Priority Based Energy Efficient MAC Protocol by Varying Data Ratefor Wireless Body Area Network

Wireless Body Area Network(WBAN)is a cutting-edge technology that is being used in healthcare applications to monitor critical events in the human body.WBAN is a collection of in-body and on-body sensors that monitor human physical parameters such as temperature,blood pressure,pulse rate,oxygen level,body motion,and so on.They sense the data and communicate it to the Body Area Network(BAN)Coordinator.The main challenge for the WBAN is energy consumption.These issues can be addressed by implementing an effective Medium Access Control(MAC)protocol that reduces energy consumption and increases network lifetime.The purpose of the study is to minimize the energy consumption and minimize the delay using IEEE 802.15.4 standard.In our proposed work,if any critical events have occurred the proposed work is to classify and prioritize the data.We gave priority to the highly critical data to get the Guarantee Tine Slots(GTS)in IEEE 802.15.4 standard superframe to achieve greater energy efficiency.The proposed MAC provides higher data rates for critical data based on the history and current condition and also provides the best reliable service to high critical data and critical data by predicting node similarity.As an outcome,we proposed a MAC protocol for Variable Data Rates(MVDR).When compared to existing MAC protocols,the MVDR performed very well with low energy intake,less interruption,and an enhanced packet-sharing ratio.

A CSMA/CA based MAC protocol for hybrid Power-line/Visible-light communication networks:Design and analysis

Hybrid Power-line/Visible-light Communication(HPVC)network has been one of the most promising Cooperative Communication(CC)technologies for constructing Smart Home due to its superior communication reliability and hardware efficiency.Current research on HPVC networks focuses on the performance analysis and optimization of the Physical(PHY)layer,where the Power Line Communication(PLC)component only serves as the backbone to provide power to light Emitting Diode(LED)devices.So designing a Media Access Control(MAC)protocol remains a great challenge because it allows both PLC and Visible Light Communication(VLC)components to operate data transmission,i.e.,to achieve a true HPVC network CC.To solve this problem,we propose a new HPC network MAC protocol(HPVC MAC)based on Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance(CSMA/CA)by combining IEEE 802.15.7 and IEEE 1901 standards.Firstly,we add an Additional Assistance(AA)layer to provide the channel selection strategies for sensor stations,so that they can complete data transmission on the selected channel via the specified CSMA/CA mechanism,respectively.Based on this,we give a detailed working principle of the HPVC MAC,followed by the construction of a joint analytical model for mathematicalmathematical validation of the HPVC MAC.In the modeling process,the impacts of PHY layer settings(including channel fading types and additive noise feature),CSMA/CA mechanisms of 802.15.7 and 1901,and practical configurations(such as traffic rate,transit buffer size)are comprehensively taken into consideration.Moreover,we prove the proposed analytical model has the solvability.Finally,through extensive simulations,we characterize the HPVC MAC performance under different system parameters and verify the correctness of the corresponding analytical model with an average error rate of 4.62%between the simulation and analytical results.

An Energy-Efficient MAC Protocol for Ad Hoc Networks

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a collection of nodes equipped with wireless communications and a networking capability without central network control. Nodes in a MANET are free to move and organize themselves in an arbitrary fashion. Energy-efficient design is a significant challenge due to the characteristics of MANETs such as distributed control, constantly changing network topology, and mobile users with limited power supply. The IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol includes a power saving mechanism, but it has many limitations. A new energy-efficient MAC protocol (EE-MAC) is proposed in this paper. It is shown that EE-MAC performs better than IEEE 802.11 power saving mode and exceeds IEEE 802.11 with respect to balancing network throughput and energy savings.

Energy-Efficieng MAC Protocols for Wireless Body Area Networks: A Survey

In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey of key energy-efficient Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols for Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). At the outset, we outline the crucial attributes of a good MAC protocol for WBAN. Several sources that contribute to the energy inefficiency of WBAN are identified, and features of the various MAC protocols qualitatively compared. Then, we further investigate some representative TDMA-based energy-efficient MAC protocols for WBAN by emphasizing their strengths and weaknesses. Finally, we conclude with a number of open research issues with regard to WBAN MAC layer.

