Energy-saving Planning and Design of Urban Residential Buildings in Hanzhong Area

Energy-saving design of residential building is an important part of energy-saving architectural design. Planning and design of residential buildings in Hanzhong area should pay more attention to the building orientation, sunshine, summer ventilation and wind resistance in winter and so on, so as to create favorable conditions for energy-saving design of single buildings. The geographical location, climatic characteristics, residents living habits and indoor and outdoor thermal environment situation were analyzed in this paper, and combined with the existing problems of energy conservation in the planning and layout of residential buildings in Hanzhong area. Based on the investigation, this paper drew some conclusions to provide references for the energy-saving planning and design of urban residential buildings in the local area.

Survey-Based Analysis of Water Consumption Law in High-Rise Public Buildings and Water-Saving Performance of Pressure-Reducing Measures

Facing the contradiction of water scarcity and water wastage in most cities of China, this study aims at probing into the factors influencing water-use efficiency and assessing water-saving potential by adopting pressure control measures based on field survey conducted in 23 high-rise buildings in Suqian, China and laboratory tests. Results showed that per capita water consumption (PCWC) exceeding water consumption norms is common in these buildings. The hourly water consumption variation law is quite different among different types of buildings. These differences should be considered in designing building water supply systems to lower water and energy consumption. On the basis of correlation analysis, the order of factors influencing the PCWC follows average tap water pressure, percapita building area, and building age, suggesting pressure management in high-rise buildings is a key water-saving measure. Field tests of outflow characteristics under different water pressures indicated that over-pressure outflow (OPO) is a common cause of water wastage in buildings, however, no branch pipe pressure control measures were found in all the surveyed buildings. Laboratory tests showed that branch pipe pressure-reducing measures can lower water consumption and improve the comfortability of use as well. Therefore, in addition to applying high efficiency water-saving devices, we strongly recommend that branch pipe pressure-reducing measures should be strictly implemented in designing new building water supply systems and reconstruction of existing old building water supply systems, thereby, promoting water, energy saving and development of green building.

Faults and Claims about Thermal Environments in Relation to Energy Saving Measures in Smaller Office Buildings

Building equipment, energy-saving systems, and claims of inappropriate indoor thermal environments were analyzed in relation to the floor area using responses to a questionnaire survey of service managers of 157 buildings built in Osaka, Kyoto and Hyogo prefectures in Kinki area of Japan. Results show the following： （1） In smaller buildings （〈 5,000 m2）, setting temperatures are higher in summer and lower in winter, effects of ＂uncomfortable radiation from windows＂ are greater, energy-saving systems decrease indoor thermal comfort, but claims of ＂hot＂ and ＂cold＂ are fewer; （2） Claims of ＂hot＂ and ＂cold＂ are unrelated to the setting temperature and whether the air-conditioning control system is central or local; （3） The adoption rates of mitigation of dress codes （＂COOL-BIZ＂ and ＂WARM-BIZ＂） are higher than those of temperature mitigation of air conditioning.

Investment risk evaluation of existing building energy-saving renovation project for ESCO

The investment risk management of the existing building energy-saving renovation project for ESCO cannot be separated from the scientific risk measurement and evaluation. The investment risk assessment is the basis of investment decision and project implementation. Based on the content analysis and balance of evaluation principle of investment risk evaluation on the existing building energy-saving renovation project, we set up three levels of existing building energy-saving renovation project investment risk evaluation index system, use fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to evaluate the quantitative process, get the scientific assessment of the investment risk of existing building energy-saving renovation project, and support the investment risk response strategy and control measures of existing building energy-saving renovation project for ESCO.

Construction practice of market system for energy saving renovation of existing buildings

The energy-saving reconstruction market of existing buildings is a complex system.It includes three subsystems:service market,capital market and technology market.The service market takes the relationship between energy service companies and owners as the core to establish service associated relationships.The capital market is based on the mechanism of"investment guarantees and risk sharing"to form structures of the capital market.The technology market relies on the"industry-university-research"mode to build technology supporting platforms.Being interdependent and mutually restricted,the three subsystems form the complete system of existing buildings in energy-saving reconstruction.

