Dendritic sidebranches of a binary system with enforced flow

In the present paper, the problem of sidebranches in the binary dendritic growth with enforced flow is studied. The positions of the first sidebranch and spacing of dendritic sidebranches are presented. For the neutral stable mode of dendritic growth, effects of various parameters on sidebranches are analysed. Our result shows that sidebranches are produced behind a critical point ξC′.

Container Instrumentation and Enforcement System for Runtime Security of Kubernetes Platform with eBPF

Containerization is a fundamental component of modern cloud-native infrastructure,and Kubernetes is a prominent platform of container orchestration systems.However,containerization raises significant security concerns due to the nature of sharing a kernel among multiple containers,which can lead to container breakout or privilege escalation.Kubernetes cannot avoid it as well.While various tools,such as container image scanning and configuration checking,can mitigate container workload vulnerabilities,these are not foolproof and cannot guarantee perfect isolation or prevent every active threat in runtime.As such,a policy enforcement solution is required to tackle the problem,and existing solutions based on LSM(Linux Security Module)frameworks may not be adequate for some situations.To address this,we propose an enforcement system based on BPF-LSM,which leverages eBPF(extended Berkeley Packet Filter)technology to provide fine-grained control and dynamic adoption of security policies.In this paper,we compare different LSM implementations to highlight the challenges of current enforcement solutions before detailing the design of our eBPF-based Kubernetes Runtime Instrumentation and Enforcement System(KRSIE).Finally,we evaluate the effectiveness of our system using a real-world scenario,as measuring the performance of a policy enforcement system is a complex task.Our results show that KRSIE can successfully control containers’behaviors using LSM hooks at container runtime,offering improved container security for cloud-native infrastructure.

Smart all-time vision:The battery-free video communication for urban administration and law enforcement

The Chinese government is dedicated to enhancing the level of informatization in administrative law enforcement to ensure fairness and increase credibility.Currently,law enforcement has exposed such problems as insufficient force,difficulties in collecting evidence,and low evidential power.These problems contradict the principles of rule of law and standardization.Many local governments have implemented advanced information technologies for urban administration and law enforcement,including big data,artificial intelligence,and IoT.Among these technologies,IoT is the core communication infrastructure for innovative law enforcement platforms.However,traditional video communications rely on batteries or dedicated power sources,leading to maintenance challenges and high power consumption.In this paper,we propose AT-Eye,a new video communication paradigm for all-time law enforcement video monitoring,which is battery-free and high-throughput.The key enabler of AT-Eye is ambient backscatter technology,which enables energy harvesting and video communication simultaneously.Unlike previous methods,our proposal introduces a novel CCK-based modulation for tag cameras and achieves 4-way concurrency.The modulation is simple because it uses phase difference and it is energyefficient because generating square waves is adequate.Moreover,to ensure full compatibility with COTS WiFi,we modulate the physical service data unit.Therefore,data recovery is possible using only commercial NICs.We conduct comprehensive experiments to examine our proposal and experiment results show that AT-Eye achieves a throughput of 10.8 Mbps with COTS radios.We also simulate a 16-way battery-free tag camera system,demonstrating AT-Eye’s feasibility of high-definition video communication.

Analysis of Economic Efficiency of Wildlife Law Enforcement in Serengeti Ecosystem Tanzania