高效低时延分级多PAN太赫兹无线网络MAC层优化协议

针对现有分级多PAN太赫兹无线网络MAC(Medium Access Control)协议中存在的子网形成方案不合理以及私有CTA(Channel Time Allocation)与子网内实际负载不匹配等问题,提出了一种高效低时延的MAC层优化协议.该协议采用基于泛听的按需形成子网机制避免了子网分布不均匀以及因子网形成后没有节点加入而造成的私有CTA资源浪费的问题.在子网形成后,子微微网协调器(Piconet Coordinator,PNC)根据子网内实际负载情况自适应选择私有CTA时隙资源优化机制,让有数据传输需求的节点及时将数据发出.仿真结果表明,所提出的方案能有效地降低数据帧平均接入时延,提高吞吐量以及数据帧的传输成功率.

一种移动感知的太赫兹无线局域网定向MAC协议

现有太赫兹无线局域网定向MAC(Medium Access Control)协议中,节点移动情况下PNC(PicoNet)发送beacon帧时存在部分控制字段浪费、CTAP(Channel Time Allocation Period)中PNC与DEV(Device)进行波束赋形开销偏大等问题。为此,提出了一种移动感知的太赫兹无线局域网定向MAC(Mobility-aware Directional MAC,MA-MAC)协议。该协议采用基于卡尔曼算法的节点扇区预测机制对移动节点的扇区范围进行迭代预测,采用基于DEV扇区预测的beacon帧内容填充机制对beacon帧中时隙分配字段进行填充,采用基于节点扇区预测的快速波束赋形机制使得PNC与DEV之间波束赋形操作简化。通过仿真验证,与基于IEEE 802.15.3c的太赫兹无线局域网定向MAC协议和现有协议进行对比,MA-MAC协议下网络吞吐量得到了提升,网络平均时延、网络整体控制开销得到了改善。

Modeling and Simulation of P-Aloha,CSMA /CA and MACAW Protocols for Underwater Acoustic Channel

Medium access control( MAC) protocol of underwater acoustic communication network is a key technology for underwater acoustic networks( UANs). Most of the MAC protocols for wireless terrestrial communication networks have been designed with negligible propagation delay. If it is deployed directly in an underwater environment,the UANs will perform inefficiently. In this paper,the characteristics of underwater acoustic channel are modeled and simulated by using the OPNET simulation tool,which are the speed of sound, propagation loss, and four sources for ambient noise: the turbulence,shipping,wind driven waves and thermal noise. The performance of pure Aloha( P-Aloha),carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance( CSMA / CA) and multiple access collision avoidance for wireless local area network( MACAW) protocols in underwater acoustic channel environment are evaluated. The different performance of protocols in underwater environment is compared in the simulation.

Efficient MAC Protocols for Brain Computer Interface Applications

Brain computer interface(BCI)systems permit individuals with motor disorders to utilize their thoughts as a mean to control external devices.BCI is a promising interdisciplinary field that gained the attention of many researchers.Yet,the development of BCI systems is facing several challenges,such as network lifetime.The Medium Access Control(MAC)Protocol is the bottle-neck of network reliability.There are many MAC protocols that can be utilized for dependable transmission in BCI applications by altering their control parameters.However,modifying these parameters is another source of concern due to the scarcity in knowledge about the effect of modification.Also,there is still no instrument that can receive and actualize these parameters on transmitters embedded inside the cerebrum.In this paper,we propose two novel MAC protocols using passive UHF-RFID,the proposed protocols provide efficient and reliable communication between the transmitters and the receiver.The UHF-RFID transmitters were used because they are energy efficient which makes them compatible with BCI application.The first protocol is designed for the EEG signals.While the second protocol was designed for the ECoG signals.The evaluation results showed the validity of the proposed protocols in terms of network performance.The results also proved that the protocols are suitable and reliable for designing efficient BCI applications.

