Research on a TOPSIS energy efficiency evaluation system for crude oil gathering and transportation systems based on a GA-BP neural network

As the main link of ground engineering,crude oil gathering and transportation systems require huge energy consumption and complex structures.It is necessary to establish an energy efficiency evaluation system for crude oil gathering and transportation systems and identify the energy efficiency gaps.In this paper,the energy efficiency evaluation system of the crude oil gathering and transportation system in an oilfield in western China is established.Combined with the big data analysis method,the GA-BP neural network is used to establish the energy efficiency index prediction model for crude oil gathering and transportation systems.The comprehensive energy consumption,gas consumption,power consumption,energy utilization rate,heat utilization rate,and power utilization rate of crude oil gathering and transportation systems are predicted.Considering the efficiency and unit consumption index of the crude oil gathering and transportation system,the energy efficiency evaluation system of the crude oil gathering and transportation system is established based on a game theory combined weighting method and TOPSIS evaluation method,and the subjective weight is determined by the triangular fuzzy analytic hierarchy process.The entropy weight method determines the objective weight,and the combined weight of game theory combines subjectivity with objectivity to comprehensively evaluate the comprehensive energy efficiency of crude oil gathering and transportation systems and their subsystems.Finally,the weak links in energy utilization are identified,and energy conservation and consumption reduction are improved.The above research provides technical support for the green,efficient and intelligent development of crude oil gathering and transportation systems.

The Efficiency of the Energy Saving Stoves in Amboseli Ecosystem-Analysis of Time, Energy and Carbon Emissions Savings

It is estimated that more than 2.5 billion people worldwide use biomass for cooking. Burning biomass is one of the major contributors to carbon dioxide (CO2) emission—a principle gas in global warming and climate change. One way of cutting down the CO2 emissions is adaptation of efficient and clean energy technologies. This study examined the efficiency of the energy saving stoves in Amboseli ecosystem by comparing the cooking time, energy use, wood fuel and carbon emissions to the traditional three stone open fire set ups. The result indicates a statistical difference in the time spent cooking on energy stoves and three stone open fire (t = 5.3055;n = 60;p = 0.00117). Energy saving stoves saved 12.7% - 33.3% of wood fuel compared to the traditional three stones set ups. Water boiling tests to determine the energy savings, revealed that energy saving stoves saved between 25.74% and 26.16% energy/joule per session in-house and outdoor settings respectively. Based on the two meals prepared per day by each household, the total Carbon Emission Savings for the 1000 local beneficiaries of energy saving stoves varied from 102,200 kg CO2 (indoor cooking) to 357,700 kg CO2 (outdoor cooking) per year. It is therefore concluded that energy saving stoves saves time, fuel wood and energy, and reduces carbon emissions. The study findings refute the claims that open fire when carefully operated can be fuel efficient and clean burning to rival energy saving stoves. To improve the performance of the energy saving stoves, it is recommended that a design modification be done to include a chimney to emit excess smoke during indoor cooking;and the stove should be fixed to the floor with mortar to minimise heat loss and breakages.

Enabling Energy Efficiency in 5G Network

The mobile Internet and Internet of Things are considered the main driving forc⁃es of 5G,as they require an ultra-dense deployment of small base stations to meet the in⁃creasing traffic demands.5G new radio(NR)access is designed to enable denser network deployments,while leading to a significant concern about the network energy consump⁃tion.Energy consumption is a main part of network operational expense(OPEX),and base stations work as the main energy consumption equipment in the radio access network(RAN).In order to achieve RAN energy efficiency(EE),switching off cells is a strategy to reduce the energy consumption of networks during off-peak conditions.This paper intro⁃duces NR cell switching on/off schemes in 3GPP to achieve energy efficiency in 5G RAN,including intra-system energy saving(ES)scheme and inter-system ES scheme.Addition⁃ally,NR architectural features including central unit/distributed unit(CU/DU)split and dual connectivity(DC)are also considered in NR energy saving.How to apply artificial in⁃telligence(AI)into 5G networks is a new topic in 3GPP,and we also propose a machine learning(ML)based scheme to save energy by switching off the cell selected relying on the load prediction.According to the experiment results in the real wireless environment,the ML based ES scheme can reduce more power consumption than the conventional ES scheme without load prediction.

