Fecal Enterococci Levels in Selected Tributaries of the Pampanga River Basin, Philippines, and Their Relation to Land Use

This study aims to generate data which can be used as a potential starting point for the updating of the Philippine Water Quality Criteria and the determination of the true impact of land use to the fecal contamination of the Pampanga River Basin (PRB), the largest subwatershed of Manila Bay. Levels of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) were determined in the selected tributaries of the PRB, representing three land use categories, namely, the forest/woodland (control), agricultural and residential lands. FIB were quantified in order to investigate the potential contribution of the selected areas in the fecal contamination of the PRB. The study was conducted in 2021 covering March, May, June, July, and September to represent the dry (March and May) and wet (June, July, and September) seasons. Counts of FIB, namely thermotolerant coliform, E. coli, and enterococci were qualitatively correlated with the results of the ocular survey and key informant interview based on known fecal contributors and their relevant rainfall data. FIB counts of water bodies in the selected agricultural and residential land use categories had Geometric Mean (GM) counts that are statistically greater than those of bodies of water near the representative forest/woodland (control), and exceeded the acceptable GM limits for all FIB, regardless of the season. Notably, the GM values recorded for the waters near the selected forest/woodland (control) passed the water quality criteria for all measured FIB parameters for both seasons. Furthermore, enterococci levels in the control site were statistically lower during the wet season. These initial findings suggest that agricultural and residential land use categories could be major contributors to the unacceptable water quality of tributaries of the Pampanga River Basin. The prevalence of thermotolerant coliforms and E. coli was noted regardless of rainfall and land use, indicating these FIB may not be adequate as water quality indicators. With their ability to survive and persist in fecally contaminated sediments in water bodies and in nutrient-poor environments, enterococci could be more definitive indicators of fecal contamination and microbiological quality of environmental waters.

Influence of enterococci on human sperm membrane in vitro

Aim： To study the influence of enterococci on human sperm membrane in vitro. Methods： Ejaculated human sperm were artificially infected with β-hemolytic or non-β-hemolytic enterococci at the bacteria： sperm ratio of 50：1 at 37℃. Sperm membrane integrity was examined after incubation for 1, 3 and 5 h by hypoosmotic swelling （HOS） test and electron microscopy. Results： Sperm infected with β-hemolytic enterococci had lower HOS scores compared with non-β-hemolytic strains or uninfected control （P 〈 0.01）. The HOS test scores of sperm infected with β-hemolytic enterococci increased in the presence of phosphatidylcholine, an inhibitor of hemolysin. Non-β-hemolytic strains showed no significant difference in swelling rate, compared with the control group （P 〉 0.05）. It was shown by electron microscopy that β-hemolytic enterococci caused significant rupture of human sperm membrane. Conclusion： β-hemolytic enterococci caused human sperm membrane injury, and might be mediated by the hemolysin of enterococci.

Survival of Epidemic, Clinical, Faecal and Recreational Beach Enterococci Strains with Putative Virulence Genes in Marine and Fresh Waters

Culturable faecal coliform, epidemic, clinical, faecal and recreational beach enterococci strains possessing putative virulence genes were enumerated over the course of 5 weeks to comparatively assess their persistence in tropical marine and fresh waters. For the clinical and epidemic strains tested, it took 2.38 ± 0.45 days for a 1-log reduction (T90) in marine water. A higher T90 average of 2.51 ± 0.08 was observed for the commensal and environmental strains. Generally, lower T90 values of 2.14 ± 0.26 and 2.15 ± 0.16 days respectively were observed for hospital and community acquired enterococci strains in fresh water mesocosms subjected to tropical ambient temperature. Beach water enterococci and enterococci recovered from faeces of humans survived for up to 20 days and 23 days respectively in fresh and marine waters. The epidemic strain, MMH594, an esp-positive clinical bacteremia isolate that previously caused multiple infections in a hospital ward outbreak fares favourably well in tropical marine and fresh aquatic environments. For enterococci, the decay rate was approximately 13% higher in fresh water than was observed for marine water. On the contrary, for E. coli, the decay rate was approximately 17% lower in fresh water than was observed in marine water. Generally, the whole, the population trends of E. coli and enterococci in fresh and marine water mesocosms did not reveal any evidence of growth. Our findings suggest that potentially pathogenic bacteria can resume active growth after three weeks of being harboured by the reservoir-beach sand and still pose threat to public health.

