Mobile genetic elements facilitate the transmission of antibiotic resistance genes in multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae from duck farms

Multidrug-resistant(MDR)Enterobacteriaceae critically threaten duck farming and public health.The phenotypes,genotypes,and associated mobile genetic elements(MGEs)of MDR Enterobacteriaceae isolated from 6 duck farms in Zhejiang Province,China,were investigated.A total of 215 isolates were identified as Escherichia coli(64.65%),Klebsiella pneumoniae(12.09%),Proteus mirabilis(10.23%),Salmonella(8.84%),and Enterobacter cloacae(4.19%).Meanwhile,all isolates were resistant to at least two antibiotics.Most isolates carried tet(A)(85.12%),blaTEM(78.60%)and sul1(67.44%)resistance genes.Gene co-occurrence analysis showed that the resistance genes were associated with IS26 and integrons.A conjugative IncFII plasmid pSDM004 containing all the above MGEs was detected in Proteus mirabilis isolate SDM004.This isolate was resistant to 18 antibiotics and carried the blaNDM-5 gene.MGEs,especially plasmids,are the primary antibiotic resistance gene transmission route in duck farms.These findings provide a theoretical basis for the rational use of antibiotics in farms which are substantial for evaluating public health and food safety.

Enhancement Effects of Three Rare Earth Elements on the Growth of Chaetoceros Mulleri

Enhancement effects of rare earth elements on the growth of Chaetoceros mulleri is studied in this paper. The results show that all of the light, middle and heavy rare earth elements have similar enhancement effect on the growth of Chaetoceros mulleri, with the beneficial concentrations of La, Gd and Yb being 7.28～87.40 μ mol/L, 6.36～57.23 μ mol/L and 5.78～17.34 μ mol/L. The optimum concentrations of La, Gd and Yb are 7.28 ～50.98 μ mol/L,31.80～44.52 μ m ol/L and 5.78～17.34 1μ mol/L, respectively. When the concentrations of La, Gd and Yb are 7.28～87.40 μ mol/L, 6.36～57.23 μ mol/L and 5.78～ 17,34 μ mol/L, the concentrations of chlorophyll have increased by 9.3～47.0%, 33.4～44.3%, and 36.5～40.3%, respectively as compared with the control group. The mechanism of enhancement of rare earth elements on the growth ot Chaetoceros mulleri is also discussed in this paper.

Clay minerals and elemental composition of sediments on different sedimentary units in the northern East China Sea shelf:provenance tracing and genetic mechanism analysis

The composition,provenance,and genetic mechanism of sediment on different sedimentary units of the East China Sea(ECS)shelf are essential for understanding the depositional dynamics environment in the ECS.The sediments in the northern ECS shelf are distributed in a ring-shaped distribution centered on the southwestern Cheju Island Mud.From the inside to the outside,the grain size goes from fine to coarse.Aside from the“grain size effect”,hydrodynamic sorting and mineral composition are important restrictions on the content of rare earth elements(REEs).Based on the grain size,REEs,and clay mineral composition of 300 surface sediments,as well as the sedimentary genesis,the northern ECS shelf is divided into three geochemical zones:southwestern Cheju Island Mud Area(ZoneⅠ),Changjiang Shoal Sand Ridges(ZoneⅡ-1),Sand Ridges of the East China Sea shelf(ZoneⅡ-2).The northern ECS shelf is mostly impacted by Chinese mainland rivers(the Changjiang River and Huanghe River),and the provenance and transport mechanism of sediments of different grain sizes is diverse.The bulk sediments come primarily from the Changjiang River,with some material from the Huanghe River carried by the Yellow Sea Coastal Current and the North Jiangsu Coastal Current,and less from Korean rivers.Among them,surface sediments in the southwestern Cheju Island Mud Area(ZoneⅠ)come mostly from the Changjiang River and partly from the Huanghe River.It was formed by the counterclockwise rotating cold eddies in the northern ECS shelf,which caused the sedimentation and accumulation of the fine-grained sediments of the Changjiang River and the Huanghe River.The Changjiang Shoal Sand Ridges(ZoneⅡ-1)were developed during the early-middle Holocene sea-level highstand.It is the modern tidal sand ridge sediment formed by intense hydrodynamic action under the influence of the Yellow Sea Coastal Current,North Jiangsu Coastal Current,and Changjiang Diluted Water.The surface sediments mainly originate from the Changjiang River and Huanghe River,with the Changjiang River dominating,and the Korean River(Hanjiang River)influencing just a few stations.Sand Ridges of the East China Sea shelf(ZoneⅡ-2)are the relict sediments of the paleo-Changjiang River created by sea invasion at the end of the Last Deglaciation in the Epipleistocene.The clay mineral composition of the surface sediments in the study area is just dominated by the Changjiang River,with the North Jiangsu Coastal Current and the Changjiang Diluted Water as the main transporting currents.

