Unfolding analysis of LaBr3:Ce gamma spectrum with a detector response matrix constructing algorithm based on energy resolution calibration

With respect to the gamma spectrum, the energy resolution improves with increase in energy. The counts of full energy peak change with energy, and this approximately complies with the Gaussian distribution. This study mainly examines a method to deconvolve the LaBr_3:Ce gamma spectrum with a detector response matrix constructing algorithm based on energy resolution calibration.In the algorithm, the full width at half maximum(FWHM)of full energy peak was calculated by the cubic spline interpolation algorithm and calibrated by a square root of a quadratic function that changes with the energy. Additionally, the detector response matrix was constructed to deconvolve the gamma spectrum. Furthermore, an improved SNIP algorithm was proposed to eliminate the background. In the experiment, several independent peaks of ^(152)Eu,^(137)Cs, and ^(60)Co sources were detected by a LaBr_3:Ce scintillator that were selected to calibrate the energy resolution. The Boosted Gold algorithm was applied to deconvolve the gamma spectrum. The results showed that the peak position difference between the experiment and the deconvolution was within ± 2 channels and the relative error of peak area was approximately within 0.96–6.74%. Finally, a ^(133) Ba spectrum was deconvolved to verify the efficiency and accuracy of the algorithm in unfolding the overlapped peaks.

Simulation study of energy resolution with changing pixel size for radon monitor based on Topmetal-Ⅱ^- TPC

In this paper, we study how pixel size influences energy resolution for a proposed pixelated detector—a high sensitivity, low cost, and real-time radon monitor based on a Topmetal-Ⅱ^- time projection chamber(TPC). This monitor was designed to improve spatial resolution for detecting radon alpha particles using Topmetal-Ⅱ^- sensors assembled by a 0.35 lm CMOS integrated circuit process.Owing to concerns that small pixel size might have the side effect of worsening energy resolution due to lower signalto-noise ratio, a Geant4-based simulation was used to investigate the dependence of energy resolution on pixel sizes ranging from 60 to 600 lm. A non-monotonic trend in this region shows the combined effect of pixel size and threshold on pixels, analyzed by introducing an empirical expression. Pixel noise contributes 50 keV full-width at half-maximum energy resolution for 400 lm pixel size at 1–4σ threshold that is comparable to the energy resolution caused by energy fluctuations in the TPC ionization process( ~20 keV). The total energy resolution after combining both factors is estimated to be 54 keV for a pixel size of 400 lm at 1–4σ threshold. The analysis presented in this paper would help choosing suitable pixel size for future pixelated detectors.

Areal density and spatial resolution of high energy electron radiography

Ultrafast imaging tools are of great importance for determining the dynamic density distribution in high energy density(HED)matter.In this work,we designed a high energy electron radiography(HEER)system based on a linear electron accelerator to evaluate its capability for imaging HED matter.40 MeV electron beams were used to image an aluminum target to study the density resolution and spatial resolution of HEER.The results demonstrate a spatial resolution of tens of micrometers.The interaction of the beams with the target and the beam transport of the transmitted electrons are further simulated with EGS5 and PARMELA codes,with the results showing good agreement with the experimental resolution.Furthermore,the experiment can be improved by adding an aperture at the Fourier plane.

Potential Impact of COP28 Resolution on Taiwan

After two weeks of discussions and consultations at the 28 th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(COP28),states parties finally reached a series of important sustainable development resolutions and voluntary initiatives.In this paper,the possible impact of these resolutions on Taiwan was mainly discussed,and the relevant regulations and policies that the Taiwan government may enact were analyzed.

Improvement on Gamma Energy Resolution of Plastic Scintillator by Adding PMMA Light Guider or Chamfer

Traditional plastic scintillator has respectively low gamma energy resolution.Space radiation detection need the plastic scintillator to keep a relatively better energy resolution for gamma.Thus we did experiments to study how to get it enhanced by adding light guider and chamfer.A 9000 Bq radioactive source 60 Co has been utilized to make the experiment and results came that when keeping other conditions same,the height of poly methyl methacrylate(PMMA)light guider changes from 12 mm to 40 mm and the energy resolutions varied from 72.3%to63.5% respectively.Furthermore,another contrast experiment was made to decide whether plastic scintillator with light guiders or integrated chamfer can get better energy resolution.In conclusion the plastic scintillator with integrated chamfer got 55.0%.Through the study of adding light guider or chamfer to plastic scintillator,the gamma energy resolution has been improved greatly from 72.3%to 55.0%.