Origin of de novo daptomycin non susceptible enterococci

The emergence of daptomycin non-susceptible enterococci(DNSE) poses both treatment and infection control challenges.Clinicians should be vigilant that DNSE may be isolated from patients with or without(de novo DNSE) prior use of daptomycin.Recent epidemiological data suggest the presence of a community reservoir for DNSE which may be associated with environmental,foodborne and agricultural exposures.The mechanisms of nonsusceptibility to daptomycin have not been well characterized and may not parallel those for Staphylococcus aureus.The identification of daptomycin resistance genes in anaerobes,in farm animals and in an ecosystem that has been isolated for million years,suggest that the environmental reservoir for de novo DNSE may be larger than previously thought.Herein,the limited available scientific evidence regarding the possible origin of de novo DNSE is discussed.The current existing evidence is not sufficient to draw firm conclusions on the origin of DNSE.Further studies to determine the mechanisms of de novo daptomycin nonsusceptibility among enterococci are needed.

Prevalence of Multidrug Resistant Enterococci in a Tertiary Care Hospital in India: A Growing Threat

Introduction: Enterococci are members of the healthy human intestinal flora, but are also leading causes of highly antibiotic-resistant infections. Serious enterococcal infections are often difficult to treat since the organisms have a tremendous capacity to acquire resistance to penicillin, high concentration of aminoglycoside & vancomycin. Careful review of in vitro susceptibility data is required to treat infections caused by MDR Enterococci. Therefore we conducted the study to find out prevalence of MDR Enterococci. Aims & Objectives: To study the prevalence of Vancomycin resistance, High Level Streptomycin Resistance (HLSR) & High Level Gentamicin Resistance (HLGR) in different enterococcal isolates. Materials & Methods: Total 180 enterococcal isolates were studied. Identification was done by conventional biochemical methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method on Mueller–Hinton agar and results were interpreted as per CLSI guidelines. HLSR & HLGR was determined by disc diffusion method using high level Gentamicin disc (120 μg) & Streptomycin (300 μg) discs. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination for Vancomycin was done by vancomycin E test strips. Results: Total 180 entetococcal isolates were studied. E. faecalis was 60%, E. faecium was 32.2%, E. durans and E. raffinosus were 4.4% & 3.3% respectively. Enterococcus fecium showed resistance in high percentage as compared to E. faecalis. 15 isolates were found to be vancomycin resistant. Conclusion: Resistance to aminoglycoside is of great concern. Regular screening of enterococcal isolates for vancomycin resistance detection should be implemented. It is very important to implement infection control measures, screening of health care workers, surveillance cultures in intensive care units which can control spread of multidrug resistant enterococci.

Isolation and species identification of enterococci from clinical specimen with their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in a tertiary care hospital,Bangladesh

Objective:To investigate the species prevalence of Enterococcus with their antimicrobial resistance pattern from patients of Dhaka Medical College Hospital.Methods:Samples were cultured and Enterococcus species were identified by conventional biochemical tests as well as PCR by using species specific primers for Enterococcus faecalis(E.faecalis)and Enterococcus faecium(E.faecium).For isolation of vancomycin resistant enterococci,minimum inhibitory concentration of vancomycin and PCR was done to detect vanA and vanB genes.Results:A total of 16 enterococci were isolated from 300 urine and 200 wound swab samples(15 from urine and 1 from wound swab)from July 2011 to June 2012.Enterococci were the third most common organism(8.47%)from urine after Escherichia coli(63.28%)and Enterobacter(11.87%).Out of 16 enterococci,10(62.5%)were E.faecalis,4(25%)were E.faecium and 2(12.5%)were other species.All the enterococci(100%)were sensitive to vancomycin and linezolid.Most of the strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin and azithromycin(87.5%),gentamycin(81.25%),ceftriaxone(75%),amoxiclav(31.25%)and imipenem(25%).E.faecium was more resistant than E.faecalis to azithromycin(100%),ciprofloxacin(100%),amoxiclav(75%)and imipenem(50%).No vancomycin resistant enterococci were identified and the range of minimum inhibitory concentration for vancomycin was 1-4μg/mL.None of the enterococci were positive for vanA and vanB genes.Conclusions:The presence of multidrug resistant enterococci should be considered as danger alarm for serious enterococcal infections and further study in large scale is needed.

