Assimilating the along-track sea level anomaly into the regional ocean modeling system using the ensemble optimal interpolation

The ensemble optimal interpolation （EnOI） is applied to the regional ocean modeling system （ROMS） with the ability to assimilate the along-track sea level anomaly （TSLA）. This system is tested with an eddy-resolving system of the South China Sea （SCS）. Background errors are derived from a running seasonal ensemble to account for the seasonal variability within the SCS. A fifth-order localization function with a 250 km localization radius is chosen to reduce the negative effects of sampling errors. The data assimilation system is tested from January 2004 to December 2006. The results show that the root mean square deviation （RMSD） of the sea level anomaly decreased from 10.57 to 6.70 cm, which represents a 36.6% reduction of error. The data assimilation reduces error for temperature within the upper 800 m and for salinity within the upper 200 m, although error degrades slightly at deeper depths. Surface currents are in better agreement with trajectories of surface drifters after data assimilation. The variance of sea level improves significantly in terms of both the amplitude and position of the strong and weak variance regions after assimilating TSLA. Results with AGE error （AGE） perform better than no AGE error （NoAGE） when considering the improvements of the temperature and the salinity. Furthermore, reasons for the extremely strong variability in the northern SCS in high resolution models are investigated. The results demonstrate that the strong variability of sea level in the high resolution model is caused by an extremely strong Kuroshio intrusion. Therefore, it is demonstrated that it is necessary to assimilate the TSLA in order to better simulate the SCS with high resolution models.

Altimeter significant wave height data assimilation in the South China Sea using Ensemble Optimal Interpolation

The application of ensemble optimal interpolation in wave data assimilation in the South China Sea is presented. A sampling strategy for a stationary ensemble is first discussed. The stationary ensemble is constructed by sampling from 24-h-interval significant wave height differences of model outputs over a long period,and is validated with altimeter significant wave height data,indicating that the ensemble errors have nearly the same probability distribution function. The background error covariance fields expressed by the ensemble sampled are anisotropic. Updating the static samples by season,the seasonal characteristics of the correlation coefficient distribution are reflected. Hindcast experiments including assimilation and control runs are conducted for the summer of 2010 in the South China Sea. The effect of ensemble optimal interpolation assimilation on wave hindcasts is validated using different satellite altimeter data(Jason-1 and 2 and ENVISAT) and buoy observations. It is found that the ensemble-optimal-interpolation-based wave assimilation scheme for the South China Sea achieves improvements similar to those of the previous optimal-interpolation-based scheme,indicating that the practical application of this computationally cheap ensemble method is feasible.

Assimilating OSTIA SST into regional modeling systems for the Yellow Sea using ensemble methods

The effects of sea surface temperature（SST） data assimilation in two regional ocean modeling systems were examined for the Yellow Sea（YS）. The SST data from the Operational Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Analysis（OSTIA） were assimilated. The National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center（NMEFC） modeling system uses the ensemble optimal interpolation method for ocean data assimilation and the Kunsan National University（KNU） modeling system uses the ensemble Kalman filter. Without data assimilation, the NMEFC modeling system was better in simulating the subsurface temperature while the KNU modeling system was better in simulating SST. The disparity between both modeling systems might be related to differences in calculating the surface heat flux, horizontal grid spacing, and atmospheric forcing data. The data assimilation reduced the root mean square error（RMSE） of the SST from 1.78°C（1.46°C） to 1.30°C（1.21°C） for the NMEFC（KNU） modeling system when the simulated temperature was compared to Optimum Interpolation Sea Surface Temperature（OISST） SST dataset. A comparison with the buoy SST data indicated a 41%（31%） decrease in the SST error for the NMEFC（KNU） modeling system by the data assimilation. In both data assimilative systems, the RMSE of the temperature was less than 1.5°C in the upper 20 m and approximately 3.1°C in the lower layer in October. In contrast, it was less than 1.0°C throughout the water column in February. This study suggests that assimilations of the observed temperature profiles are necessary in order to correct the lower layer temperature during the stratified season and an ocean modeling system with small grid spacing and optimal data assimilation method is preferable to ensure accurate predictions of the coastal ocean in the YS.