Improvement of energy resolution of x-ray transition-edge sensor using K-means algorithm and Wiener filter

We develop an x-ray Ti/Au transition-edge sensor(TES)with an Au absorber deposited on the center of TES and improved its energy resolution using the K-means clustering algorithm in combination with Wiener filter.We firstly extract the main parameters of each recorded pulse trace,which are adopted to classify these traces into several clusters in the K-means clustering algorithm.Then real traces are selected for energy resolution analysis.Following the baseline correction,the Wiener filter is used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio.Although the silicon underneath the TES has not been etched to reduce the thermal conductance,the energy resolution of the developed x-ray TES is improved from 94 eV to 44 eV at 5.9 keV.

HIGH-RESOLUTION NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF WIND ENERGY RESOURCE IN HAINAN PROVINCE AND ITS OFFSHORE WATERS

With high resolution （1 kin）, the distribution of wind energy resources in Hainan province and over its offshore waters is numerically simulated by using the Wind Energy Simulation Toolkit （WEST） model developed by Meteorological Research Branch of Environment Canada. Compared with observations from eight coastal anemometric towers and 18 existing stations in the province, the simulations show good reproduction of the real distribution of wind resources in Hainan and over its offshore waters, with the relative error of annual mean wind speed being no more than 9% at the 70-m level. Moreover, based on the simulated results of WEST grids that are closest to where the eight wind towers are located, the annual mean wind speeds are further estimated by using the Danish software Wasp （Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Program）. The estimated results are then compared with the observations from the towers. It shows that the relative error is also less than 9%. Therefore, WEST and WEST＋WAsP will be useful tools for the assessment of wind energy resources in high resolution and selection of wind farm sites in Hainan province and over its offshore waters.

Analysis and optimization of energy resolution of neutron-TPC

Neutron-TPC(n TPC)is a fast neutron spectrometer based on GEM-TPC(Gas Electron Multiplier-Time Projection Chamber)and expected to be used in nuclear physics,nuclear reactor operation monitoring,and thermonuclear fusion plasma diagnostics.By measuring the recoiled proton energy and slopes of the proton tracks,the incident neutron energy can be deduced.It has higher n/γseparation ability and higher detection efficiency than conventional neutron spectrometers.In this paper,neutron energy resolution of n TPC is studied using the analytical method.It is found that the neutron energy resolution is determined by 1)the proton energy resolution(σEp/Ep),and 2)standard deviation of slopes of the proton tracks caused by multiple Coulomb scattering(σk(scattering))and by the track fitting accuracy(σk(fit)).Suggestions are made for optimizing energy resolution of n TPC.Proper choices of the cut parameters of reconstructed proton scattering angles(θcut),the number of fitting track points(N),and the working gas help to improve the neutron energy resolution.

A High Resolution Ionization Chamber Detector

An IC+PSSD telescope for the identification of heavy ion reaction products atlow energies is developed,The performence of the IC detector is tested with α-particlesfrom the 241Am source.The measured energy resolution is limited by the energy lossstraggling in the gas and is close to optimum value of this kind of detectors.

Measurement of the high energyγ-rays from heavy ion reactions usingČerenkov detector

The energetic bremsstrahlung photons up to 100 MeV produced in heavy ion collisions can be used as a sensitive probe for short-range correlation in atomic nuclei. The energy of the γ-rays can be measured by collecting the Čerenkov light in the medium induced by the fast electrons generated in the Compton scattering or electromagnetic shower of the incident γray. Two types of detectors based on pure water and lead glass as sensitive materials were designed for this purpose. The γresponse and optical photon propagation in the detectors were simulated based on electromagnetic and optical processes in Geant4. The inherent energy resolutions of 0.022(4) + 0.51(2)∕E^(1/2)_(γ) for water and 0.0026(3) + 0.446(3)∕E^(1/2)_(γ) for lead glass were obtained. The geometry sizes of the lead glass and water were optimized to 30 cm × 30 cm × 30 cm and 60 cm × 60 cm ×120 cm, respectively, to detect high-energy γ-rays at 160 MeV. The Hough transform method was applied to reconstruct the direction of the incident γ-rays, providing the ability to experimentally distinguish the high-energy γ-rays produced in the reactions on the target from random background cosmic-ray muons.