认知传感网中基于Transformer网络的MAC协议识别方法

媒体接入控制(Media Access Control,MAC)识别有助于优化认知无线电系统的频谱管理并提高通信质量。已有的基于深度学习的MAC协议识别方法仍存在复杂信道环境的适应性不足、长期依赖关系捕捉能力有限的问题。因此,提出基于Transformer网络的MAC协议识别方法,利用自注意力机制有效捕捉长距离依赖,通过多头注意力机制同时关注输入序列中不同部分的相关性,提升对信号特征和行为的理解。针对认知传感网的特定需求,对传统的Transformer模型结构进行了优化,包括调整模型的深度和宽度以适应信号数据的特性。自注意力机制不仅增强了模型对时间序列数据的处理能力,还通过位置编码保留序列中的位置信息,结合前馈神经网络增强模型的非线性表达能力,并通过层归一化和残差连接机制提高模型的稳定性和训练效率。实验结果表明,所提方法在复杂无线通信环境中具有显著的性能优势,在识别4种主要MAC协议时展现出超过95%的高准确率。

无人机群自组网MAC协议综述

近年来,无人机群自组网(UAV Swarm Ad Hoc Network,UAVSNet)的单个UAV不断自主化与智能化,但UAV之间的协同通信仍存在挑战。媒体接入控制(Media Access Control,MAC)协议是其关键技术之一,并成为了新的研究热点。通过概述MAC协议的分类及设计要点,对竞争类MAC协议、非竞争类MAC协议以及混合类MAC协议接入机制、性能表现及不足进行详细综述并提出展望。为UAVSNet的MAC协议的研究和应用提供了理论支持。

EECLP: AWireless Sensor Networks Energy Efficient Cross-Layer Protocol

Recent advancements in wireless communications have allowed the birth of novel wireless sensor networks(WSN).A sensor network comprises several micro-sensors deployed randomly in an area of interest.A micro-sensor is provided with an energy resource to supply electricity to all of its components.However,the disposed energy resource is limited and battery replacement is generally infeasible.With this restriction,the sensors must conserve energy to prolong their lifetime.Various energy conservation strategies for WSNs have been presented in the literature,from the application to the physical layer.Most of these solutions focus only on optimizing a single layer in terms of energy consumption.In this research,a novel cross-layer technique for WSNs’effective energy usage is presented.Because most energy consumption factors exist in the Medium Access Control(MAC)layer and network layer,our EECLP protocol(Energy Efficient Cross-Layer Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks)integrates these two layers to satisfy energy efficiency criteria.To gain access to the transmission channel,we implement a communication regime at the MAC layer based on CSMA/CA(Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance)techniques.Next,depending on the activity and a standby period,we employ the RTS/CTS(Request to Send/Clear to Send)method to prevent collisions and resolve hidden node concerns by utilizing the network allocation vector(NAV)to calculate the transmission duration.Employing a greedy strategy,we establish chains amongst cluster members to mitigate the issue of high energy consumption in routing data.An objective function was utilized to determine the optimal cross-chain path based on the distances to the base station(BS)and residual energy(RE).The simulation,testing,and comparison of the proposed protocol to peer protocols have shown superior outcomes and a prolonged network lifespan.Using the suggested protocol,the network lifetime increases by 10%compared to FAMACO(Fuzzy and Ant Colony Optimization based MAC/Routing Cross-layer)protocol,and it increases by 90%and 95%compared to IFUC(Improved Fuzzy Unequal Clustering)and UHEED(Unequal Hybrid Energy Efficient and Distributed)protocols successively.