Law enforcement remains to be the main strategy used to combat poaching and account for high budget share in protected area management. Studies on efficiency of wildlife law enforcement in the protected areas are limited. This study analyzed economic efficiency of wildlife law enforcement in terms of resource used and output generated using three different protected areas (PAs) of Serengeti ecosystem namely Serengeti National Park (SENAPA), Ikorongo/Grumeti Game Reserves (IGGR) and Ikona Wildlife Management Area (IWMA). Three years (2010-2012) monthly data on wildlife law enforcement inputs and outputs were collected from respective PAs authorities and supplemented with key informant interviews and secondary data. Questionnaire surveys were conducted to wildlife law enforcement staff. Shadow prices for non-marketed inputs were estimated, and market prices for marketed inputs. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was used to estimate economic efficiency using Variable Return to Scale (VRS) and Constant Return to Scale (CCR) assumptions. Results revealed that wildlife law enforcement in all PAs was economically inefficient, with less inefficiency observed in IWMA. The less inefficiency in IWMA is likely attributed to existing sense of ownership and responsibility created through community-based conservation which resulted in to decrease in law enforcement costs. A slacks evaluation revealed a potential to reduce fuel consumption, number of patrol vehicles, ration and prosecution efforts at different magnitudes between studied protected areas. There is equal potential to recruit more rangers while maintaining the resting time. These finding forms the bases for monitoring and evaluation with respect to resource usage to enhance efficiency. It is further recommended to enhance community participation in conservation in SENAPA and IGGR to lower law enforcement costs. Collaboration between protected area, police and judiciary is fundamental to enhance enforcement efficiency. Despite old dataset, these findings are relevant since neither conservation policy nor institution framework has changed substantially in the last decade.

Impact of forest governance and enforcement on deforestation and forest degradation at the district level:A study in West Bengal State,India

According to the United Nations Environmental Programme(UNEP),the world loses 1.0×106hm2forest land through deforestation annually.About 1.6×106people who depend on forests for livelihood are negatively affected by deforestation and forest degradation.The paper attempts to study the impact of forest governance,enforcement and socio-economic factors on deforestation and forest degradation at the local level in West Bengal State,India.The study was based on questionnaire survey data during 2020–2021 collected from three western districts(Purulia,Bankura,and Paschim Medinipur)where deforestation and poverty rates are higher than other districts in West Bengal State.The total number of selected villages was 29,and the total sample households were 693.A stratified random sampling technique was used to collect data,and a questionnaire was followed.Forest governance and enforcement indices were constructed using United Nation Development Programme(UNDP)methodology and a step-wise logistic regression model was used to identify the factors affecting deforestation and forest degradation.The result of this study showed that four factors(illegal logging,weak forest administration,encroachment,and poverty)are identified for the causes of deforestation and forest degradation.It is observed that six indices of forest governance(rule of law,transparency,accountability,participation,inclusiveness and equitability,and efficiency and effectiveness)are relatively high in Purulia District.Moreover,this study shows that Purulia and Bankura districts follow medium forest governance,while Paschim Medinipur District has poor forest governance.The enforcement index is found to be highest in Purulia District(0.717)and lowest for Paschim Medinipur District(0.257).Finally,weak forest governance,poor socio-economic conditions of the households,and weak enforcement lead to the deforestation and forest degradation in the study area.Therefore,governments should strengthen law enforcement and encourage sustainable forest certification schemes to combat illegal logging.

地方执行性立法的路径选择与优化生成

地方执行性立法是地方立法体系的重要组成部分。细化和补充是地方执行性立法的基本方式。实践中地方执行性立法不重复上位法的立法路径存在技术障碍和现实困境,已难以满足新时代地方立法的要求。在内容上形成一个逻辑自洽、体系严谨、协调统一的规范整体的体系化路径成为地方执行性立法功能实现的必然选择。鉴于地方执行性立法体系化存在着一系列合法性、合理性难题,地方执行性立法应当创新立法技术,通过“嵌入式立法”,即在上位法立法计划内,将基于“地方性知识”产生的制度需求细化、补充到上位法规范体系之中,形成一个统一的规范整体,从而解决地方执行性立法的合法性、合理性难题,确保上位法的有效实施,提升地方法治的整体水平。

