construction location,quality of resources,and conflicts of the local community.In this context,determining the optimal locations for geothermal energy sites(GES)is one of the most important and necessary issues.To strengthen the selection methods,this study applies a two-layer fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making method.Through the layers,the Ordinal Priority Approach(OPA)is proposed to weight the sub-criteria,the main criterion,and the sustainability factors.In layer 2,the Neutrosophic Fuzzy Axiomatic Design(NFAD)is applied to rank and evaluate potential locations for geothermal plant construction.Choosing the right geothermal energy site can bring low-cost efficiency,no greenhouse gas emissions,and quickly become the main energy source providing electricity for Indonesia.The final ranking shows Papua,Kawah Cibuni,and Moluccas as the three most suitable cities to build geothermal energy systems.Kawah Cibuni was identified as the most potential GES in Indonesia,with a score of 0.46.Papua is the second most promising GES with a score of 0.45.Next is the Moluccas,with a score of 0.39.However,the three least potential sites among the 15 studied sites are Lumut Balai,Moluccas and Patuha,with scores of 0.08,0.11 and 0.17,respectively.The conclusion of this study also classifies positions into groups to aid in decision-making.

Energy evolution mechanism and failure criteria of jointed surrounding rock under uniaxial compression

The object of this article is to investigate the energy evolution mechanism and failure criteria of cross-jointed samples containing an opening during deformation and failure based on the uniaxial compression test and rock energy principle.The results show that the energy evolution characteristics of the samples correspond to a typical progressive damage mode.The peak total energy,peak elastic energy,and total input energy of the samples all first decrease and then increase with an increase of half of the included angle,reaching their minimum values when this angle is 45°,while the dissipated energy generally increases with this angle.The existence of the opening and cross joints can obviously weaken the energy storage capacity of the rock,and the change in the included angle of the cross joint has a great influence on the elastic energy ratio of the sample before the peak stress,which leads to some differences in the distribution laws of the input energy.The continuous change and the subsequent sharp change in the rate of change in the energy consumption ratio can be used as the criteria of the crack initiation and propagation and the unstable failure of the sample,respectively.

Tropical Cyclones and Polar Lows: Velocity, Size, and Energy Scales, and Relation to the 26℃ Cyclone Origin Criteria

The goal of this paper is to quantitatively formulate some necessary conditions for the development of intense atmospheric vortices. Specifically, these criteria are discussed for tropical cyclones （TC） and polar lows （PL） by using bulk formulas for fluxes of momentum, sensible heating, and latent heating between the ocean and the atmosphere. The velocity scale is used in two forms： （1） as expressed through the buoyancy flux b and the Coriolis parameter Ic for rotating fluids convection, and （2） as expressed with the cube of velocity times the drag coefficient through the formula for total kinetic energy dissipation in the atmospheric boundary layer. In the quasistationary case the dissipation equals the generation of the energy. In both cases the velocity scale can be expressed through temperature and humidity differences between the ocean and the atmosphere in terms of the reduced gravity, and both forms produce quite comparable velocity scales. Using parameters b and Ic, we can form scales of the area and, by adding the mass of a unit air column, a scale of the total kinetic energy as well. These scales nicely explain the much smaller size of a PL, as compared to a TC, and the total kinetic energy of a TC is of the order 1018 - 1019 J. It will be shown that wind of 33 m s^-1 is produced when the total enthalpy fluxes between the ocean and the atmosphere are about 700 W m-2 for a TC and 1700 W m-2 for a PL, in association with the much larger role of the latent heat in the first case and the stricter geostrophic constraints and larger static stability in the second case. This replaces the mystical role of 26℃ as a criterion for TC origin. The buoyancy flux, a product of the reduced gravity and the wind speed, together with the atmospheric static stability, determines the rate of the penetrating convection. It is known from the observations that the formation time for a PL reaching an altitude of 5-6 km can be only a few hours, and a day, or even half a day, for a TC reaching 15-18 km. These two facts allow us to construct curves on the plane of Ts and ΔT = Ts - Ta to determine possibilities for forming an intense vortex. Here, Ta is the atmospheric temperature at the height z = 10 m. A PL should have AT 〉 20℃ in accordance with the observations and nmnerical simulations. The conditions for a TC are not so straightforward but our diagram shows that the temperature difference of a few degrees, or possibly even a fraction of a degree, might be sufficient for TC development for a range of static stabilities and development times.