Interaction between the Wilms tumour factor-1 element in the promoter of Amh and a downstream enhancer is required for a strong expression of the gene in pre-pubertal sertoli cells

Amh (anti-Müllerian hormone) is a single copy gene which is expressed strongly in Sertoli cells in the foetal testis and participates in the onset of sexual differentiation. Its promoter driving the expression of a reporter gene (d2EGFP) has been used to analyse the role of certain defined putative elements and a downstream enhancer element in gene expression. These experiments were carried out in vitro using a line of pre-pubertal mouse Sertoli cells, transienly transfected with circular DNA constructs with variously mutated promoter elements. A downstream enhancer element, situated immediately 3’ of the polyadenylation (PA) signal for Amh, has been inserted in an equivalent position in the d2EGFP construct. When the Amh promoter is unmodified, the downstream enhancer (DE) is positively associated with a large increase in EGFP expression. This is at least partly the consequence of an increased rate of expression by individual cells. Experiments using variously truncated Amh promoters indicate that an upstream region (-214 to -336) may play a minor role in facilitating enhancement. However mutation of the Wilms tumour factor-1 element, situated between the tata box and the start of translation, results in an almost complete suppression of enhancement.

Chemical characteristics of aerosols at coastal station in Hong Kong.Ⅱ. Environmental behavior of trace elements during the April 1995 to April 1996

An one-year of sampling aerosol program was carried out during the period of April 1995 to April 1996 at coastal region, Cape D′Aguilar, in Hong Kong. The trace element composition of aerosol particles(TSP and PM 10 ) were measured and analyzed by using the Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis(INAA) and Inductive Couple Plasma-Mass Spectrometry(ICP-MS) techniques. The results showed that the polluted elements such as: V, Zn, As, Pb, Cd, Sb, I, Se, Bi, with high enrichment factor(E.F) values, are derived from anthropogenic sources, while Sc, Al, Fe, Mn, Sm, La, Sr are less than 10 in E.F, these elements are related the crust and soil. The concentration of the trace elements are present seasonal variation i.e. summer low and winter high, whereas the V or noncrustal V(V *) present summer high and winter low, this phenomenon might be explained by local or regional oil combustion sources. Use three type of elemental ratio, e.g. La/Sm, Mn */V * and Bi/Al indicate that both TSP and PM 10 of La/Sm ratios are mainly related to soil and dust, Mn */V * are probably represent fossil combustion and Bi/Al are possibly associated with refuse incineration, ferromanganese alloys and aluminum production. The varimax rotation factor analysis for trace elements was performed. By means of the absolute principal component analysis(APCA) and multiple regression, the contribution of trace elements to possible sources and overall means of trace elements were estimated. The results showed that the present station is impacted by the anthropogenic species, although the quantities are different during the summertime and wintertime.

Recent Advances in Sorghum Genetic Enhancement Research at ICRISAT

Sorghum is one of the most important cereal crops widely grown for food, feed, fodder/forage, and fuel in the semi-arid tropics of Asia, Africa, the Americas and Australia. The global sorghum areas remained static as the increased area in Africa compensated the area loss in Asia. In spite of rapid decline in sorghum area in Asia due to competition from other remunerative crops, sorghum grain production levels have not declined at the same rate owing to adoption of high yielding hybrids. Though impressive gains have been made in improving productivity levels, biotic and abiotic challenges such as shoot fly, stem borer, grain molds, and terminal drought stress continue to haunt the sorghum growers across the world. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and the respec-tive national programs are working on genetic enhancement of sorghum for high yield;shoot fly, and grain mold resis-tance, and sweet stalk traits. In addition, research focus at ICRISAT also includes adaptation to postrainy season, ter-minal drought tolerance, and increasing micronutrient contents (Fe and Zn) in grain. Genetic and cytoplasmic diversi-fication of hybrid parents and varieties for key traits are critical for sustaining the productivity gains. The grain and stover quality requirements of different market segments needs special attention in sorghum improvement research to enhance its market value. This paper analyses the progress made in sorghum improvement research at ICRISAT in partnership with national programs in recent years and the way forward.