Establishment and tests of EnOI assimilation module for WAVEWATCH Ⅲ

A bstrac t In this paper,we propose a parallel data assimilation module based on ensemble optimal interpolation(En OI). We embedded the method into the full-spectral third-generation wind-wave model,WAVEWATCH III Version 3.14,producing a wave data assimilation system. We present our preliminary experiments assimilating altimeter significant wave heights(SWH) using the En OI-based wave assimilation system. Waters north of 15°S in the Indian Ocean and South China Sea were chosen as the target computational domain,which was two-way nested into the global implementation of the WAVEWATCH III. The wave model was forced by six-hourly ocean surface wind velocities from the cross-calibrated multi-platform wind vector dataset. The assimilation used along-track SWH data from the Jason-2 altimeter. We evaluated the effect of the assimilation on the analyses and hindcasts,and found that our technique was effective. Although there was a considerable mean bias in the control SWHs,a month-long consecutive assimilation reduced the bias by approximately 84% and the root mean-square error(RMSE) by approximately 65%. Improvements in the SWH RMSE for both the analysis and hindcast periods were more significant in July than January,because of the monsoon climate. The improvement in model skill persisted for up to 48 h in July. Furthermore,the SWH data assimilation had the greatest impact in areas and seasons where and when the sea-states were dominated by swells.

全球海洋资料同化系统ZFL_GODAS的研制和初步评估试验

本研究发展了一个全球海洋资料同化系统ZFL_GODAS。该系统是一个短期气候数值预测业务系统的子系统,为短期气候预测海气耦合模式提供全球海洋初始场。系统能够同化的观测资料包括卫星高度计资料、卫星海表温度(SST)资料,以及Argo、XBT、TAO等各种不同来源的现场温盐廓线资料。系统使用的海洋模式为中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室开发的气候系统海洋模式LICOM1.0,同化方案为集合最优插值(EnOI)方案。系统使用一个由海洋模式自由积分得到的静态样本来估计背景场误差协方差。这样的基于集合样本的背景场误差协方差具有多变量协变、各向异性的特征,且能反映海洋物理过程固有的空间尺度特征。针对EnOI同化程序的特点,开发了一套特色鲜明、负载均衡、高效的并行化同化程序。本文通过与不同类型观测资料的比较,对同化系统的性能进行了评估。通过比较海表温度和海面高度的年际变率,海表温度异常随时间的变化,SST、海面高度异常(SLA)以及次表层温盐预报产品的均方根误差,5年平均温度偏差廓线、平均盐度廓线、平均纬向流速廓线等发现:系统工作正常、同化效果较好;经过同化以后,各变量都更加接近观测,误差更小,与观测场的相关性更好,可以为短期气候预测系统提供较好的海洋初始场,也可以为物理海洋学的研究提供有效的再分析资料。

资料同化方法在空气污染数值预报中的应用研究

基于第5代中尺度非静力气象模式MM5以及区域气溶胶和沉积模式REMSAD耦合的空气污染数值预报模型系统,分别采用最优插值法和集合卡尔曼滤波法对南京2002-08～2002-09 NOx和SO2模型预报结果进行了资料同化试验,结果表明,NOx和SO2经最优插值法同化后偏差平均值的改进率分别为34.20%、47.53%,均方根误差的改进率分别为31.95%、42.04%;NOx和SO2经集合个数为30的集合卡尔曼滤波法同化后偏差平均值的改进率分别为26.73%、60.75%,均方根误差的改进率分别为25.20%、55.16%;说明最优插值法和集合卡尔曼滤波法都具有改善空气污染数值预报中污染物浓度初始场的作用.进行了集合卡尔曼滤波法中集合个数为61时2种同化方法同化效果比较的试验,结果表明,随着集合卡尔曼滤波法集合个数的增加,NOx和SO2的同化效果都较集合个数为30时有所改善,并且,集合卡尔曼滤波法对NOx和SO2模式预报结果的改善效果将好于最优插值法.

集合最优插值中的样本选取

背景误差协方差控制了分析向观测调整的幅度以及调整的结构,所以其对同化分析的质量起着至关重要的作用。对于集合同化方法而言,样本决定了背景误差协方差的分布。基于HYCOM海洋数值模式结果,针对集合最优插值方法,探讨了静态样本的选取和更新对背景误差协方差结构分布的影响,研究结果表明:由变量的原始状态数据估计的静态样本会夸大样本相关性,由扣除季节变化得到的距平数据统计出的静态样本能比较合理地反映背景误差协方差的结构;在季风控制区,具有季节变化的样本比静态样本更能适应背景误差协方差随流形分布的特征。同时一系列的同化试验也被实施来进一步调查不同样本对同化分析的影响。