Multiple Criteria Analysis for Energy Storage Selection

In view of the current and predictable energy shortage and environmental concerns, the exploitation of renewable energy sources offers great potential to meet increasing energy demands and to decrease depend- ence on fossil fuels. However, introducing these sources will be more attractive provided they operate in conjunction with energy storage systems (ESS). Furthermore, effective energy storage management is essential to achieve a balance between power quality, efficiency, costs and environmental constraints. This paper presents a method based on the analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy multi-rules and multi-sets. By exploiting a multiple criteria analysis, the proposed methods evaluate the operation of storage energy systems such as: pumped hydro and compressed air energy storage, H2, flywheel, super-capacitors and lithium-ion storage as well as NaS advanced batteries and VRB flow battery. The main objective of the study is to find the most appropriate ESS consistent with a power quality priority. Several parameters are used for the investigation: efficiency, load management, technical maturity, costs, environmental impact and power quality.

Education Training Improvement of Built Environment and Energy Application Engineering in Line with the ABET Criteria

Built Environment and Energy Application Engineering(BEEAE),namely Heating,Ventilating,Air Conditioning and Refrigerating(HVAC&R),is one of the international accreditation programs.Its knowledge system of professional theory and professional education in accredited engineering academic programs must meet the requirements of the relevant international engineering certification.In view of professional engineers and technicians training of BEEAE,the professional training programs and the knowledge system are compared and explored in line with the international certification criteria.This study compares the items and requirements of different international certification criteria,and summarizes the experienced methods of education training.The undergraduate education and training programs are then improved in accordance with the requirements from international certification criteria.The BEEAE education training schemes should combine the knowledge system of the national professional guidance standards with the items from international certification criteria.

Dual worth trade-off method and its application for solving multiple criteria decision making problems

To overcome the limitations of the traditional surrogate worth trade-off （SWT） method and solve the multiple criteria decision making problem more efficiently and interactively, a new method labeled dual worth tradeoff （DWT） method is proposed. The DWT method dynamically uses the duality theory related to the multiple criteria decision making problem and analytic hierarchy process technique to obtain the decision maker＇s solution preference information and finally find the satisfactory compromise solution of the decision maker. Through the interactive process between the analyst and the decision maker, trade-off information is solicited and treated properly, the representative subset of efficient solutions and the satisfactory solution to the problem are found. The implementation procedure for the DWT method is presented. The effectiveness and applicability of the DWT method are shown by a practical case study in the field of production scheduling.

Mapping Potential Wind Energy Zones in Suez Canal Region, Using Satellite Data and Spatial Multicriteria Decision Models

Spatial mapping of potential zones for wind energy is crucial for sustainable regional planning. The Suez Canal Region, Egypt, is currently a focus for national government and international investments for developing the logistic area. The Suez Governorate region is known of its high wind speed along the Gulf of Suez coast. This paper aims at estimating and mapping the potential zones for harnessing wind energy in such region. The method utilizes satellite data and spatial multi-criteria evaluation. Landsat 8 OLI satellite image was used to derive the land-use/land-cover map. Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital elevation model (DEM) was used in modeling the wind power density map using the region’s annual average wind speed data. Decision criteria including the climatic conditions, topography, infrastructure and land-cover maps were standardized, weighted and aggregated using weighted linear combination to identify the potential wind energy zones. The results reveal that the highest potential zones for wind energy reach a maximum value of 650 Watt/m2 and a mean of 310 watt/m2 and are located in the south-eastern part of the Suez Governorate Region along the Gulf of Suez. Findings indicate a high potential for harnessing wind energy in the region. The resultant maps can be used as guidelines for regional planning and zoning of renewable energy resources.