What determines irrigation efficiency when farmers face extreme weather events? A field survey of the major wheat producing regions in China

Water availability is a major constraint on grain production in China, therefore, improving irrigation efficiency is particularly important when agriculture faces extreme weather events. This paper first calculates irrigation efficiency with a translog stochastic frontier production function and then investigates what happens when extreme weather events occur via a Tobit model. The estimated results reveal several important features of irrigation practices: i) irrigation efficiency is lower when extreme weather events occur; ii) large variations in irrigation efficiency occur across irrigation facilities; iii) the farm plots exhibit an extreme distribution across efficiency levels; and iv) water-saving techniques, technology adoption, and the maintenance of farmers’ economic resilience are major determinants of irrigation efficiency. Based on these results we propose the following recommendations: i) farmers should balance crop yield and water use; undertake relevant training programs and adopt water-saving techniques; ii) local governments and researchers should help farmers to find the optimal level of irrigation water use based on their own circumstances and provide better water-saving techniques and training programs rather than simply encouraging farmers to invest in irrigation facilities in the most extreme weather years; and iii) the income level of farm households should be increased so as to improve their resilience to natural disasters.

Development Potentials and Benefit Analysis of Efficient Water-saving Irrigation in Lixin County

On the basis of analyzing water resources,crop planning structure,and irrigation mode in Lixin County,potentials and benefits of developing efficient water-saving irrigation in the county were explored to provide references for its future water-saving irrigation.

Sensitivity Analysis of Energy Consumption for Cylinder Efficiency of A 1 000 MW Steam Turbine Unit

以东汽1000MW汽轮机为研究对象，采用汽轮机组定功率变工况计算方法，对汽轮机各汽缸效率在THA、70％THA、50％THA、40％THA滑压工况进行敏度分析，得到相应工况下各汽缸效率变化对汽轮机热耗率和机组发、供电煤耗率的影响规律。分析表明，缸效率的能耗敏度随缸效率变化基本呈线性关系；低压缸效率的能耗敏度最大，高压缸效率次之，中压缸效率较小；随机组负荷降低，高压缸效率的能耗敏度增加，中、低压缸效率的能耗敏度变化较小。在THA工况下低压缸效率下降1％，供电煤耗敏度绝对值增加1．246g／（kW·h），相对值升高0．433％；高压缸效率下降1％，供电煤耗敏度的绝对值增加0．44g／（kW．h），相对值升高0．154％；中压缸效率下降1％，供电煤耗敏度的绝对值增加0．352g／（kW．h），相对值升高0．122％。分析结果可对同类型机组进行节能诊断，进而指导机组的优化运行。

Improving the Energy Efficiency of Cyclone Dust Collectors for Wood Product Factories

Dust collection systems represent a significant portion of a wood product manufacturer’s total electricity use. The system fan works against the static pressure of the entire system—the blast gates, the ductwork, and the upstream or downstream cyclone and/or baghouse. A poor system design (e.g., sharp elbows or undersized ductwork) increases the total amount of static pressure in the system, the fan’s performance curve shifts, increasing the total brake horsepower required by the fan (up to the maximum point on the curve). Additionally, system designers may oversize a dust collection system to ensure adequate dust capture and transport, either to accommodate system expansion or simply to be conservative. Since theoretical fan energy use increases with its velocity cubed, this can be an expensive safety net. This paper presents a comprehensive literature review about industrial cyclone dust collectors energy saving in relation to management, technologies, and policies. Energy-saving technologies like high-efficiency motors (HEMs), variable-speed drives (VSDs), leak detection, and pressure drop reduction have all been examined. Based on energy saving technologies results, it has been found that in the industrial sectors, a sizeable amount of electric energy, and utility bill can be saved using these technologies. Finally, various energy-saving policies were reviewed.