Genetic algorithm-finite element method inversion of the factors determining the recent tectonic stress field of part of East Asia area

Genetic algorithm finite element method (GA FEM) is applied to the study of tectonic stress field of part of East Asia area. From the observed stress distribution, 2 D elastic plane stress inversion is made to deduce the boundary forces and investigate controlling factors. It is suggested that the continent continent collision is the dominant factor controlling the Chinese tectonic stress field. The ocean continent convergence along the subduction zone is an important factor. There exists tensile boundary force along the marginal sea.

Optimizing Data Collection Path in Sensor Networks with Mobile Elements

Exploiting mobile elements （MEs） to accomplish data collection in wireless sensor networks （WSNs） can improve the energy efficiency of sensor nodes, and prolong network lifetime. However, it will lead to large data collection latency for the network, which is unacceptable for data-critical applications. In this paper, we address this problem by minimizing the traveling length of MEs. Our methods mainly consist of two steps： we first construct a virtual grid network and select the minimal stop point set （SPS） from it; then, we make optimal scheduling for the MEs based on the SPS in order to minimize their traveling length. Different implementations of genetic algorithm （GA） are used to solve the problem. Our methods are evaluated by extensive simulations. The results show that these methods can greatly reduce the traveling length of MEs, and decrease the data collection latency.

Parentage determination of black sea bream(Acanthopagrus schlegelii)for stock enhancement:effectiveness and loss of genetic variation

The stock enhancement programs for black sea bream Acanthopagrus schlegelii have been conducted in China for a fewyears.However,little information has been reported concerning the effectiveness and genetic effect of black sea bream stock enhancement.In order to detect the contribution of released individuals in Zhujiang River Estuary(ZRE)and Daya Bay(DB),six microsatellite markers were used to identify the hatchery-released individuals.In addition,this pedigree of hatchery populations(broodfish and hatchery-released offspring)was traced to detect the number of effective parents(N_(e)),the inbreeding coefficient and the decrease of genetic variability in the reproduction.The pedigree reconstruction showed that at least 69(out of 93)broodfish had offspring.The estimated N_(e) was 54.8,consequently the inbreeding coefficient was 0.91%.The genetic diversity of hatchery-released offspring was lower than that in that of broodfish(heterozygosity alleles,0.727-0.774),some alleles(number of alleles,61-69)and genetic variance were lost during reproduction.It was observed that wild samples had higher levels of genetic diversity compared with hatchery populations as well as recaptured samples in releasing area.A total of 128 hatchery-released black sea bream were identified among 487 recaptured samples in ZRE,while a total of 15 samples were identified among 96 samples in DB.In summary,there was a high survival of released fish.N_(e)vertheless,the results provided evidence to consider a loss of genetic variation in hatcheryreleased stock and a negative genetic effect of the stock enhancement.

Biodiversity of Indian Germplasm of Cotton and Its Use for Genetic Enhancement

Cotton production in India was stagnant at 12.3 to 17.7 million bales over the decade 1992-2003.The introduction of new technologies during the early part of the decade,notably Bt-cotton technology,hybrids,

Torsional postbuckling characteristics of functionally graded graphene enhanced laminated truncated conical shell with temperature dependent material properties

Buckling and postbuckling characteristics of laminated graphene-enhanced composite(GEC)truncated conical shells exposed to torsion under temperature conditions using finite element method(FEM)simulation are presented in this study.In the thickness direction,the GEC layers of the conical shell are ordered in a piece-wise arrangement of functionally graded(FG)distribution,with each layer containing a variable volume fraction for graphene reinforcement.To calculate the properties of temperaturedependent material of GEC layers,the extended Halpin-Tsai micromechanical framework is used.The FEM model is verified via comparing the current results obtained with the theoretical estimates for homogeneous,laminated cylindrical,and conical shells,the FEM model is validated.The computational results show that a piece-wise FG graphene volume fraction distribution can improve the torque of critical buckling and torsional postbuckling strength.Also,the geometric parameters have a critical impact on the stability of the conical shell.However,a temperature rise can reduce the crucial torsional buckling torque as well as the GEC laminated truncated conical shell’s postbuckling strength.

Finding an optimization of the plate element of Egyptian research reactor using genetic algorithm

The second Egyptian research reactor ET-RR-2 went critical on the 27th of November 1997.The National Center of Nuclear Safety and Radiation Control (NCNSRC) has the responsibility of the evaluation and assessment of the safety of this reactor.The purpose of this paper is to present an approach to optimization of the fuel element plate. For an efficient search through the solution space we use a multi objective genetic algorithm which allows us to identify a set of Pareto optimal solutions providing the decision maker with the complete spectrum of optimal solutions with respect to the various targets.The aim of this paper is to propose a new approach for optimizing the fuel element plate in the reactor.The fuel element plate is designed with a view to improve reliability and lifetime and it is one of the most important elements during the shut down.In this present paper,we present a conceptual design approach for fuel element plate,in conjunction with a genetic algorithm to obtain a fuel plate that maximizes a fitness value to optimize the safety design of the fuel plate.