Selection of Renewable Energy Based on Life Cycle Assessment and Multi-Criteria Decision Making

The development of renewable energy has become an important issue nowadays owing to the growing concerns about global warming and shortage of fossil fuels. The present study proposes an approach that integrates life cycle assessment (LCA), 3E (Energy-Economics-Environment) indicators and multi-criteria analysis (MCA) to evaluate environmental impacts and find the best choice or better choices among various renewable energy development plans. Several alternatives of wind turbines and photovoltaic (PV) systems are considered in the case study since they are found to be more feasible in Taiwan in a preliminary study. By using the proposed approach, the result indicates that the major environmental impacts arising from the development of wind turbines and PV systems in Taiwan are the generation of respiratory inorganics and minerals as well as the consumption of fossil fuels. Based on experts’ opinions, the outcome of multi-criteria analysis suggests that wind turbines have more advantages than PV systems in Taiwan. In particular, among the studied systems, a 2500-kW offshore wind turbine system has the greatest integrated performance, and a 4500-kW onshore wind turbine system comes in second.

基于HRR场的疲劳裂纹扩展模型研究

针对实际工程中安全性与经济性的需求,基于Hutchinson-Rice-Rosengren(HRR)应力-应变场提出一种Ⅰ型疲劳裂纹扩展速率预测模型。采用HRR应力-应变场描述裂纹尖端区域的应力应变分布状态,在考虑循环载荷及应变能密度理论的前提下,定义一个裂纹尖端损伤区域;同时,为消除裂纹尖端的应力奇异值问题,建立考虑裂纹尖端钝化效应的钝化半径计算方法;结合RICE的塑性叠加法与塑性应变能失效准则,发展一种Ⅰ型疲劳裂纹扩展速率模型。利用所提LIUX(HRR)预测模型对9种金属材料裂纹扩展速率进行计算,与Pandey(HRR)与CHEN-CAI Rice-Kujawski-Ellyin(RKE)两种裂纹扩展预测模型计算结果进行对比分析。同时,基于R2拟合效果及疲劳裂纹扩展三阶段的不同需求,给出三种预测模型的预测结果,并从安全性、精确性及经济性三方面给出相应的评分。最终结果表明,LIUX(HRR)预测模型适用范围更广,拟合效果更佳,能够更好地满足实际工程中的经济性与安全性的需求。

计及多元不确定性的综合能源系统优化配置

综合能源系统的优化配置关键在于设备选型与数量配置,而能源负荷负荷和可再生能源出力预测误差以及故障发生的不确定性将直接影响配置方案的合理性以及经济性.为此,本文提出一种考虑源–网–荷多元不确定性的综合能源系统多目标–机会约束规划方法.考虑可再生能源出力与负荷需求预测误差引起的不确定性,本文构建了满足置信概率的能量供需平衡约束;针对供能网络中设备N-1故障引起的不确定性,提出调整裕度模型,进而构建了调整裕度与N-1设备能量缺额的机会约束.对于获得的帕累托解集,采用信息熵与逼近理想排序法构建多准则评价模型,以确定最优的系统配置.将本文方法应用于某区域综合能源系统的最优结构设计,实验结果表明,本文方法的有效性与可靠性.

考虑高平峰差异的城市轨道交通节能运行图优化研究

降低能耗是轨道交通绿色低碳、可持续发展的关键。基于“高峰快跑保运力、平峰慢跑降能耗”的思想,本文提出在高平峰时段设置差异化标尺的节能运行图优化方法。首先,根据区间运行时间与列车牵引能耗负相关关系,结合客运服务需求特征,以列车周转牵引能耗最小化为目标构建列车运行标尺优化模型;其次,针对差异化标尺导致的过渡时段列车服务不均匀问题,以列车到站间隔标准差最小化为目标构建列车运行线调整模型;最后,选取福州地铁1号线开展实证分析。结果表明:高平峰差异化标尺节能运行图能够在不改变运力供给、车底运用数量的前提下有效降低全日列车牵引能耗12.56%。所构建方法具有良好的应用价值和可操作性,能够为运营管理人员编制节能运行图提供方法支持。