High Energy Efficiency Dynamic Connected Hybrid Precoding for mm Wave Massive MIMO Systems

This paper considers a high energy efficiency dynamic connected(HEDC)structure,which promotes the practicability and reduces the power consumption of hybrid precoding system by lowresolution phase shifters(PSs).Based on the proposed structure,a new hybrid precoding algorithm is presented to optimize the energy efficiency,namely,HP-HEDC algorithm.Firstly,via a new defined effective optimal precoding matrix,the problem of optimizing the analog switch precoding matrix is formulated as a sparse representation problem.Thus,the optimal analog switch precoding matrix can be readily obtained by the branch-and-bound method.Then,the digital precoding matrix optimization problem is modeled as a dictionary update problem and solved by the method of optimal direction(MOD).Finally,the diagonal entries of the analog PS precoding matrix are optimized by exhaustive search independently since PS and antenna is one-to-one.Simulation results show that the HEDC structure enjoys low power consumption and satisfactory spectral efficiency.The proposed algorithm presents at least 50%energy efficiency improvement compared with other algorithms when the PS resolution is set as 3-bit.

Study on the performance of a large-size CsI detector for high energy γ-rays

The measurement of high-energy γ-rays is an important experimental method to study the giant resonance in a nucleus, c reaction in nuclear astrophysics, and so on. The performance of a large-size Cs I detector for crays detection is studied by comparison between the experimental measurements and GEANT4 simulation. The reliability of the simulated efficiency for low-energy γ-rays is verified by comparing with the experimental data. The efficiency of the Cs I detector for high-energy γ-rays was obtained by the GEANT4 simulation. The simulation shows that the detection efficiency of 20 Me V γ-rays can reach 3.8%.

Evapotranspiration Estimation Based on MODIS Products and Surface Energy Balance Algorithms for Land(SEBAL) Model in Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China

In this study,the Surface Energy Balance Algorithms for Land(SEBAL) model and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) products from Terra satellite were combined with meteorological data to estimate evapotranspiration(ET) over the Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China.Land cover/land use was classified by using a recursive partitioning and regression tree with MODIS Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) time series data,which were reconstructed based on the Savitzky-Golay filtering approach.The MODIS product Quality Assessment Science Data Sets(QA-SDS) was analyzed and all scenes with valid data covering more than 75% of the Sanjiang Plain were selected for the SEBAL modeling.This provided 12 overpasses during 184-day growing season from May 1st to October 31st,2006.Daily ET estimated by the SEBAL model was misestimaed at the range of-11.29% to 27.57% compared with that measured by Eddy Covariance system(10.52% on average).The validation results show that seasonal ET from the SEBAL model is comparable to that from ground observation within 8.86% of deviation.Our results reveal that the time series daily ET of different land cover/use increases from vegetation on-going until June or July and then decreases as vegetation senesced.Seasonal ET is lower in dry farmland(average(Ave):491 mm) and paddy field(Ave:522 mm) and increases in wetlands to more than 586 mm.As expected,higher seasonal ET values are observed for the Xingkai Lake in the southeastern part of the Sanjiang Plain(Ave:823 mm),broadleaf forest(Ave:666 mm) and mixed wood(Ave:622 mm) in the southern/western Sanjiang Plain.The ET estimation with SEBAL using MODIS products can provide decision support for operational water management issues.

一款紧凑型磁谱仪的特性参数分析与实验刻度研究

超短脉冲激光与靶相互作用可产生高能电子以及质子、离子、X/γ射线等次级粒子和射线,这些粒子和射线在惯性约束聚变、激光核物理、实验室天体物理、生物、医学以及材料科学等领域具有广泛的应用前景。高能电子的特征参数测量对理清激光等离子体相互作用过程、优化粒子参数和拓展其应用具有重要意义。本文研究设计了一款紧凑型矩形结构磁谱仪,在永磁铁均匀场中采用前、侧、后三面IP板布局,满足了几十keV到10 MeV的电子能谱测量需求,并对磁谱仪的特征参数如能量色散、能量色散梯度、能量分辨率、斜入射效应等进行详细分析。基于北京大学DC-SRF-Ⅱ射频超导光阴极电子枪开展了磁谱仪能量刻度实验,在真空条件下实验测量了0.7~1.8 MeV区间内多个能量的电子能谱,结果显示,磁谱仪的能量测量与监测系统结果基本符合。电子能谱的能量分辨率主要决定于磁谱仪自身分辨能力,为提高能量分辨率,需通过准直系统进一步减小入射孔径和电子发散角。