Energy-saving potential analysis for teaching building with intermittent heating system in university of Tianjin

An energy consumption analysis based on the heating characteristic of a building with central heat exchanger in a university of Tianjin was done,and the feasibility of intermittent heating with variable speed pumps was discussed. By comparing various methods of energy consumption analysis,a modified Bin method based on the weather data in Tianjin was adopted. The heat consumption of the buildings under intermittent heating mode was calculated and compared with continuous heating mode,the result shows that intermittent heating can reduce energy consumption for 1 941 759 kW·h,save standard coal for 341 t,and reduce pump power consumption for 72 679 kW·h annually. Intermittent operation by means of varying the pump frequency not only leads to savings in fuel consumption and reduction in pollutant emissions,but also reduces operating costs significantly and it is an ideal energy-saving method. By analyzing the results,the recommendations of heating operation regulation and the transformation of pipe network were proposed separately to different kinds of buildings in colleges,such as laboratory building,teaching building.

Existing building energy-saving reconstruction market in China: Characteristics and prospect

The development of existing building energy saving reconstruction market depends on the interaction among service market, capital market and technology market. Analysis of the characteristics of both building energy-saving service market, capital market and technology market, and analysis on the role of existing building energy saving reconstruction market development in energy conservation and emission reduction development strategy, energy-saving transformation policy implementation and promotion of other industries landing, will be conducive to energy-saving renovation of existing buildings market cultivation and development.

International government regulatory experience of building energy-saving: A survey

Government regulation on building energy saving starts earlier in America, Holland, Japan and other developed countries, and has accumulated wealthy experience which is worth reference for China. According to practical work of building energy efficiency in China, the government regulation should to be divided into two stages: recent advance and forward continued promotion of industry. In short term, we should cultivate and improve energy efficiency market as the main task by means of enhancing awareness of energy conservation, accelerating heating system reform, implementing effective encouraging policy and setting up building energy efficiency sign system and etc. While in long term, we should put emphasis on upgrading and development of building energy efficiency industry by ways of improving standard and norm system, constructing technological guarantee system and forming socialized cooperation system and etc.

Analysis and Modeling of the Central Air-Conditioning System in Intelligent Buildings

The central air conditioning system in an intelligent building (IB) was analyzed and modeled in order to perform the optimization scheduling strategy of the central air conditioning system. A set of models proposed and a type of periodically autoregressive model (PAR) based on the improved genetic algorithms (IGA) were used to perform the optimum energy saving scheduling. The example of the Liangmahe Plaza was taken to show the effectiveness of the methods.

Optimum Energy Management of the Central Air-Conditioning System in Intelligent Buildings

An optimum energy saving scheduling strategy of the central air conditioning system in an intelligent building (IB) was proposed. Based on the system analysis a set of models of the central air conditioning system was established. The periodically autoregressive models (PARM) based on genetic algorithms (GA) were used to predict the next day’s cold load. The improved genetic algorithms (IGA) with stochastic real number coding were used to finish the optimum energy saving scheduling of the system. The simulation results for the building of the Liangmahe Plaza show that the proposed strategy can save energy up to about 24 5%.

Energy-saving Architectural Designs for Relocation Residential Districts in North Jiangsu Province of China

By investigating present relocation residential districts for peasants whose houses are removed for the unified planning of rural areas in north Jiangsu Province, as well as residents' feelings about the environment of residential district, main architectural structures and energy consumption conditions, the indoor thermal environment, use of main heating and cooling facilities, residents' satisfaction on the acoustical and luminous environment, major space-enclosing structures and calculation of energy-saving designs are analyzed, and suggestions are given for the architectural design of relocation residential districts in the study area. It is stressed that the relationship between energy conservation and architectural layout, orientation, lighting, ventilation, selection of enclosing-structure materials, facade, color and style should be properly handled in the planning, and the focus is to control building orientation and shape coefficient, on the basis of which energy-saving designs of windows, exterior walls and roofs can be done. Energy consumption of present residential buildings is calculated and analyzed to bring forth new ideas to the energy-saving designs for relocation residential districts in north Jiangsu Province, and establish an architectural energy-saving system suitable for climatic and natural conditions of north Jiangsu to instruct the energy-saving designs of relocation residential districts in the study area.