集合KALMAN滤波和最优插值方法在不同观测分布的比较理想试验

目前一种比较流行并且可行的同化方法-集合Kalman滤波(EnKF)能够计算依赖于流的误差统计量。理论上,EnKF能够比最优插值、三维变分等更准确地计算误差统计量,能更好地融合背景场和观测场的信息。作者利用二维平流扩散方程经过10天的同化循环,比较不同观测分布的情况下EnKF和最优插值(OI)的模拟能力。理想试验结果显示,随着观测分布密度的减小,尤其是当观测的分辨率大于OI估计的相关尺度时,集合Kalman滤波的结果比最优插值有更明显的改进。

一个快速海洋三维温盐流分析系统及在亚丁湾临近海域的应用

开发了一个能快速估计三维海洋温盐流场的分析系统。这种系统以海洋数值模式多年积分的气候态结果作为背景场,通过多变量的集合最优插值同化方法利用现场观测和遥感卫星高度计及海表温度观测先对背景场进行偏差订正,以订正的背景场产生当前或瞬时的背景场,结合实时或近期观测通过集合最优插值方法得到三维海洋状态的估计。这种分析系统的优点是无需耗费时间去积分海洋数值模式,以较少的计算代价快速获得当前的海洋状态,便于某些应急事件的应用或不具备大型计算资源的地方(如舰船)。2009年这个系统被应用在亚丁湾临近海域,通过对分析结果的比较验证,表明开发的快速三维海洋温盐流分析系统具有比较好的性能。

风电场邻近风电机组缺测风速集成填充方法

针对风电场中邻近多台风电机组集中出现缺损测量风速的工况,提出基于粒子群优化广义回归神经网络的风电机组缺损测量风速集成填充方法。以"成员等同性"原则引入动态时间规整算法、空间邻点法和Pearson相关系数法,分别搜寻与缺损测量风速风电机组风速演化最为相似的若干台风电机组及对应的测量风速时序,建立基于广义回归神经网络的填充子模型,采用粒子群算法对广义回归神经网络的模型参数和训练集的构成进行全局优化,之后选取较好的子模型构造自适应的熵权集成填充模型。实验结果表明:依据相似性风速序列进行缺损风速的填充能有效提高填充精度;粒子群算法优化广义回归神经网络,不仅提高了子模型的填充效果,更使得模型参数的调节有据可依,能适应不同风电场风速数据的特点;基于熵权的集成填充策略理论依据充分,集成填充的精度和稳定性优于单个子模型。

HY-2卫星高度计波高资料在集合最优插值同化中的应用研究——以台风“Lipee”为例

基于海浪模式SWAN(Simulating Waves Nearshore),以台风"Lipee"为例,开展了集合最优插值(EnOI)同化HY-2卫星高度计有效波高(SWH)资料的台风浪数值预报影响研究。结果表明,利用HY-2卫星高度计波高资料结合EnOI方法进行同化,可有效改善海浪初始场质量,同化对绝对误差的改进可达15%,均方根误差改进14%。同化对预报误差、均方根误差都有一定程度的改进,其中在0~24h预报时效内的改进最为明显,绝对误差可改进12%,均方根误差改进13%。研究结果不仅可为海洋预报、同化提供参考,而且可为进一步加强HY-2卫星高度计资料的应用提供技术支持。

面向大规模海洋数据同化算法的并行实现及优化

海洋数据同化是一种将海洋观测资料融合到海洋数值模式中的有效手段,经过同化的海洋数据更加接近海洋的真实情况,对人类理解和认识海洋具有重要意义。围绕海洋数据同化设计了一种基于区域分解的一般性并行实现方法。在此基础上,提出了一种基于IO代理的新并行算法。首先,IO代理进程负责数据的并行读取;接下来,IO代理进程对数据进行切块,然后将块数据发送给相应的计算进程;当计算进程完成局部数据同化后,IO代理进程负责收集计算进程的同化结果,并将其写入磁盘。该方法的主要优势在于:利用IO代理进程来负责IO,而不是像传统方法那样让所有进程都来参与IO(直接并行IO),这样可以防止大量进程对磁盘的同时访问,有效避免进程排队所导致的等待。在天河二号集群上的测试结果表明,对于1度分辨率的数据同化,在核心数为425时,该并行实现的总运行时间为9.1 s,相对于传统串行程序的加速比接近38倍。此外,对于0.1度分辨率的数据同化,基于IO代理的并行同化算法在使用10 000核时依然具有较好的可扩展性,并且可将其IO时间最大限制在直接并行IO时间的1/9。