双色散-双聚焦X射线光谱仪研制与特性研究

X射线发射谱技术(XES)是一种原位无损获得元素化学形态的技术方法,目前国内外实验室型X射线发射谱测定装置的研制尚处于探索阶段。能量色散X射线荧光(EDXRF)光谱仪和波长色散X射线荧光(WDXRF)光谱仪在地质、环境、考古等多学科领域得到广泛应用,然而,EDXRF虽结构简单,可实现多元素快速无损检测,但分辨率不理想、谱线干扰严重,检出限较差;WDXRF虽可分辨常规应用中多数具有谱线重叠特性的元素,但结构复杂成本高。为探索实验室型XES装置研制,该研究综合了能量色散X射线荧光和波长色散X射线荧光的性能优势,提出了一种波长-能量双色散、激发-发射双聚焦X射线光谱仪(DDF-XRS)设计理念,并成功研制了原理样机。实验数据和分析结果显示,该DDF-XRS型光谱仪兼具聚焦X射线和波长与能量色散光谱仪的优点,结构简单,信噪比好,具有高分辨率和低检出限特性。通过波长-能量双色散技术,X射线首先被晶体衍射发生波长色散,从而获得单色光,同时利用硅漂移探测器的能量色散特性,降低谱线干扰误判风险,提高分析结果准确,该技术克服了WDXRF结构复杂和EDXRF能量分辨率不足的限制,凸显了双色散的必要性和优越性。目前DDF-XRS光谱仪分辨率45 eV,可减少过渡金属K_(β)对K_(α)峰的谱线重叠影响;同时,显著降低了连续谱背景,最优信噪比>1000;测定地质样品中的Cr,检出限可达0.26 mg·kg^(-1)。应用DDF-XRS,一定程度上已可分辨过渡金属K_(α1)和K_(α2)谱线,如结合线性或二维阵列探测器,则有望进一步提高分辨率,实现X射线发射指纹谱的测定,以获得分析元素的化学形态。由于目前的晶体特性尚不能达到完全分辨过渡金属的重叠谱线的性能要求,故探寻具有高分率能力、高衍射强度特性的弯晶,将成为下一步的研究重点。

基于脉冲分离的数字高斯合成成形堆积校正方法

为解决基于时间比较堆积识别方法无法处理多个脉冲峰堆积的问题,提出一种基于脉冲分离的堆积校正方法。在核脉冲信号数字高斯成形处理系统中,采用快慢双通道成形,分别构建二维、三维线性方程组,推导不同脉冲堆积情况下的幅度校正函数。结果表明,脉冲分离堆积校正方法可有效实现多个峰堆积情况下的堆积识别与脉冲幅度校正,保留更多的核脉冲信号。对LaBr_(3)探测器的模拟测试,当输入计数率达到6.125×10^(5)/s,脉冲分离堆积校正法使能量分辨率从12.31%提高到3.73%,峰位计数由1104提高至3424,该方法可进一步应用于数字核能谱测量系统中脉冲堆积识别与幅度校正。

B超、双能CT、细针穿刺在甲状腺乳头状癌术前评估淋巴结转移中的优化选择

目的探寻高分辨率超声检查(B超)、双能计算机断层扫描(DECT)以及细针穿刺抽吸活检(FNAB)在甲状腺癌患者术前淋巴结转移(LNM)诊断时的最佳选择。方法回顾性分析了1174例在南京医科大学第一附属医院行手术治疗的甲状腺乳头状癌患者的资料,术前所有患者均行B超和DECT检查,其中167例患者加做侧区淋巴结FNAB和细针穿刺抽吸物洗脱液甲状腺球蛋白测定(FNA-TG)以评估LNM情况,手术后的常规病理结果作为诊断“金标准”,分析不同情况下甲状腺乳头状癌(PTC)LNM评估方法的最优选择。结果DECT对于中央区淋巴结转移(CLNM)和侧区PTC淋巴结转移(LLNM)预测的灵敏度较B超有显著提高(55.4%vs.44.8%,P<0.001)(90.9%vs.71.6%,P<0.001),B超在LLNM预测的特异性较DECT有优势(72.7%vs.42.7%,P<0.001);B超、DECT联合诊断对CLNM和LLNM的阳性预测准确率较高(91.6%,94.8%),当联合诊断结果不一致时其阳性预测值明显下降(74.3%,63.1%)。此时,增加可疑淋巴结FNAB及FNA-TG检测后其准确率增加至87.9%。结论B超、DECT联合评估是必要的;联合诊断均有转移时,不需要进行额外检查,联合诊断结果不一致时,需要进一步进行淋巴结的FNAB和FNA-TG检测以避免不必要的侧区清扫。

