The market development and policy matching of existing building energy-saving retrofits determine the effectiveness of policies in promoting the operation of existing building energy-saving retrofit market.Based on th...The market development and policy matching of existing building energy-saving retrofits determine the effectiveness of policies in promoting the operation of existing building energy-saving retrofit market.Based on the perspective of market development to evaluate the effectiveness of existing building energy-saving transformation policy,it is necessary to clarify the basic connotation of the effectiveness of existing building energy-saving transformation policy,systematically analyze the evaluation content,construct a multi-level evaluation index system,and select scientific and effective quantitative evaluation methods to implement a strict evaluation process.展开更多
Objectives: Despite the well-known advantages associated with immunization, it has proven difficult to achieve high levels of influenza vaccination among Health Care Professionals (HCPs). This report describes results...Objectives: Despite the well-known advantages associated with immunization, it has proven difficult to achieve high levels of influenza vaccination among Health Care Professionals (HCPs). This report describes results of an influenza vaccination program implemented within a comprehensive cancer center. Methods: Using records from calendar years 2005-2013, we completed a retrospective analysis of annual influenza vaccination rates at this center. A mandatory influenza vaccination policy was implemented in 2010, while prior to that vaccination was encouraged but not required. Vaccinations are free to employees and distributed at various locations. Annual influenza vaccination rates were examined by calendar year and by occupational group (medical, nursing, administrative, scientific, other support staff). Results: High levels of adherence with the mandatory influenza policy were observed for all employee groups. Prior to influenza vaccine mandates flu vaccination rates ranged from ~30% - 40% and increased to 85% - 89% with the mandate. Conclusions: Robust influenza vaccination rates have been sustained since implementation of a vaccination mandate supporting further expansion of policies requiring influenza vaccination for HCPs.展开更多
Contrary to the approach in judicial practice,Paragraph 1,Article 153,of the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China,as a rule of invalidity for violating mandatory provisions,does not adopt a dichotomy towards ...Contrary to the approach in judicial practice,Paragraph 1,Article 153,of the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China,as a rule of invalidity for violating mandatory provisions,does not adopt a dichotomy towards mandatory provisions with effectiveness and administrative characteristics,yet it maintains the legislative philosophy of differentiation.It leaves unspecified whether mandatory provisions that do not explicitly render a juristic act invalid impact the act’s validity,entrusting this determination to the discretion of judges on a case-by-case basis.When judges,under the authority of Paragraph 1,Article 153 of the Civil Code,explore the normative intent of mandatory provisions to assess their effect on the validity of juristic acts,they should engage in legal policy analysis centered on consequence-based argumentation to overcome the limitations of norm typological analysis.This analysis employs a reasoning model predicated on the normative purpose,utilizing a consequencefocused interpretative approach for formulating and arguing propositions of rules applicable to pending cases,thereby arriving at case-specific conclusions.Since the invalidation of juristic acts serves as an auxiliary regulatory tool for the state economy and society,a consequence-oriented interpretation needs to be based on the idea of mutual instrumentalization of public and private laws.This entails predicting the outcomes of negating the validity of a juristic act in industrial regulatory scenarios and assessing these outcomes within the framework of public and private regulatory instruments.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Fund of China(Grant No.71872122)Later Stage Support Project of Philosophy and Social Sciences Research of the Ministry of Education of China(Grant No.16JHQ031)+1 种基金Later Stage Support Project of Tianjin Social Science Planning(Grant No.TJGLHQ1403)Higher Education Innovation Team of Tianjin(Grant No.TD13-5006)。
文摘The market development and policy matching of existing building energy-saving retrofits determine the effectiveness of policies in promoting the operation of existing building energy-saving retrofit market.Based on the perspective of market development to evaluate the effectiveness of existing building energy-saving transformation policy,it is necessary to clarify the basic connotation of the effectiveness of existing building energy-saving transformation policy,systematically analyze the evaluation content,construct a multi-level evaluation index system,and select scientific and effective quantitative evaluation methods to implement a strict evaluation process.
文摘Objectives: Despite the well-known advantages associated with immunization, it has proven difficult to achieve high levels of influenza vaccination among Health Care Professionals (HCPs). This report describes results of an influenza vaccination program implemented within a comprehensive cancer center. Methods: Using records from calendar years 2005-2013, we completed a retrospective analysis of annual influenza vaccination rates at this center. A mandatory influenza vaccination policy was implemented in 2010, while prior to that vaccination was encouraged but not required. Vaccinations are free to employees and distributed at various locations. Annual influenza vaccination rates were examined by calendar year and by occupational group (medical, nursing, administrative, scientific, other support staff). Results: High levels of adherence with the mandatory influenza policy were observed for all employee groups. Prior to influenza vaccine mandates flu vaccination rates ranged from ~30% - 40% and increased to 85% - 89% with the mandate. Conclusions: Robust influenza vaccination rates have been sustained since implementation of a vaccination mandate supporting further expansion of policies requiring influenza vaccination for HCPs.
文摘Contrary to the approach in judicial practice,Paragraph 1,Article 153,of the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China,as a rule of invalidity for violating mandatory provisions,does not adopt a dichotomy towards mandatory provisions with effectiveness and administrative characteristics,yet it maintains the legislative philosophy of differentiation.It leaves unspecified whether mandatory provisions that do not explicitly render a juristic act invalid impact the act’s validity,entrusting this determination to the discretion of judges on a case-by-case basis.When judges,under the authority of Paragraph 1,Article 153 of the Civil Code,explore the normative intent of mandatory provisions to assess their effect on the validity of juristic acts,they should engage in legal policy analysis centered on consequence-based argumentation to overcome the limitations of norm typological analysis.This analysis employs a reasoning model predicated on the normative purpose,utilizing a consequencefocused interpretative approach for formulating and arguing propositions of rules applicable to pending cases,thereby arriving at case-specific conclusions.Since the invalidation of juristic acts serves as an auxiliary regulatory tool for the state economy and society,a consequence-oriented interpretation needs to be based on the idea of mutual instrumentalization of public and private laws.This entails predicting the outcomes of negating the validity of a juristic act in industrial regulatory scenarios and assessing these outcomes within the framework of public and private regulatory instruments.