Advances in Research on the Approaches of Improving Water Utilization Efficiency in Rice

Water shortage is increasingly an important factor limiting the sustainable development of global economy, posing a hugethreat to social security and human existence. Water usage in agriculture accounts for about 70% of total water consumptionin the world, and rice cultivation is in turn the largest water user, which accounts for about 50% of total water usage inagriculture. Therefore, it is quite important to improve water utilization efficiency to reduce water consumption in rice.Water stress causes severe inhibition of plant growth and development as well as yield reduction, however the extent ofinhibition or reduction varies greatly with the growth stages, duration and severity of stress, and plant genotypes. In rice,drought resistance and water utilization efficiency might be improved by developing stress resistant cultivars and conductingproper agronomic practices. It is hence imperative to determine the suitable criteria in morphological and physiologicaltraits for drought resistance and water utilization efficiency in conventional breeding of rice. At present, leaf rolling, leafwater potential and carbon isotope discrimination are commonly used criteria for the evaluation and identification ofgermplasm with high drought resistance or water utilization efficiency. With rapid development of molecular biology,marker-assisted selection has been used in rice breeding against water stress. In this review, therefore, the agronomicaspect of water saving techniques such as selection of suitable rice cultivars, planting pattern, mulching, deficit irrigationand alternative drying and moist irrigation are discussed and effective approaches are also recommended.

An Approach to Energy Saving and Cost of Energy Reduction Using an Improved Efficient Technology

The electricity consumption in commercial places like universities has tremendously increased recently. Modern and advanced energy efficient appliances are highly needed to substitute the conventional ones. Energy saving is of great important instead of its wastage, as utilizing the energy efficiently reduces the cost of energy. Energy consumption varies for commercial building due to several factors such as electrical appliance usage, electrical appliance type, management, etc. Due to the advancement in technology, there are new emergence appliances that are of high efficiency and have less energy consumption. A case study is conducted on selected five tutorial rooms, level 4 buildings in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering 19 A, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. The paper proposes new emergence equipments with high efficiency and less power consumption to replace the existing ones. A survey is conducted on the number of electrical appliances used for each of the tutorial rooms, time table for each tutorial room and the Tenaga Nasional Berhad pricing and tariff are taken into consideration in the analysis of the energy consumption and the cost of energy. This paper aims at reducing the amount of energy consumption by replacing the existing electrical equipments with high efficient electrical equipments;it also tends to reduce the cost of energy paid to the utility. By observing the results, it shows that the proposed efficient electrical equipments are more efficient, less power consumption and less cost compared to the existing electrical equipments.

Evaluation of Energy-Efficiency Standards for Room Air Conditioners in the US

This article describes an analysis of the energy and economic impacts of possible energy efficiency standards for room air conditioners on both U.S. consumers and the nation as a whole. We used two metrics to determine the effect of standards on a representative sample of U.S. consumers: life-cycle cost change and payback period. For the national impact analysis, we evaluated national energy savings attributable to each potential standard, the monetary value of the energy savings to consumers of room air conditioners, the increased total installed costs because of standards, and the net present value of the difference between the value of energy savings and increased total installed costs. Our analysis indicates that standards for room air conditioners at efficiency level 3, which is 17% more efficient than today’s typical unit in the case of room air conditioners less than 6000 Btu/h with louvers and 12% more efficient in the case of room air conditioners 8000 - 13,999 Btu/h with louvers, would save close to one quad of energy over 30 years and have a net present value of consumer benefit of between ?$0.14 billion and $1.82 billion, depending on the discount rate. In addition, such standards would reduce carbon dioxide emissions and NOx emissions.