不同矩阵分解方法对海洋数据同化的影响

在海洋数据同化领域,集合最优插值方法中,矩阵求逆过程所使用的奇异值分解(singular value decomposition,SVD)十分耗时。对集合最优插值中逆矩阵的求逆过程进行优化,分别使用LU分解、Choleskey分解、QR分解来替代SVD分解。首先,通过LU分解(Choleskey分解或QR分解)得到相应的三角矩阵(或正交矩阵);然后,利用分解后的矩阵来实现相关逆矩阵的计算。由于LU分解、Choleskey分解、QR分解的算法复杂度都远小于SVD分解,因此改进后的同化程序能得到大幅度的性能提升。数值结果表明,所采用的三种矩阵分解方法相比于SVD分解,都能将集合最优插值的计算效率提升至少两倍以上。值得一提的是,在四种矩阵分解中Choleskey分解使得整个同化程序的性能达到了最优。

集合最优插值方法在北印度洋海浪同化中的应用

基于第三代海浪模式WaveWatch Ⅲ,采用集合最优插值（EnOI）方法对北印度洋海浪进行同化数值实验研究。在集合样本选取方案上,针对不同的实验分别选取有效波高（SWH）的历史后报场（样本A）、24h变化（样本B）以及以同一时刻72h预报时效和24h预报时效的差异（样本C）用于估计背景误差协方差。样本A和样本B是为海浪模拟而设计,样本C是为海浪预报而设计;通过与由高度计数据确定的模式背景误差进行比较,认为样本B优于样本A。采用样本B对2011年北印度洋海浪场进行同化模拟,结果表明2011-03-11相对误差改进都在5%及以上,其中7月份改进效果最佳。采用样本C对2013-07的有效波高进行0~72h预报,发现同化使0~24h预报改进最明显：均方根误差改进0.12m,相对误差改进5%。浮标检验结果支持上述结论。

珠江三角洲SO2初始场同化试验研究

基于WRF-CMAQ空气质量模式系统,采用最优插值法(OI)和集合平方根滤波法(EnSRF)对2013年12月广东珠江三角洲地区污染物SO_2进行初始场同化试验.背景场误差水平分布高值区主要位于江门一带,垂直分布在边界层内较大,400m以下基本不变,400m以上随高度增加而递减.对比OI与EnSRF两种方法同化前后SO_2浓度场变化,表明同化观测资料调整了污染物浓度场的分布型态,与观测场更为吻合,两种方法都能为模式提供与实际更加接近的初始场.敏感性试验表明最优插值法的最优水平尺度为20km;同化站点和检验站点的均方根误差平均下降率分别达到73%和39%.

Assimilating operational SST and sea ice analysis data into an operational circulation model for the coastal seas of China

The prediction of sea surface temperature （SST） is an essential task for an operational ocean circulation model. A sea surface heat flux, an initial temperature field, and boundary conditions directly affect the accuracy of a SST simulation. Here two quick and convenient data assimilation methods are employed to improve the SST simulation in the domain of the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea （BYECS）. One is based on a surface net heat flux correction, named as Qcorrection （QC）, which nudges the flux correction to the model equation; the other is ensemble optimal interpolation （EnOI）, which optimizes the model initial field. Based on such two methods, the SST data obtained from the operational SST and sea ice analysis （OSTIA） system are assimilated into an operational circulation model for the coastal seas of China. The results of the simulated SST based on four experiments, in 2011, have been analyzed. By comparing with the OSTIA SST, the domain averaged root mean square error （RMSE） of the four experiments is 1.74, 1.16, 1.30 and 0.91~C, respectively; the improvements of assimilation experiments Exps 2, 3 and 4 are about 33.3%, 25.3%, and 47.7%, respectively. Although both two methods are effective in assimilating the SST, the EnOI shows more advantages than the QC, and the best result is achieved when the two methods are combined. Comparing with the observational data from coastal buoy stations, show that assimilating the high-resolution satellite SST products can effectively improve the SST prediction skill in coastal regions.