3种羊源益生菌对瘤胃体外发酵参数和养分降解率的影响

本试验旨在研究3种羊源益生菌[海氏肠球菌(K2)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Ha)和酿酒酵母菌(Ma)]对瘤胃体外发酵参数及养分降解率的影响。采用瘤胃体外发酵方法,设8个组(每组6个重复),其中7个组分别添加K2、Ha、Ma、K2+Ha、Ha+Ma、K2+Ma和K2+Ha+Ma,K2、Ha和Ma添加浓度分别为1×10^(8)、1×10^(7)和1×10^(7)CFU/g,另设不加菌的对照组,测定发酵2~48 h的产气量以及挥发性脂肪酸、微生物蛋白含量等发酵参数和养分降解率。结果表明:发酵48 h时K2+Ma和K2+Ha+Ma组的产气量均达最高,较对照组分别显著增加了9.54%和6.32%(P<0.05),且快速降解部分产气量和慢速降解部分产气量均显著升高(P<0.05)。与对照组比较,K2+Ma组的微生物蛋白、总挥发性脂肪酸和丙酸含量均显著增加(P<0.05)。另外,不同单菌和复配对养分降解率的影响不同,K2+Ma组的干物质、粗蛋白质和总能降解率最高,而K2+Ha+Ma组的中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维降解率最高,均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。综上所述,K2+Ha+Ma和K2+Ma组合体外发酵效果较好,可为饲用益生菌的开发提供借鉴。

氯己定擦浴预防ICU病人多重耐药菌感染效果的Meta分析

目的:系统评价氯己定全身擦浴对重症监护室(ICU)病人多重耐药菌感染的预防效果。方法:检索the Cochrane Library、PubMed、Web of Science、EMbase、中国知网、万方数据库、维普数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库中关于氯己定全身擦浴预防ICU病人多重耐药菌感染效果的中英文文献。由2名研究者根据纳入与排除标准独立筛选文献、质量评价及提取资料,采用Stata 16.0软件进行Meta分析。结果:最终纳入11项研究共23090例病人。Meta分析结果显示,与常规温水或肥皂水擦浴比较,氯己定能降低ICU病人多重耐药菌感染(OR=0.770,P<0.001)。其中氯己定全身擦浴能降低耐万古霉素肠球菌(VRE)(OR=0.664,P=0.004)及耐碳青霉烯类铜绿假单胞菌(CRPA)(OR=0.442,P=0.034)的感染发生风险,但不能降低耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)(OR=0.852,P=0.193)及耐碳青霉烯类鲍曼不动杆菌(CRAB)的感染发生风险(OR=0.888,P=0.537)。结论:现有证据显示,氯己定全身擦浴能降低ICU病人多重耐药菌感染,但仅对部分耐药菌有效。

利奈唑胺与万古霉素治疗肠球菌血流感染疗效和安全性的真实世界研究

目的比较利奈唑胺与万古霉素治疗肠球菌血流感染住院患者的有效性与安全性,为临床提供用药参考。方法回顾性收集烟台毓璜顶医院2019年6月—2023年6月99例肠球菌血流感染住院患者的临床资料,按使用药物不同分为利奈唑胺组与万古霉素组,采用倾向性评分匹配法控制混杂因素,比较2组的临床疗效、炎性因子水平与不良反应发生情况。结果倾向性评分匹配后,2组各纳入25例患者。2组患者的有效率、30 d死亡率、不良反应发生率,以及治疗后炎症因子水平等指标比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论在肠球菌血流感染住院患者使用利奈唑胺或万古霉素的临床疗效与安全性基本一致。在万古霉素发生肾毒性及谷浓度未达标或超标考虑换药时,可优先考虑利奈唑胺。本研究受纳入样本量和信息收集限制,上述结论有待更多高质量研究予以验证。

Investigation of the prevalence of patients co-colonized or infected with methiclllin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin- resistant enterococci in China： a hospital-based study