Effects of Continuous Plastic Film Mulching on Soil Bacterial Diversity, Organic Matter and Rice Water Use Efficiency

Two field experiments were conducted to study the effects of 6-year plastic film mulching on bacterial diversity, organic matter of paddy soil and water use efficiency on different soils with great environmental variabilities in Zhejiang Province, China, under non-flooding condition. The experiment started in 2001 at two sites with one rice crop annually. Three treatments included plastic film mulching with no flooding (PM), no plastic film mulching and no flooding (UM), and traditional flooding management (TF). Soil samples were collected and analyzed for bacterial diversity by DGGE and organic matter content, and water use efficiency (WUE) was calculated. The results showed that PM treatment favored the development of a more total bacterial community compared with TF management, the total number of bands was 33.3, 31.7 at tiller stage and heading stage (p < 0.05*). Hence, organic matter content was decreased by 36.7% and 51.4% under PM at two sites. PM also produced similar rice grain yield as TF at Duntou site and Dingqiao site, the average was 7924 kg?ha?1 and 7015 kg?ha?1 for PM and 8150 kg?ha?1 and 6990 kg?ha?1 for TF, respectively. Compared to TF, WUE and irrigation water use efficiency were increased significantly by 70.2% - 80.4% and 273.7% - 1300.0% for PM. It is essential to develop the water-saving agriculture.

Design and Development of a New Control System for Improving Energy Efficiency and Demand Response

One of the best strategies for improving energy efficiency in any system is using the energy resources in the facilities properly.Using energy systems only when they are absolutely necessary is one of the best cost-benefit ratio strategies,i.e.the best energy saving strategy is,not using it.The aim of this paper resides on introducing a new Energy Management and Control System(EMCS),developed by the authors,which has been installed at the Universitat Politècnica de València.Alongside the paper,the architecture,the components and the installation cost analysis of the EMCS,as well as management actions implemented in the university and the obtained results are presented.Furthermore,this innovative system has been designed to improve demand response in energy systems by providing consumers with a tool for responding actively to energy demands,and also to provide all the different electrical market agents with a communication and business platform for exchanging information.

Industrial Vision of High Efficiency Motors

This paper discusses the prospect of high efficiency motors based on usage in industrial sectors. In fact, energy consumption is globally classified into the industrial sector, transport system, residential and commercial building, agriculture and others sectors. In all the sectors, energy is eventually consumed by electrical appliances and equipments and the industrial sector accounts for the largest share of the overall energy consumption. The study concerns to identify the energy consumption using qualitative method. The main emphasis was given to comparison of the motor with high efficiency motors （HEMs） and traditional standard motors to investigate energy savings. According to the study, industrial sector has up to 25% of electrical energy conservation potential. Almost 70%-75% of the electrical energy consumption in industry is on account of use of electrical motors being used by pumps, fans, compressors and other motor driven system. Therefore, the potential for energy conservation through electric motors is quite high. Using high efficiency motors （HEMs） can thus reduce the losses and hence save vital energy costs. This paper will provide a contribution to electrical motors arena and will be a systematic knowledge base for researchers in this field.

A Homeowner-Based Methodology for Economic Analysis of Energy-Efficiency Measures in Residences

Residential energy-efficiency measures, besides energy savings, provide opportunities for improvement of thermal comfort, air quality, lighting quality, and operation. However, all these benefits sometimes are not enough to convince a homeowner to pay the incremental cost associated with the energy-efficiency measure. The objective of this work is to develop a methodology for the economic evaluation of residential energy-efficiency measures that can simplify the economic analysis for the homeowner while taking into consideration all factors associated with the purchase, ownership, and selling of the house with the energy-efficiency measure. The methodology accounts for direct and indirect economic parameters associated to an energy-efficiency measure;direct parameters such as the mortgage interest and fuel price escalation rate, and indirect parameters such as savings account interest and marginal income tax rate. The methodology also considers different cases based on the service life of the energy-efficiency measure and loss of efficiency through a derating factor. To estimate the market value, the methodology uses the future energy cost savings instead of the cost of the EEM. Results from the methodology offer to homeowner annual net savings and net assets. The annual net savings gives the homeowner a measure of the annual positive cash flow that can be obtained from an energy-efficiency project;but more important, the net assets offer a measure of the added net wealth. To simplify and increase the use of the methodology by homeowners, the methodology has been implemented in an Excel tool that can be downloaded from the TxAIRE’s website.