Analyses of influence of residential buildings' space organization on heating energy consumption in Lhasa

The heating load simulation models of the residential buildings in Lhasa are established for enhancing the space organization’s adaptability to climate and radiation and improving its energy saving performance.The space organization items a e analyzed for both the existing buildings without insulation and new buildings with good insulation.The items include orientation design,south a d north balcony design,the north and south partition wall’s position design,storey height design and window-wall ratio design.Simulation results show that orientation is the key design element for energy saving design,and adverse orientation can obviouslyincrease heating energy consumption;south and north balconies can reduce winter heating energy consumption;partition walls move to the north,which means that the south room’s big depth design leads to less heating energy consumption,but the effect is not inconspicuous;smaier storey height results in less heating load.For the existing buildings,the window-wall ratio of south side has a balance point for energy saving design in the calculation condition.For the new buildings with good insulation,enlarging the south window-wal ratio can continuously reduce heating energy consumption,but the energy saving rate between models gets smaier.The heating energy consumption comparison study between the common model and optimal space design model demonstrates that the energy saving design can significantly reduce heating energy consumption

Assessment of green roof performance for sustainable buildings under winter weather conditions

A green roof is a specialized roof system that supports vegetation growth on rooftops.This technology is rapidly gaining popularity as a sustainable design option for buildings.In order to contribute to an understanding of green roof in regions with cold winters and snow,an on-site experimental investigation was present with a focus on the assessment of green roof performance during the winter.This field experiment took place on a six small buildings during the winter of 2010-2011.The work monitored three buildings with green roofs,two buildings with reference roofs and one building with a bare soil coverage for the roof.These six buildings were identically constructed and instrumented with sensor networks to provide heat flux data through the roofs.The 15 min averaged data were statistically analyzed for a week under the two separate periods,first without a snow cover and second with a snow cover.The results show that the roof type is a significant factor in affecting the thermal performance of these buildings.Most importantly,green roofs reduce heat flow through the roof and thus reduce the heating energy demand during the winter.However,the energy savings for buildings with the green roofs are reduced under snow conditions because the snow diminishes thermal resistance of the roof and increases the heat transfer process through the roofs.

Field study of seasonal thermal comfort and adaptive behavior for occupants in residential buildings of Xi’an,China

The study aims to investigate the thermal comfort requirements in residential buildings and to establish an adaptive thermal comfort model in the cold zone of China.A year-long field study was conducted in residential buildings in Xi’an,China.A total of 2069 valid questionnaires,along with indoor environmental parameters were obtained.The results indicated occupants’thermal comfort requirements varied with seasons.The neutral temperatures were 17.9,26.1(highest),25.2,and 17.4℃(lowest),and preferred temperatures were 23.2,25.6(highest),24.8,and 22.4℃(lowest),respectively for spring,summer,autumn,and winter.The neutral temperature and preferred temperature in autumn are close to the neutral temperature in summer,while the neutral temperature and preferred temperature in spring are close to that in winter.Besides,the 80%and 90%acceptable temperature ranges,adaptive thermal comfort models,and thermal comfort zones for each season were established.Human’s adaptability is related to his/her thermal experience of the current season and the previous season.Therefore,compared with the traditional year-round adaptive thermal comfort model,seasonal models can better reflect seasonal variations of human adaptation.This study provides fundamental knowledge of the thermal comfort demand for people in this region.

基于DesignBuilder的长春地区居住建筑能耗主要影响因素研究

长春市属于严寒B区,居住建筑冬季采暖需求大、能耗效率低,为了推广应用被动式超低能耗居住建筑,利用建筑能耗模拟软件DesignBuilder建立模型,并模拟建筑朝向、屋面传热系数和不同种类外保温材料等条件,对该建筑节能性能进行研究.结果表明:被动式超低能耗居住建筑最佳朝向为南偏西3~6℃;屋面传热系数的降低对空调能耗的影响要比对全年总负荷的影响更大;对比分析4种保温材料,发现聚氨酯板在夏、冬季均具有很好的保温效果.研究成果为长春地区居住建筑的建设与发展提供一定参考.