Background Nosocomial infection caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus （MRSA） and vancomycin-resistant enterococci （VRE） could lead to increased morbidity and mortality. In 2006, VRE nosocomial spread became a reality in our hospital since the first VRE nosocomial infection in 2003. Little is known about the prevalence of coexistence with VRE and MRSA in the patients. The primary objective of the study was to identify the molecular characteristics of epidemic MRSA clones in our hospital and the prevalence of the coexistence with MRSA and VRE in same patients during the 2-year period, 2006-2007. Methods The clinical features, laboratory test results, and therapeutic outcomes of 129 cases who isolated MRSA collected from January 2006 to December 2007 were retrospectively analyzed. Polymerase chain reaction （PCR） was used to determine mecA-femB type and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec （SCCmec） type. All the participants were screened for clinical and microbiological data to identify the coexistence of VRE strains with MRSA. Results One hundred and twenty-nine MRSA isolates were included in the study： 71 （55%） from the intensive care unit, 35 （27.2%） from the surgical wards and 23 （17.8%） from the medical wards. The most frequent source of isolation of MRSA was sputum （76.7%）. From seven patients we isolated MRSA and VRE （E. faecium） simultaneously during their inpatient stay. One hundred and twenty-seven （127/129, 98.4%） MRSA isolates harboured SCCmec type Ⅲ, only 2 MRSA strains contained SCCmec type Ⅱ. All of the 129 MRSA isolates remained sensitive to vancomycin, teicoplanin and linezolid. Higher sensitivity rates were noted for chloramphenicol 99.2% （128/129）. Only 20.2% （26/129） of the MRSA isolates were sensitive to rifampin. All isolates presented resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents with high minimum inhibitory concentrations （MICs）, including： β-Iactams （penicillin, oxacillin, cefoxitin, and cefazolin）, tetracycline, erythromycin, gentamicin, and quinolones （ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin）. Conclusions The predominant MRSA clone at Beijing Chaoyang Hospital from 2006 to 2007 had the type Ⅲ SCCmec element. All of the MRSA isolates were multiresistant to antimicrobial agents. Emergence of coexistence of MRSA and VRE in the same patient was not rare. Physicians should pay more attention to infections resulting from MRSA and VRE. Aggressive infection control measures should be taken to prevent the transmission of the multidrug resistance organism.

Tracing enterococci persistence along a pork production chain from feed to food in China

The prevalence and transmission of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus(VRE)in enterococci being as probiotics has been neglected in the scientific literature.The application of enterococci in feed,food and health products may cause VRE transmission through the food chain.This study evaluated phenotypic resistance of Enterococcus species to 20 antibiotics along a pork production chain from feed to food.It also assessed the genetic diversity of Enterococcus faecium isolates.A total of 510 samples(feed,n=70;swine manure,n=400;swine carcasses,n=20,and retail pork,n=20)were collected in Beijing,China.A total of 328 enterococci isolates with 275 E.faecium and 53 Enterococcus faecalis were identified using 16 S rRNA.Antimicrobial susceptibility to all enterococci isolates was conducted using the KeB method for 20 antibiotics from 9 categories.Multilocus sequence typing(MLST)was conducted on the E.faecium isolates to survey the dissemination of enterococci in the pig industry.The results showed that only 26 enterococci isolates were sensitive to the 20 antibiotics,while half of the isolates(164/328)had acquired multi-drug resistance.The resistant rate to furazolidone was 68.60%,followed by 42.99%to tetracycline.One vancomycin-resistant E.faecium isolates were isolated from feed origin and 2 from manure origin,with minimum inhibitory concentrations to vancomycin of 1,024,64,and 64 mg/mL,respectively.The MLST outcomes showed that the 275 E.faecium isolates belonged to 11 sequence types(ST)including ST40,ST60,ST94,ST160,ST178,ST296,ST361,ST695,ST726,ST812 and ST1014.The ST of the feedsourced VRE was ST1014,while the 2 manure-sourced VRE was ST69.ST1014 evolved from ST78,which was the dominant clonal complex in most cities of China,leading to the spreading of VRE.These findings revealed the potential safety hazards of commercial probiotic enterococci in China and showed that there is a risk of the VRE horizontally transferring from feed to food.

Emergence of Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci at a Teaching Hospital, Saudi Arabia

Background： Vancomycin-resistant enterococci （VRE） are a major and emerging hospital-acquired pathogen associated with high mortality, particularly among the critically ill and Intensive Care Units （ICUs） patients. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and demographic and clinical characteristics of VRE among patients admitted to a university hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods： A study was conducted during the period from September 2014 to November 2015 at King Khalid University Hospital, a tertiary care hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, including in-patients with VRE infection. Data were collected using laboratory results and the medical records of admitted patients and were analyzed using SPSS version 19.0 statistical software. Results： In a one-year period, 231 enterococci were isolated from blood, urine, exudates, sputum, stool, and body fluid. There were 191 （82.7%） vancomycin-sensitive enterococci （VSE） and 40 （I 7.3%） isolates were VRE. The Enterococcus species included E.faecalis 168 （72.7%）, E.faecium, 53 （22.8%） E. gallinarum 5 （2.2%）, and E. avium 5 （2.2%）. VRE were more significant from blood specimens （P 〈 0.000 I） while VSE were significantly more predominant from urine specimens （P 〈 0.0001）. VRE were more commonly isolated from patients in ICUs and oncology unit （P = 0.0151 and P 〈 0.001, respectively） while VSE were more predominant in the medical and surgical areas （P = 0.0178 and P = 0.0178, respectively）. Conclusions： This study highlights the high prevalence of VRE in the hospital and the association of enterococcal infections with high-risk areas and oncology units, which warrant more studies looking for better management of these infections.