Experimental study and energy saving analysis of a novel radiant ceiling heating system

In order to have an in-depth understanding of the metal ceiling radiant panel with capillary tubes, a radiant ceiling heating system is constructed to study the actual heating performance and thermal comfort by experiments. In addition, the energy saving potential of the novel heating system is discussed in terms of the COP （coefficient of performance） of the ground source heat pump and the exergy efficiency of the radiant terminal. The results indicate that the heating system shows high thermal stability and thermal comfort. When the system reaches a stable condition, the radiant heat transfer accounts for 62.7% of the total heat transfer, and the total heat transfer can meet the heating demands of most buildings. Compared to a radiant floor heating system, it offers advantages in a shorter preheating time, a lower supply water temperature and a stronger heating capability. The COP of the ground source heat pump is increased greatly when the supply water temperature is 28 to 33 ℃, and the exergy efficiency of the metal ceiling with capillary tubes is 1.6 times that of the radiant floor when the reference temperature is 5 ℃ The novel radiant ceiling heating system shows a tremendous energy saving potential.

Water-saving Potential in aeolian sand soil under straight tube and surface drip irrigation in Taklimakan Desert in Northwest China

Evaporation loss from the saturated soil beneath drip irrigation emitters highly influences the irrigation efficiency of drip krigation （D1]. Subsurface drip irrigation （SDI） is one good approach to curb this inefficiency, but in a new irrigation method, straight tube irrigation （STI）, the irrigation tubes do not need to be buried and thus STI is recommended to increase the irrigation efficiency under normal surface-applied DI. STI consists of only connectors and water-transference tubes that can directly transfer irrigation water from the lateral emitters in the drip line to the root zone of plants. Five-month field experiments were carried out in aeolian sand soil in the forest-belts of the Taklimakan Desert, which have poor water storage capacity, to compare the potential water saving between STI and DI. The preliminary results showed that, compared with DI, STI （1） improved the soil water content in soil depths from 40 to 100 cm under the soil surface; （2） achieved the same irrigation effects in relatively shorter irrigation durations; （3） had very little water loss due to deep seepage; and （4） formed a layer of dry sand about 10 to 30 cm thick immediately below the soil surface, which lessened evaporation loss of soil water beneath the emitters on the soil surface. This demonstrates that STI can maximize the water-saving potential of DI through the reduction of wetted soil perimeters on the soil surface. This is valuable information for water-saving engineering applications and projects with STI in arid and semiarid regions.

Technologies for Efficient Use of Irrigation Water and Energy in China

While the shortage of water and energy is a well-recognized worldwide natural resources issue, little attention has been given to irrigation energy efficiency. In this paper, we examine the potential energy savings that can be achieved by implementing improved irrigation technologies in China. The use of improved irrigation management measures such as a flow meter, irrigation scheduling, and/or regular maintenance and upgrades, typically reduces the amount of water pumped over the course of a growing season. The total energy saved by applying these improved measures could reach 20%, as compared with traditional irrigation methods. Two methods of irrigation water conveyance by traditional earth canal and low pressure pipeline irrigation （LPPI） were also evaluated. Our study indicated that LPPI could save 6.48x 109 kWh yr1 when applied to 11 Chinese provinces. Also, the COz emission was reduced by 6.72 metric tons per year. Among these 11 surveyed provinces, the energy saving potential for two provinces, Hebei and Shandong, could reach 1.45 x 109 kWh yr^-1. Using LPPI, potential energy saved and CO2 emissions reduced in the other 20 Chinese provinces were estimated at about 2.97×109 kWh yr-1 and 2.69 metric tons per year, respectively. The energy saving potential for Heilongjiang, a major agriculture province, could reach 1.77× 109 kWh yr-1, which is the largest in all provinces. If LPPI is applied to the entire country, average annual energy saving of more than 9 billion kWh and average annual CO2 emission reduction of more than 9.0 metric tons could be realized. Rice is one of the largest users of the world＇s fresh water resources. Compared with continuous flooding irrigation, intermittent irrigation （ITI） can improve yield and water-use efficiency in paddy fields. The total increments of net output energy and yield by ITI in paddy fields across China could reach 2.5× 1016 calories and l07 tons, respectively. So far only a small part of agricultural land in China has adopted water and energy saving technologies. Therefore, potential water and energy savings in China by adapting improved irrigation technology could be significant and should be carefully studied and applied.