关于《刑事诉讼法》第四次修改的几点思考

近日,刑事诉讼法的第四次修改提上日程。学界对本次修改整体上较为积极,也有部分观点对修改存有隐忧。从整体上看,启动第四次刑事诉讼法修改有其必要性和重要的时代价值,应当抓住此次难得时机,同时,也要对实践中重打击轻保护的氛围保持高度警惕,牢牢把握人权保障和正当程序的目标和方向。刑事诉讼法第四次修改应当将刑事诉讼法典实质化作为目标,采取大修的立法模式,立足当下,着眼长远,系统规划,分步实施,迈出刑事诉讼法典实质化的关键一步。刑事诉讼法修改也要设定改革的亮点,这些亮点可以包括但不限于:重塑刑事诉讼法的篇章体例、以技术主义路径推进以审判为中心和庭审实质化、因应轻罪时代扩大附条件不起诉的适用范围、探索构建律师无效辩护制度、重塑强制措施体系、构建相对独立的涉案财物处置程序、完善证据制度等。

综合行政执法改革过程中的多维结构变迁与能动者策略

推动执法权属地化与综合化是夯实基层政权建设的重要一环,但在政策实践中,并不必然带来治理效能的提升。事权下放后,基层治理结构的实质性变革如何形塑执法主体的行为策略,以提升事权承接的有效性,是亟待回答的重要议题。文章从“结构—过程—功能”的视角出发,对一个街道综合行政执法体制改革进行系统考察,构建理解多维结构变迁中能动者策略生成的分析框架。研究发现,在改革过程中,综合执法部门所嵌入的横向结构在权力、责任和资源维度发生系统性变迁。执法主体在基层治理结构所设定的规则约束与行动空间中,基于复杂性和概率性两个维度,划分四种类型的执法任务,并能动地创设动员式、裁剪式、扩容式等执法策略,衔接再配置的结构性要素与复杂外部事务治理环节,从而有效回应“块块”运作规则和事权下放的内在要求。

批准生效合同责任承担的体系构造——《民法典合同编通则解释》第12条评释

《民法典合同编通则解释》第12条仅涉及法律、行政法规这一层级法源设立的直接影响债权合同生效的报批手续,属于法律规定的特别生效要件。合同已成立未生效时产生形式拘束力,包括不得擅自变更或解除的消极义务以及履行报批义务等积极义务。法定报批义务以及围绕报批义务的约定独立生效,属于依据诚实信用原则产生的附随义务,相对方有权采取请求继续履行报批义务的救济方式。第12条第1款在第一阶段新创设了一种法定解除权,“违反报批义务的赔偿责任”应仅限于固有利益的直接损失,而不应参照违反预约合同的赔偿范围。第2款在第二阶段的解除权符合《民法典》第563条要件,赔偿范围参照违约责任时需考察通过批准的难易度、报批义务人拒不报批的主观恶性程度以及整个交易的完成度和成熟度。第4款在第三阶段批准机关决定不予批准时无须规定解除权,报批义务人承担过错责任,依据《民法典》第157条考虑适用财产返还和折价补偿制度的替代效果。

数字环境下算法版权执法规范性研究

作为应对与日俱增、日趋复杂的互联网版权侵权问题的手段之一,基于算法的内容自动识别技术正在世界范围内得到青睐,适用范围逐步扩大。但同时,其在言论自由保护、识别误差规避、正当程序设计等方面存在的问题也日益凸显,受到包括法律界在内的各方的质疑。通过对算法识别技术应用手段的梳理,提出对于该技术的规制可以通过明确适用许可、增加透明度要求、原则性条款的技术嵌入以及制定量化判断标准等科技创新与规则制定深度融合的方式予以解决,从而实现各方利益相关者的平衡。

地方政府为何会推进举报式执法?