改进蚁群算法的送餐机器人路径规划

蚁群算法拥有良好的全局性、自组织性、鲁棒性,但传统蚁群算法存在许多不足之处。为此,针对算法在路径规划问题中的缺陷,在传统蚁群算法的状态转移公式中,引入目标点距离因素和引导素,加快算法收敛性和改善局部最优缺陷。在带时间窗的车辆路径问题(vehicle routing problem with time windows,VRPTW)上,融合蚁群算法和遗传算法,并将顾客时间窗宽度以及机器人等待时间加入蚁群算法状态转移公式中,以及将蚁群算法的解作为遗传算法的初始种群,提高遗传算法的初始解质量,然后进行编码,设置违反时间窗约束和载重量的惩罚函数和适应度函数,在传统遗传算法的交叉、变异操作后加入了破坏-修复基因的操作来优化每一代新解的质量,在Solomon Benchmark算例上进行仿真,对比算法改进前后的最优解,验证算法可行性。最后在餐厅送餐问题中把带有障碍物的仿真环境路径规划问题和VRPTW问题结合,使用改进后的算法解决餐厅环境下送餐机器人对顾客服务配送问题。

旋流强化换热器传热与流阻分析

为了研究管程旋流强化中换热器的性能,设计了一种适合气体流动的旋流元件安装于换热器的管程换热管入口处。通过RNG k-ε模型进行了数值研究,对不同参数旋流结构和换热器入口流量为30~50 m3/h的条件进行研究,并模拟结果进行换热器的设计和实验系统的搭建。结果表明:加入旋流元件可以使流动趋于均匀进入各换热管,旋流元件对换热管近壁面处速度提升明显,总体传热系数提高了76.1%~135.9%,压降增加约5.7%~19.5%,旋流元件的加入使得换热器以较小的压力损失的情况下获得较高的换热系数。对其螺旋角度(14°、18°、26°)、长度(32 mm、48 mm、64 mm)以及叶片宽度(8 mm、10 mm、12 mm)进行分析,得到α=18°,L=48 mm,W=10 mm时,换热器效果为最佳。

基于Cyt b基因的江苏省湖泊鳙群体遗传多样性和遗传结构研究

为了解江苏省湖泊鳙群体遗传资源现状,科学地开展鳙增殖放流,采用线粒体Cyt b基因,分析了6个湖泊群体、223个个体的遗传多样性和遗传结构。结果表明,223条Cyt b序列共有10个变异位点,定义9个单倍型,单倍型多样性(Hd)和核苷酸多样性(Pi)分别为(0.725±0.017)和(0.00191±0.00080),整个鳙群体呈现出高Hd和低Pi的遗传多样性模式。6个群体的单倍型多样性为(0.625±0.077)~(0.771±0.032),核苷酸多样性为(0.00159±0.00027)~(0.00221±0.00011)。分子方差分析结果显示,遗传变异主要来源于群体内部(97.17%),总遗传分化系数(Fst)为0.0283。群体间Fst为-0.0258~0.0907,遗传距离为0.0016~0.0022,表明6个群体间遗传分化水平较低。中性检验结果和错配分布分析表明,鳙群体保持稳定,未经历群体扩张。指出,鳙群体遗传多样性较低,遗传结构趋于同质化,需要采取措施,提高湖泊鳙群体遗传多样性。

线圈感应型电磁发射系统能量转换机理研究

为了获得线圈感应型电磁发射系统能量转换机理,依据动量守恒定律,将非线性负反馈闭环系统在特定条件下转换为开环系统,从推力产生的原理出发,使用数值计算方法求解驱动线圈磁场分布数据,并通过多项式拟合和高斯拟合将分布数据拟合为磁场分布函数,再根据分布函数求解电枢轴向推力系数。磁场分布数据结果表明,最大轴向磁感应强度比最大径向磁感应强度大1.6倍,且最大轴向磁感应强度位置与最大径向磁感应强位置相差1/2个驱动线圈的长度,推力系数数据表明,绕组电枢系统电磁力系数比环柱电枢系统电磁力系数大20倍,通过进一步分析得到了驱动线圈磁场分布特性和推力与系统效率的关系,通过对3种系统的有限元仿真验证结论的有效性,给出了最大推力位置与最佳触发位置的基本关系,形成了驱动线圈和电枢结构设计的基本指导原则。