基于断裂能的混凝土弹塑性损伤本构模型和尺寸效应研究

为研究混凝土断裂特性与尺寸效应,引入断裂能和等效应变表示混凝土的损伤演化规律,结合混凝土塑性变形特征,提出基于断裂能的混凝土弹塑性损伤本构模型,并建立相应的数值计算模型。为验证数值计算结果的合理性,引入改进的能量尺寸效应公式进行对比分析。通过对三点弯曲梁的有限元数值模拟和断裂参数敏感性分析发现,尺寸较小的梁失效时,断裂过程区未扩展至特征长度,限制了能量耗散,从而提高了梁的抗断裂能力,增强了梁的名义强度;随着尺寸增大,失效时的断裂过程区逐渐接近特征长度,梁的名义强度逐渐减小;当断裂过程区达到特征长度后,结构名义强度不再随梁尺寸的增大而减小。

Extension of Paraconsistent Many-Valued Similarity Method to Group Decision

The Paraconsistent Many-Valued Similarity (PMVS) method for multi-attribute decision making will be incomplete as a decision model if it is not extended to the realm of group decision-making. Therefore, in this article, our primary objective is to show how the paraconsistent many-valued similarity method can be used to solve group decision-making problems involving choice making or ranking of a finite set of decision alternatives. Moreover, since weights are very important parameters in multi-attribute decision-making, we have introduced the Borda rule to calculate the weights of experts and that of every criterion under consideration. To demonstrate how the proposed method works, a numerical example on energy sources of an economy from the points of view of a group of experts is investigated. Further, we compare the results of this new approach with that of fuzzy TOPSIS group decision-making method to illustrate the robustness and effectiveness of the former.

能量视角下电力系统暂态频率问题初探

随着电力电子设备比例不断升高,电力系统暂态频率问题日益凸显。针对当前暂态频率安全判定条件不明确、低惯量条件下保证暂态频率安全的控制方法不清晰的问题,该文对暂态频率问题进行梳理,明确暂态频率问题本质,从能量角度出发给出暂态频率安全判定条件,并初步探究了能量视角下的暂态频率控制方法。首先,对暂态频率问题的组成及各部分的历史、本质和主要约束进行溯源,讨论其演变过程;辨析了惯量和一次调频的能量源、响应形式,从能量角度剖析两者的关系及相互作用,给出能量视角的暂态频率安全临界条件;最后讨论了能量视角的惯量能量和调频能量,初步探究了一次调频能量最优调用策略,给出一种暂态频率控制思路。

循环荷载下深海能源含气土动力特性试验研究

以往对深海能源含气土的研究多以静荷载作用为主,且含气土的气泡尺寸多为不可控的离散小气泡。本研究提出一种能够控制含气量及气泡大小的制样方法,并对含有离散大气泡的深海能源含气土开展固结不排水循环加载动三轴试验,分析深海能源含气土在不同循环应力比(cyclic stress ratio, CSR)、有效围压、饱和度和黏土含量条件下的累积塑性应变、滞回曲线、动孔压和动强度发展规律。结果表明:累积塑性应变分为“稳定增长型”和“失稳破坏型”两类,累积塑性应变增长速率随着CSR增大、饱和度下降、围压增大和黏土含量增加而加快。含气土的滞回圈随振次增加、饱和度下降、围压增大及黏土含量增加,呈现出回弹模量降低、阻尼比增大的现象。含气土动孔压发展模式分为“缓慢增长型”和“孔压骤增型”,孔压增长速率随饱和度下降、CSR增大及黏土含量增加而加快,且在循环荷载作用下,动孔压均未达到有效应力水平,即在轴向应变达到5%前,试样未现液化破坏现象。动强度随饱和度降低而下降,且下降幅度随饱和度的降低,呈现出增大的趋势。

LEEDV4与《绿色建筑评价标准》的对比研究

针对我国现阶段绿色建筑的评价体系尚未完善的问题,对国际性绿色建筑评价标准LEED V4和我国的GB/T 50378—2019《绿色建筑评价标准》进行了比较分析,结果表明,GB/T 50378—2019《绿色建筑评价标准》注重均衡评价,而国际性绿色建筑评价标准LEED V4侧重能源指标,但是两种体系均体现了节能环保的理念。