举报式执法因其兼具工具价值和民主价值,被地方政府在社会管理时所选择应用。我国地方政府在举报式执法手段的选择与治理方式方面存在显著的地区差异性,以150787份通过公民举报而推进的行政处罚案件为研究对象,通过对中国各地区2015—2021年的面板数据进行测算与研究发现,地方财力、地方执法压力以及公众参与需求,是地方政府选择与公众进行合作、采取举报式执法治理手段的重要考量因素。此外,地方举报制度建设能够显著促进地方政府选择举报式执法,并提高合作治理程度。在下一阶段的中国社会治理改革中,地方政府应建立科学的举报奖励制度,促进政社合作,以举报式执法之优势缓解行政资源匮乏与政府信息不对称的治理问题。

全面注册制下投资者保护的制度逻辑与发展方向

证券法无论采用发行核准制抑或注册制,都以保护投资者为立法宗旨。不同于核准制下的父爱主义保护元素,注册制表达的是“卖者尽责”下的“买者自负”理念,提高了资本形成效率,弱化了前端行政审核。全面实行注册制下投资者保护的制度逻辑发生转变,需要根据证券发行市场化的特点,结合证券发行、交易和责任的逻辑关系,重新梳理投资者保护的制度体系,明确投资者保护制度的发展方向:在前端,应当以证券发行信息披露为核心,强化发行人在信息披露中的第一责任人地位,避免证券监管机关过度介入证券发行,督促保荐人等中介机构切实履行“看门人”职责;在中端,应当引入“证券市场透明度”目标,形成“身份透明”“交易前透明”和“交易后透明”的交易机制,夯实证券市场公平交易的基础;在后端,则应完善证券执法结构,提升证券执法效率,提升民事救济措施的有效性。

道路通向市场——民事执行体制改革新论

我国民事执行体制以执行机构附设于法院为起点,逐渐演变为隶属于法院,是多种历史因素作用下的结果,亦将随着时代背景的变迁而变革。从域外看,走向市场化、扩大市场化、深化市场化,已成为不少国家民事执行体制发展的共同趋势。随着财政负担日益加重,我国民事执行体制改革只能在不增加财政负担乃至适度减轻财政负担的前提下,维持执行效率不降低、执行到位率有提升,进而提高民众对民事执行的获得感。应设立作为自由职业者的执行律师,先由其负责金钱债权“终本”案件的执行,再扩大其执行权能范围。通过市场化改革,可以弥补财政资源的不足,打造共建共治共享的社会治理共同体,实现中国式民事执行体制的现代化。

人工智能体执法并承担执法责任的可能性

人工智能体执法正成为数字法治政府建设的重要表现,将会对以人的行为作为逻辑底色而建构的法律秩序形成冲击。人工智能体或许可以拥有有限的法律人格及有限的责任能力,并为一般行为承担法律责任,但却可能面临执法权行使正当性与执法能力不足的困境。因此,人工智能体不适宜执法或行使公权力,只能承担事务性公务,其执行公务引起的责任可由人工智能体自身、供应商以及行政机关共同承担。

数字货币强制执行的问题与化解

我国法院迈向切实解决执行难的进程也是执行制度迈向适配数字金融治理的进程,强制执行的法定性、非抗辩性、要求协助性及惩防措施的准确性,与制度和技术之中的数字货币之隔阂是对数字货币强制执行的问题所在。作为金融创新的产物,私人数字货币为特定的虚拟财产,实体法应当明确,法院应依履行基础有无分别判决交付返还原物和返还财产性权益。此后强制执行中的执行标的是非金钱债权,为解决判决返还原物后的执行难,法院应建立与数字货币平台的联动执行机制。作为金融普惠的产物,央行数字货币是特殊种类物,此后强制执行中的执行标的是金钱债权,央行数字货币的执行查控和执行惩防机制应当得到完善。法院在对两类数字货币的强制执行中都应实现强制性和灵活性相结合、微观面向和宏观面向相统一。

网络安全与执法专业校局协同育人研究

公安校局深度合作对增强公安院校办学能力,提升警察队伍综合素质,促进警务管理模式改革,推动公安工作高质量发展具有重要意义。当前,公安校局之间的合作还存在着供求不均衡、发力不均衡、动力不足、实效性不强等问题。实施网络安全与执法专业校局协同育人,应从加强顶层设计、突出实战引领、聚焦双向交流、强化培根铸魂等四个方面着眼着力。