An Ocean Data Assimilation System in the Indian Ocean and West Pacific Ocean

The development and application of a regional ocean data assimilation system are among the aims of the Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment. The ocean data assimilation system in the regions including the Indian and West Pacific oceans is an endeavor motivated by this goal. In this study, we describe the system in detail. Moreover, the reanalysis in the joint area of Asia, the Indian Ocean, and the western Pacific Ocean （hereafter AIPOcean） constructed using multi-year model integration with data assimilation is used to test the performance of this system. The ocean model is an eddy-resolving, hybrid coordinate ocean model. Various types of observations including in-situ temperature and salinity profiles （mechanical bathythermograph, expendable bathythermograph, Array for Real-time Geostrophic Oceanography, Tropical Atmosphere Ocean Array, conductivity-temperature-depth, station data）, remotely-sensed sea surface temperature, and altimetry sea level anomalies, are assimilated into the reanalysis via the ensemble optimal interpolation method. An ensemble of model states sampled from a long-term integration is allowed to change with season, rather than remaining stationary. The estimated background error covariance matrix may reasonably reflect the seasonality and anisotropy. We evaluate the performance of AIPOcean during the period 1993-2006 by comparisons with independent observations, and some reanalysis products. We show that AIPOcean reduces the errors of subsurface temperature and salinity, and reproduces mesoscale eddies. In contrast to ECCO and SODA products, AIPOcean captures the interannual variability and linear trend of sea level anomalies very well. AIPOcean also shows a good consistency with tide gauges.

Evaluation of Ocean Data Assimilation in CAS-ESM-C:Constraining the SST Field

A weakly coupled assimilation system, in which SST observations are assimilated into a coupled climate model （CAS- ESM-C） through an ensemble optimal interpolation scheme, was established. This system is a useful tool for historical climate simulation, showing substantial advantages, including maintaining the atmospheric feedback, and keeping the oceanic tields from drifting far away from the observation, among others. During the coupled model integration, the bias of both surface and subsurface oceanic fields in the analysis can be reduced compared to unassimilated fields. Based on 30 model years of ot.tput fiom the system, the climatology and imerannual variability of the climate system were evaluated. The results showed that the system can reasonably reproduce the climatological global precipitation and SLP, bul it still sutters from the double ITCZ problem. Besides, the ENSO footprint, which is revealed by ENSO-related surface air temperature, geopotential height and precipitation during El Nifio evolution, is basically reproduced by the system. The system can also simulate the observed SST-rainfall relationships well on both interannual and intraseasonal timescales in the western North Pacific region, in which atmospheric feedback is crucial for climate simulation.

Assimilation of Sea Surface Temperature in a Global Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model

The Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model(HYCOM) uses different vertical coordinate choices in different regions. In HYCOM, the prognostic variables include not only the seawater temperature, salinity and current fields, but also the layer thickness. All prognostic variables are usually adjusted in the assimilation when multivariate data assimilation methods are used to assimilate sea surface temperature(SST). This paper investigates the effects of SST assimilation in a global HYCOM model using the Ensemble Optimal Interpolation multivariate assimilation method. Three assimilation experiments are conducted from 2006–08. In the first experiment, all model variables are adjusted during the assimilation process. In the other two experiments, the temperature alone is adjusted in the entire water column and in the mixed layer. For comparison, a control experiment without assimilation is also conducted. The three assimilation experiments yield notable SST improvements over the results of the control experiment. Additionally, the experiments in which all variables are adjusted and the temperature alone in all model layers is adjusted, produce significant negative effects on the subsurface temperature. Also, they yield negative effects on the subsurface salinity because it is associated with temperature and layer thickness. The experiment adjusting the temperature alone in the mixed layer yields positive effects and outperforms the other experiments. The heat content in the upper 300 m and 300–700 m layers further suggests that it yields the best performance among the experiments.

An Ocean Reanalysis System for the Joining Area of Asia and Indian-Pacific Ocean

An ocean reanalysis system for the joining area of Asia and Indian-Pacific Ocean (AIPO) has been developed and is currently delivering reanalysis data sets for study on the air-sea interaction over AIPO and its climate variation over China in the inter-annual time scale.This system consists of a nested ocean model forced by atmospheric reanalysis,an ensemble-based multivariate ocean data assimilation system and various ocean observations.The following report describes the main components of the data assimilation system in detail.The system adopts an ensemble optimal interpolation scheme that uses a seasonal update from a free running model to estimate the background error covariance matrix.In view of the systematic biases in some observation systems,some treatments were performed on the observations before the assimilation.A coarse resolution reanalysis dataset from the system is preliminarily evaluated to demonstrate the performance of the system for the period 1992 to 2006 by comparing this dataset with other observations or reanalysis data.