基于自适应遗传算法的红外子热像图模糊增强方法

为了提高红外子热像图的边缘强度、信息熵和清晰度等,使图像视觉效果有所提高,研究了一种基于自适应遗传算法的红外子热像图模糊增强方法。对含有噪声的红外子热像图展开小波变换,分别获取高、低频小波系数,低频部分的小波系数不进行任何处理,高频部分的小波系数引入最小二乘对其进行总体估计,同时逆变换处理估计后的小波系数,完成红外子热像图去噪处理。通过模糊增强算法增强处理红外子热像图,同时引入自适应遗传算法优化处理模糊参数,实现红外子热像图模糊增强。实验结果表明,本文所提方法的图像更加清晰,且对比度也明显得到改善,其平均对比度值为0.075,平均边缘强度值为67.14,平均信息熵值为8.59,平均清晰度值为13.73,充分说明该方法获取的红外子热像图模糊增强效果更加理想,能够有效提升视觉效果。

右江盆地大际山U-(Mo)矿床围岩蚀变特征及微量元素迁移规律——对区域内U、Au成生关系的指示

位于扬子地块西南缘的右江盆地,是全球第二大的卡林型Au矿(共伴生有Sb、Hg、Tl异常/矿化)矿集区,有着滇黔桂“金三角”的美誉。值得注意的是,该区除发育Au(-Sb-Hg-Tl)矿床外,还产有大量赋矿岩性和控矿构造相似的U矿床(点),成矿特色鲜明。前人对该区Au矿开展了大量研究,而U矿研究较少,对U、Au的成生关系尚不清楚。基于此,文章选取右江盆地内典型的U矿床——大际山U-(Mo)矿床为研究对象,通过开展岩矿相学研究和地球化学分析,厘定了矿化的围岩蚀变为硫化、沥青质化、磷铝锶石化、硅化和伊利石化,揭示了矿化过程中Re、Tl、Mo、U、Cd、Ni、Co、As、Sb、MREE的相对富集。蚀变矿物组合及元素迁移规律约束大际山U-(Mo)矿床中成矿物质可能来源于牛蹄塘组,成矿流体应为还原性有机流体与地表-近地表酸性、氧化性流体的混合,矿质沉淀发生在低温、酸性、还原环境中。综合分析认为,右江盆地内U、Au分布特征及矿床成因具有明显差异,二者应是不同成矿事件的产物。

基于深度域适应迁移学习的滚动轴承故障诊断方法研究

在实际工业生产中,滚动轴承故障数据稀疏,构建的小样本数据集易导致模型过拟合,需要进行数据增强构成训练域。由于机械设备在运行中存在工况时变性,导致训练数据和测试数据之间存在差异,进而造成轴承故障诊断准确率不高,故提出一种基于生成对抗网络和多核最大均值差异(MK-MMD)的深度域适应迁移学习方法。文中通过有限元模拟获得大量带有标签的仿真故障数据,在此基础上构建深度域适应迁移学习的故障诊断模型,并利用凯斯西储大学的轴承数据集对轴承故障诊断模型进行测试。此外,通过与卷积神经网络(CNN)、深度适配网络(DAN)和深度域自适应网络(DANN)的故障诊断结果对比,证明基于有限元模拟的数据增强和迁移学习的轴承故障诊断方法可有效提高轴承故障诊断的准确度。

小黑杨Rubisco小亚基基因启动子的克隆及表达活性分析

核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶(Rubisco)是光合作用中决定碳同化速率的关键酶,其中小亚基(rbcS)是由核基因编码,并且主要在叶片中表达。利用RT-qPCR技术确定了小黑杨(Populus×xiaohei)叶片中高表达的Rubisco小亚基基因PxrbcS1和PxrbcS2基因,并克隆了其上游2 240、2 174 bp的启动子。对其进行启动子元件分析结果表明,PxrbcS1和PxrbcS2的启动子具有多个与光诱导表达相关的元件,例如G-box、MRE和Box4等元件。构建pBI-121-p PxrbcS1::GUS和pBI-121-p PxrbcS2::GUS植物表达载体并遗传转化84K杨(P. alba×P. glandulosa)。GUS组织化学染色以及qPCR表达分析表明PxrbcS1和PxrbcS2的启动子能够驱动GUS基因在84K杨叶片特异性高表达。总之,上述结果表明该研究成功地从小黑杨中克隆了具有叶片高表达活性的PxrbcS1和PxrbcS2的启动子,该启动子可应用到包括杨树在内的植物光合作用相关的基因功能研究以及提高植物光合作用的遗传操作中。