Energy Consumption and Fault Tolerance in the MAC Protocols for WSN

Wireless sensor networks are currently experiencing widespread enthusiasm in the field of research, mainly because of the great benefits they promise in terms of flexibility, cost, range and robustness. In addition, such networks find use in a wide variety of applications, for example in collecting remote data, type of climate monitoring, seismic activity, or in other areas such?as home automation and medical. Unfortunately, their disadvantages are up to their promises. Indeed, the sensor nodes are subjected to high energy consumption constraints due to their compact size as well as the deployment environment. Frequent replacement of batteries is excluded in a field that can be difficult to access. Therefore, the main challenge remains as a result of miniaturization and reduces power consumption to maximize network lifetime. The objective of this work is to make a thorough study of the energy consumption in wireless sensor networks. The study points are addressed at the media access protocol or MAC protocol.

Collision Resolution MAC Protocols for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

In wireless ad hoc networks, nodes cooperatively form a network without any infrastructure such as a BS/AP (base station or access point). The widely-used contention-based MAC protocol, IEEE 802.11b, is inefficient in multi-hop networks due to the hidden and exposed terminal problems. The most popular schedule-based MAC protocol, TDMA (time division multiple access), is difficult to implement in an ad hoc network due to the lack of infrastructure. The contribution of this paper is to provide the community novel and efficient MAC (medium access control) protocols (i.e., a collision resolution protocol) for a wireless ad hoc network without a centralized infrastructure. We propose two new MAC protocols (one distributed algorithm and one cluster-based algorithm) that use a collision resolution scheme for a network with a single BS/AP. We first compare the performance of our distributed algorithm with our cluster-based algorithm. Then, we compare our algorithm that performs better (i.e., our cluster-based algorithm) to TDMA in a two-hop network. The simulation results illustrate that our cluster-based algorithm provides higher throughput and lower delay than TDMA in a two-hop network.

A Performance Comparison of Two Real Time WLAN MAC Protocols

By modifying the IEEE 802.11 wireless local area network(WLAN) medium access protocol(MAC),a contention based and a polling based protocol are proposed to deal with the case every station possesses two classes of frame in real time applications.Both protocols can ensure the real time frame only need to wait a determinable bounded time.These two protocols are introduced briefly and a performance comparison between them is made.Simulation results show that each protocol has advantage over the others in certain network condition.

基于深度强化学习的水声网络公平跨层MAC协议

针对水声通信异构网络中信道分配不公和节点能量受限的问题,基于深度强化学习方法,提出跨层联合优化公平信道接入和功率控制的媒介访问控制(POCL-MAC)协议。根据反馈ACK包获知时延状态下的信道冲突结果和接收机处信噪比,基于深度强化学习的状态、动作和奖励序列自主学习,调整认知用户的接入时隙和发射功率;采用公平函数实现异构网络中认知用户和主用户吞吐量性能的比例公平。设计了一个联合状态序列和独立式奖励函数,在不增加神经网络复杂度的前提下,提高跨层联合优化的子动作决策准确度。仿真结果表明,相比于传统DRL算法,所提算法实现了接近于最优公平性吞吐量性能,同时具有更好的能量利用效率。

基于IR-UWB的高吞吐量、低延时MAC协议硬件设计

针对IEEE 802.15.4高速数据传输的应用场景,提出一种具有高吞吐量和低延时特性的定制化MAC协议。基于HRP UWB PHY对数据传输模型和吞吐量深入分析,并结合MAC协议的冲突避免载波侦听多路访问(Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoid,CSMA-CA)和保障时隙(Guaranteed Timeslot,GTS)实时传输的特性,设计了该机制有效的管理流程。最后在Vivado中使用Verilog HDL对MAC控制器进行硬件设计和验证。仿真结果表明,与经典IEEE 802.15.4 MAC协议相比,该MAC控制器的吞吐量提高了26%,同时数据传输时延降低了17%。