心脏数字化单光子发射型电子计算机断层扫描设备质量控制研究

目的:研究心脏数字化单光子发射型电子计算机断层扫描(SPECT)设备质量控制方法,为制定数字化SPECT设备质量控制标准提供参考。方法:依据美国电器制造商协会《伽玛照相机性能测试》(NEMA NU1-2018)和心脏数字化SPECT设备相关厂家执行的设备日常质量保证的测试方法,采用一种通用质量控制方法,适用于使用半导体碲锌镉(CZT)材料且扫描时探头多角度转动的心脏数字化SPECT设备的质量控制。检测内容包括设备系统能量分辨率、系统均匀性、系统扫描灵敏度、带散射的断层空间分辨力和系统最大计数率5个检测项目。结果:检测结果与厂家要求相比较,系统能量分辨率、系统均匀性、系统扫描灵敏度、带散射的断层空间分辨力和系统最大计数率等5个项目的第1次检测结果分别为5.8%、8%、67811计数/(min·MBq)、4.91 mm和1.8×10^(6)s^(-1),第2次检测结果分别为5.6%、6%、68297计数/(min·MBq)、4.96mm和1.8×10^(6)s^(-1),均符合厂家指标的要求。结论:采用的质量控制方法能够科学并客观评价此类设备的运行状态,可为制定数字化SPECT设备质量控制标准提供数据支持。

高分辨率阻滞势分析仪设计与验证

为提高电推进羽流离子能量分布测量分辨率,设计研制了结构尺寸为Φ19 mm×24 mm的4栅型阻滞势分析仪(RPA)。设计关键参数为栅网网孔直径为0.3 mm,网孔心距为0.5 mm,电子排斥栅和离子阻滞势栅间距2 mm,能量分辨率为9.8%。RPA在LIPS-200离子电推进羽流区验证的结果表明:离子能量分布在955~1 047 eV,离子能量平均值为1 001.0 eV,ΔE_(FWHM)为36.1 eV,能量分辨率为3.6%。在LHT-40霍尔电推进羽流区验证结果表明:离子能量分布在220~279 eV,离子能量平均值为249.6 eV,ΔE_(FWHM)为23.4 eV,能量分辨率为9.4%。该RPA离子能量分辨率指标优于国内外同类产品,具有更小的测量不确定度。

卷积型类高斯成形滤波算法研究及应用

高斯信号具有对称性和完备性,因此高斯滤波方法在核信号处理以及辐射能谱分析时得到大量使用。目前构造实时处理核脉冲信号的真高斯成形滤波器尚有难度,实际常用数字类高斯成形算法主要是基于模拟核电子学中Sallen-Key滤波器和CR-(RC)~n滤波器的电路微分方程推导而得到,其输出的类高斯脉冲信号对称性较差、单级使用时存在下冲等问题。本文提出一种卷积型类高斯成形滤波算法,它以梯形脉冲信号为基础,经过第一次卷积实现双极性脉冲成形,再次卷积进行累加求和从而得到左右对称的类高斯脉冲,利用Z变换方法推导出该算法的数字递推公式。通过仿真模拟研究了算法的有效性和成形参数对幅频特性的影响规律,成形参数n_a和n_c取值增大时,滤波器通频带减小,低频成分幅度相对增加,高频噪声抑制作用增强,但也导致成形脉冲变宽,增加了脉冲堆积概率。最后,利用搭建的X射线荧光测量系统实验平台获取实测核脉冲数据,分别应用类高斯成形算法和梯形成形算法进行离线处理,实验结果表明:该类高斯成形算法具有更好的堆积脉冲分离能力,在相同的X光管管压和管流条件下,设置相同的达峰时间,两者所得能谱的能量分辨率基本相当,但是类高斯成形的能谱具有更高的特征峰面积和总计数。