Enhanced Thermal Performance of Roofing Materials by Integrating Phase Change Materials to Reduce Energy Consumption in Buildings

This work focused on characterizing and improving the thermal behavior of metal sheet roofing.To decrease the heat transfer from the roof into a building,we investigated the efficiency of four types of phase change materials,with different melting points:PCMІ,PCM II,PCM III and PCM IV,when used in conjunction with a sheet metal roof.The exterior metal roofing surface temperature was held constant at 50℃,60℃,70℃and 80℃,using a thermal source(halogen lights)for 360 min to investigate and compare the thermal performance of the metal sheet roofing with and without phase change materials for each condition.The thermal behaviors of the phase change materials were analyzed by differential scanning calorimeter(DSC).The results showed the melting points of PCMІ,PCM II,PCM III and PCM IV were around 45℃,50℃,55℃and 59℃,respectively.The integration of PCM IV into the metal roofing sheet increased the thermal performance by reducing the room temperature up to 2.8%,1.4%,1.0%and 0.7%when compared with the normal metal roof sheet,at the controlled temperatures of 50℃,60℃,70℃and 80℃,respectively.The thermal absorption of the phase change materials also caused a time delay in the model room reaching a steady temperature.The integration of phase change materials with metal roofing sheets resulted in better thermal performance and conservation of electrical energy by reducing the demand for cooling.

Discussion on the application of the concept of environmental protection and energy saving in the design of building water supply and drainage

With the current,our country social economy rapid development,people's living standard and quality of life and therefore have got improved,at the same time,it is the concept of environmental protection and energy saving is also enhanced value,many fields in our country environmental protection and energysaving concept can be seen in the application,especially the application in building water supply and drainage design more widely,to protect the environment,to maximize the use of limited resources,how to reasonable use of water resources in building water supply and drainage construction,above is current the paper mainly discusses the problems in the construction field,this paper based on environmental protection and energy-saving concept,discusses its application in the building water supply and drainage design,for your reference.

Indicator system of energy efficient technologies evaluation of residential buildings in hot summer and cold winter regions of China

The related existing energy saving index system of buildings is deficient in direction, index coverage, depth, and technological and economic considerations. Aiming at the deficient existing research and with the advancement of energy saving of buildings in China from northern heating regions to southern hot summer and cold winter regions, selecting residential buildings in hot summer and cold winter regions as the research object, and through much evaluation index reference and repeated demonstrations and the borrowing of literature research home and abroad and relevant energy saving standards, filters and eliminates energy efficient technologies evaluation indexes according to the design principle of index system, the factors influencing the energy saving of residential buildings are evaluated, index system weight is established by adopting analytic hierarchy process, and finally the evaluation index system of energy saving technologies of residential buildings in hot summer and cold winter area of China is established. Each target layer includes five standard layer indexes and sixteen index layer indexes. The standard layer of evaluation index, namely primary indexes, includes the technological, energy saving effect, economic, environmental, and social indexes. The secondary indexes are selected based on the principles of concision, comprehensiveness, representativeness and operability.

A Stable Energy Saving Adaptive Control Scheme for Building Heating and Cooling Systems

This paper presents a stable, nonlinear, adaptive control scheme for building heating and cooling systems. The proposed controller utilizes the principle of adaptive one step ahead control and aims at reducing the energy consumed for heating or cooling a building. The design steps are discussed in details and a proof of global stability is also provided. Also, the performance of the proposed controller is demonstrated on a simulated building thermal model.

An Updated Review on Low-Temperature Nanocomposites with a Special Focus on Thermal Management in Buildings

Buildings contribute to 33%of total global energy consumption,which corresponds to 38%of greenhouse gas emissions.Enhancing building’s energy efficiency remains predominant in mitigating global warming.Advance-ments in thermal energy storage(TES)techniques using phase change material(PCM)have gained much attention among researchers,primarily to minimize energy consumption and to promote the use of renewable energy sources.PCM technology stays as the most promising technology for developing high-performance and energy-efficient buildings.The major drawback of PCM is its poor thermal conductivity which limits its potential use which could be resolved by dispersing conductive nanofillers.The acquired database on synthesis routes,properties,and performance of nano-dispersed phase change materials(NDPCMs)with various techniques presented in the paper should deliver useful information in the production of NDPCMs with desirable characteristics mainly for building construction applications.An outline of contemporary developments and use of NDPCMs as TES medium is delivered.Finally,a brief discussion on challenges and the outlook was also made.In-depth research is needed to explore the fundamental mechanisms behind the enhanced thermal conductivity of NDPCM with nanofillers dispersion and also a thorough investigation on how these mechanisms drive improvement in building performance.