LSDR-ALOHA-Q:基于强化学习适用于大范围远距离的水下无线传感器网络MAC协议

随着对海洋开发需求的日益增长,水下无线传感器网络成为研究的热点。但由于水下环境信道可用带宽有限,传输速度和传播速度都慢,多普勒效应和多径效应严重等众多不利因素,导致水下网络性能低下。这主要是因为缺少在大范围远距离的水下网络中表现良好的媒体访问控制协议(MAC协议)。提出的LSDR-ALOHA-Q协议以ALOHA-Q协议为基础,该协议采用加入强化学习的方法,以提高信道利用率,同时结合强化学习使得该协议能够适应多变和复杂的水下环境。提出的LSDR-ALOHA-Q协议包括对时隙和帧结构的改造,使其更适合于大范围网络,通过优化时隙数,主动寻找空间复用的机会来增加信道利用率,同时通过提出一个新的退避算法来避免因为优化时隙数量而带来的Q-learning可能无法收敛的问题,即可能存在节点一直无法找到无冲突发送时间的问题。仿真表明当LSDR-ALOHA-Q协议被应用到大规模远距离的网络时可以显著提升信道利用率,同时降低冲突率和平均端到端时延。

An Energy-Efficient Duty-Cycled Wake-Up Radio Protocol for Avoiding Overhearing in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wake-up radio (WuR) system is often presented as the best candidate for replacing traditional duty cycled Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The Double Radio (DoRa) protocol is a new MAC protocol for in-band WuR system with addressing capabilities. While the DoRa protocol improves the WSNs energy efficiency, it still suffers from an overhearing problem when the WuR system is very often requested. The WuR wastes a noticeable amount of energy when overhearing to wake-up demand intended to other nodes, but it is neither measured nor solved in other works. In this paper, an adaptive duty-cycled DoRa (DC-DoRa) is then proposed to solve the overhearing problem. The primary concept of the work is to enable the WuR functionality before the node is addressed and to disable the WuR after the node sent data. Extensive simulations under OMNeT++ using real input parameters are then performed to show the significant energy-savings through the two protocols and the nearly suppression of overhearing with DC-DoRa. In fact, the mean power consumption is three-order below using the DoRa protocol compared to traditional MAC protocols. While overhearing can represent up to 93% of the WuR energy consumption with the DoRa protocol, it is reduced to only 1% with the DC-DoRa protocol.

降低控制开销的太赫兹无线个域网双信道MAC协议

针对现有的太赫兹无线个域网双信道媒体访问控制(Medium Access Control, MAC)协议在节点需要双向通信时采用半双工通信方式和对于已通信过的节点再次通信且位置未发生改变时信息控制开销较大而影响网络性能的问题,提出一种低控制开销的太赫兹无线个域网双信道MAC协议(Low Control Overhead dual-channel MAC protocol, LCO-MAC).LCO-MAC协议通过在通信双方节点同时有向对方发送数据的需求时,采用点对点全双工通信机制通过一次信息控制帧的交互完成信道预约和自适应省略允许发送帧/测试帧机制,降低信息交互过程的控制开销,提高吞吐量来提升网络性能.仿真结果表明,与TAB-MAC协议和EF-MAC协议相比,本文所提出的协议信息控制开销降低了至少12.6%、网络吞吐量和信道利用率提升分别不少于11.3%和12%.

高效高带宽利用率的太赫兹无线网络定向MAC协议

现有太赫兹无线定向网络中,随着网络规模的扩大,用于节点接入网络的Beacon帧长度不断变长,导致过多的控制开销;同时,由于定向天线的使用,中心控制节点需要在全方向各个扇区发送多个Beacon帧,随着扇区数目的增加,Beacon时段的长度和在整个超帧中的占比也会随着增加,由于超帧的长度是固定的,Beacon时段过长的时隙占用会导致更少的时隙用于传输数据,浪费信道资源.针对上述问题,本文提出一种高效高带宽利用率的太赫兹无线网络定向MAC协议—HEBU-MAC.本协议采用基于常短帧精简Beacon帧机制减少了Beacon帧的长度,采用基于常短时隙压缩基本时隙机制压缩基本时隙的长度,减少了Beacon时段的时隙占用,从而极大地降低了控制开销,提高了信道利用率.