Simulation of District Cooling Plant and Efficient Energy Air Cooled Condensers (Part I)

In hot arid countries with severe weather, the summer air conditioning systems consume much electrical power at peak period. Shifting the loads peak to off-peak period with thermal storage is recommended. Model A of residential buildings and Model B of schools and hospitals were used to estimate the daily cooling load profile in Makkah, Saudi Arabia at latitude of 21.42&deg;N and longitude of 39.83&deg;E. Model A was constructed from common materials, but Model B as Model A with 5 - 8 cm thermal insulation and double layers glass windows. The average data of Makkah weather through 2010, 2011 and 2012 were used to calculate the cooling load profile and performance of air conditioning systems. The maximum cooling load was calculated at 15:00 o’clock for a main floor building to a 40-floor of residential building and to 5 floors of schools. A district cooling plant of 180,000 Refrigeration Ton was suggested to serve the Gabal Al Sharashf area in the central zone of Makkah. A thermal storage system to store the excess cooling capacity was used. Air cooled condensers were used in the analysis of chiller refrigeration cycle. The operating cost was mainly a function of electrical energy consumption. Fixed electricity tariff was 0.04 $/kWh for electromechanical counter, and 0.027, 0.04, 0.069 $/kWh for shifting loads peak for the smart digital counter. The results showed that the daily savings in consumed power are 8.27% in spring, 6.86% in summer, 8.81% in autumn, and 14.55% in winter. Also, the daily savings in electricity bills are 12.26% in spring, 16.66% in summer, 12.84% in autumn, and 14.55% in winter. The obtained maximum saving in consumed power is 14.5% and the daily saving in electricity bills is 43% in summer when the loads peak is completely shifted to off-peak period.

Energy Saving and Power Factor Correction for Industrial Plants in Hebron District

Energy efficiency can be improved by reducing the amount of energy that we demand, and by changing our behaviors to reduce the amount of energy that we waste. This scheme manipulates the problem of incremental demand, and low Power Factor （PF） for industrial plants, starting with walk through surveys, data analysis, providing advices to insure personnel involvement, and suggestions of practical circuits to attain the target. Elements of effective energy management program can be configured of management commitment, audit, analysis and implementation. Energy management opportunities can he operational and maintenance strategies, retrofit or modification strategies and new design strategies. The new technique of Power Factor Correction （PFC） that has been designed was the High Active Boost Power Factor Correction Pre-regulator Circuit, which was resulted in single / three phase PFC of about unity, in hand with a regulated output single phase voltage of about 220 VAC.

Essentials of Drip Irrigation System for Saving Water and Nutrients to Plant Roots: As a Guide for Growers

Many regions around the world are characterized by limited water resources, where the average annual per capita renewable water is about 1000 -1700 cubic meters. For instance, in china the problems of water supply are widely known globally. Though, China is facing main problem which is how to distribute water, instead of water shortage in itself. Therefore, restricted resources of water are increasingly stressed in the future by many factors such as excessive clouds of water, pollution and climate change. On the other hand, most studies have been indicated that the agricultural sector is one of the sectors that will face a large water deficit in the future due to the high demand for food, competition for water resources, drought and the high consumption of water due to the acquisition of traditional surface irrigation techniques. In spite of introduce modern irrigation methods such as drip irrigation in agriculture by developing irrigation methods and eliminating old traditional irrigation methods, however, its efficiency is related to the qualifying of farms and users of irrigation water, where they are the main users of irrigation water in water resources management. The considerable challenge facing agriculture is to raise irrigation efficiency depending on water-saving irrigation systems to provide water resources for crops. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to provide farmers with important points about using drip irrigation technology, to raise their technical level in using irrigation water, through their guidance to the best techniques and to avoid some common mistakes in design, utilization, management and maintenance of drip irrigation system.