中国环境自动监控行政执法中的法律问题研究

中国环境行政执法中自动监控方式是广泛应用的新模式,也是环境行政监管与执法的未来趋势,但目前无论是国家法律、行政法规、部门规章还是地方规范都片段化且不统一。在2021年修订的《行政处罚法》背景下,亟须围绕该法第41条“电子技术监控”条款生成统一系统的环境非现场行政执法规范。环境自动化监控从主体、程序、证据、处罚四方面给行政处罚带来新的变革:首先,主体上,新的主体第三方服务机构的产生,带来新的第三方执法义务等共治问题。其次,程序上,行政执法流程相比人工时代需要再造,以保障行政相关方的权利。第三,证据上,“数据失真”与自动监控时代执法证据的证明力问题,使得人工“双审”成为要件。第四,罚责上,需做到甄别三种自动监控数据属于违法,并在海量的自动监控数据中降低执法强度。在新的环境自动监测时代,主体、程序、证据、处罚都要考虑行政相对方——企业的权利与利益再平衡。此外,上述结论往往也适用于我国自动化行政执法的许多共性问题。

论作为数字行政执法方式的行政行为码

数字信息技术与行政权力的融合为以法治为中心的政府治理带来挑战,而行政行为码作为数字行政执法方式的应用是数治与法治结合的重要体现,并蕴含着整体智治下对行政执法体制一体化塑造的制度逻辑、行政自制论对数字赋能与赋权关系重塑的理论逻辑以及行政效能对行政执法全流程覆盖的实践逻辑。行政行为码以统一赋码、一码关联、一码查询与一码追踪的实践运行机理,兼具政府信息公开与政府数据开放的法律性质,也为拓展应用奠定了理论基础。与此同时作为数字新兴执法方式的行政行为码由于规制理念的不明确、规则体系不健全以及功能应用程度不足,限制其应用场景与空间。在未来,行政行为码应从理念更新、规范控制和功能拓展三个方面进行塑形,推动行政行为码的功能实现与广泛应用。

法律调整视角下产教融合制度的执法与救济

产教融合作为一种具体的社会关系,是促进产业部门与教育部门深度对接和合作过程中,以提高技术技能人才质量为目的,形成的政府、行业、企业、学校之间的权利义务关系,客观上能为法律所调整。产教融合作为一种教育法律关系,教育行为(育人行为)作为产教融合关系的客体符合教育法律关系客体的特殊性本质特征,产教融合关系的复杂性符合教育法律关系的综合性特征,产教融合关系内容的权利义务集中体现产教融合教育关系的法律化,产教融合是反映职业教育规律的社会关系。为克服教育执法弱化的软肋,产教融合执法需实现主体专门化、程序固定化、结果公开化和监督主体多元化。要解决职业教育法律“软化”问题,其路径在于建立申诉制度以保障企业和学校的申诉权,以及明晰法律救济的具体程序,以保障学校和企业等主体的权益。

金融法视阈下的行政执法和解制度探析

《中华人民共和国金融稳定法(草案)》规定了行政执法当事人承诺制度,正在为金融领域行政执法和解制度的构建提供法律依据。与此同时,虽然行政和解暂未形成理论共识,但金融法视阈下行政执法和解的实践已然先行于理论。针对金融风险处置和证券期货领域中的金融纠纷,行政机关在符合依法行政的要求下通过行使自由裁量权,借助协商民主、公众参与等私法化手段采取的行政执法和解措施,可有效化解纠纷且实现各方获益的经济及社会效果。通过对金融领域行政执法和解措施的实践检视,提出以各方均可获益作为启动行政执法和解制度的前提,通过举证责任的倾斜、“自认”的可适用性与行刑衔接的合规机制相结合,将有助于构建更加符合实践理性的行政执法和解制度。