锅炉炉内汽水爆炸冲击波及爆炸效应评价研究

为合理地估算锅炉汽水爆炸冲击波的能量及破坏效应,首先对锅炉汽水爆炸的理论进行研究,主要包括锅炉汽水爆炸的过程与能量、TNT当量法、TNO多能法以及爆炸破坏评价准则,接着就某高温高压循环流化床锅炉水冷壁爆管引发炉内汽水爆炸事故进行计算分析,经计算,汽水爆炸总能量为150822.1 kJ,其中饱和蒸汽爆破能量占饱和水的比例α为10.5%,不能按照一般处理进行忽略;在TNT当量法中,汽水爆炸冲击波的峰值超压Δpmax=0.204 MPa,依据超压准则评价其破坏效应时,得到近场超压偏大的结论;在TNO多能法中,汽水爆炸的DN值为4.036×10~7 Pa2·s,依据超压-冲量准则评价其破坏效应与实际情况相符。TNT当量法容易高估近场处的超压,因此在估算锅炉炉内汽水爆炸破坏效应时,优先选用TNO多能法结合超压-冲量准则的方法,其结果更为准确。该研究成果对锅炉炉内汽水爆炸事故的预防、认定、诊断分析提供了理论计算依据和数据支撑,对锅炉实际工程项目中安全风险的辨识和评估有着重要的意义,同时为运行中降低炉内发生汽水爆炸的风险给出了运行管理建议。

路基改良土循环加/卸载试验能量演化研究

通过循环加/卸载试验,分析公路路基改良土受载时的各能量参数转化规律。结果表明:不同围压下路基改良土的能量转化近似,都呈现峰前能量聚集,破坏能量耗散,峰后残余强度能量重新积聚,但效率和总量低于峰前;围压对峰前路基改良土能量参数影响较小,但少量提升了残余强度时能量聚集的作用;峰前能耗比K随轴向应变的增加而缓慢减小,当土体强度失效时,能耗比K产生突变;能耗比K突变点与应力-时间曲线拐点相对应,说明能耗比可以作为路基改良土三轴应力状态下循环加/卸载作用时的强度失效特征,也可以从能量的角度解释路基改良土的演化破坏规律。

考虑RSR法的交直流混联电网结构脆弱性研究

交直流混联电网能够在较大范围内均衡电力系统运行时的潮流,有利于提升新能源大规模接入电网的接入容量及接入范围,是现代电网发展的重要趋势。为分析交直流混联系统的结构脆弱性,避免电网大停电事故的发生,提出一种基于秩和比(RSR)法的电网结构脆弱性分析方法。首先,基于复杂网络结构特性建立脆弱性指标集,其次选用RSR法结合主、客观评价法得到节点脆弱性综合权重值,最后,为验证所提方法的有效性,以EPRI-36节点交直流混联系统为基础算例进行节点脆弱性分析,结果表明该方法具有可行性。

On Energy Efficient Design for Dynamic CoMP Transmission in K-Tier Heterogeneous Cellular Networks

Motivated by the objective of pursuing revenue, improvement in coverage and reduction in energy cost for wireless communication networks have been of great significance for mobile operators. Therefore, heterogeneous cellular networks(HCNs) and Coordinated Multipoint(Co MP) transmission are considered as promising solutions to enhance the performances of wireless communication systems. This paper analyzed the K-tier HCNs with a dynamic downlink Co MP scheme, in which the flexible clusters of cooperative stations are determined by a connecting threshold θ. Using stochastic geometry, the coverage probability(CP) and energy efficiency(EE) of a K-tier HCN operating under this scheme are derived, based on which the trade-off between CP and EE is discovered and discussed. Simulation results show the validity of our derivations. The proposed schememay significantly reduce energy consumption sacrificing a small amount of CP, and outperforms the fixed scheme as well. The CP-EE trade-off are also revealed, whichsuggests suitable trade-off points between CP and EE that will deliver the maximum economic profitability. Tendencies discovered in this paper may provide the operators with opportunities for further optimization in pursuit of economic profitability.