Biofilm Formation and Virulence Genes in Clinical Isolates of Enterococcus faecalis

Enterococcus faecalis is a Gram-positive bacterium commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract that can cause serious infections. Many enterococci have broad resistance to antibiotics including penicillin, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides and glycopeptides. There are several adaptation mechanisms that bacteria can undergo to become more resistant, among them is the formation of biofilm. Several genes have been linked to the increase in the capacity of biofilm formation by bacteria such as gelE, esp and asa1. The aim of this research was to evaluate the biofilm formation of 12 E. faecalis isolates collected in hospitals and a standard strain, as well as to evaluate the hydrophobicity of its membrane and the presence of virulence genes. All the isolates formed biofilm and the characteristics of their membrane were variable. In addition, the presence of at least one virulence gene was found in all the 12 isolates, and none of the genes in the standard strain, indicating the acquisition of these genes in the hospital environment. With this, we can conclude that there is a close relationship between biofilm formation, acquisition of antibiotic resistance and the presence of virulence genes.

万古霉素耐药肠球菌的同源性及耐药机制分析

目的探讨万古霉素耐药肠球菌(VRE)的同源性及主要耐药机制。方法收集我院临床分离的9株VRE,采用E-test法检测其对万古霉素等10种抗菌药物的最低抑菌浓度值,脉冲场凝胶电泳技术进行同源性分析,多重PCR技术扩增万古霉素耐药基因并测序。结果9株VRE均为屎肠球菌,共分为6个克隆,耐药表型和基因型均为vanA型。结论本院VRE为vanA基因型,VRE的增加与局部克隆传播、耐药基因的水平转移以及抗菌药物的选择压力有关。

肠球菌抗生素耐药基因检测

目的明确解放军第98医院临床分离的肠球菌中,抗生素耐药相关基因存在状况。方法采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)及序列分析的方法,分析15株粪肠球菌和9株屎肠球菌中,β-内酰胺类抗生素耐药相关基因(TEM)、氨基糖苷类抗生素耐药相关基因(氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因)[aac(6′)/aph(2″)、aph(3′)-Ⅲ、ant(2″)-Ⅰ、ant(4′,4″)、ant(6)-Ⅰ]、四环素耐药相关基因(tetM)、红霉素耐药相关基因(ermB、mefA)和万古霉素耐药相关基因(vanA、vanB)。结果24株肠球菌中TEM、aac(6′)/aph(2″)、aph(3′)-Ⅲ、ant(2″)-Ⅰ、ant(4′,4″)、ant(6)-Ⅰ、ermB、mefAt、etM、vanA和vanB 4基因的阳性分别为9株(37.5%)、17株(70.8%)、6株(25.0%)、0、0、10株(41.7%)、18株(75.0%)、0、10株(41.7%)、1株(4.2%)和1株(4.2%)。结论临床分离的肠球菌多重耐药严重;携带抗生素相关耐药基因是导致菌株对抗生素产生耐药的重要原因。

乌梅对308株临床菌株的抑菌效果

目的观察乌梅对临床菌株的抑菌效果。方法采用琼脂稀释法,对乌梅进行308株临床菌株的抑菌活性检测。结果乌梅对112株金黄色葡萄球菌、112株表皮葡萄球菌和28株肠球菌的MIC50分别为0.72、1.44、0.72mg/mL;其MIC90分别为1.44、1.44、0.72mg/mL。对肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠杆菌的MIC90分别为2.88、1.44mg/mL。结论乌梅对革兰阳性球菌和某些革兰阴性杆菌均有较好的抑菌活性。

重症监护病房肠球菌感染及体外药敏监测

目的 研究医院重症监护病房 (ICU)内肠球菌的感染现状并对其耐药性进行体外药敏监测。方法 用法国 生物梅里埃公司生产的VITEK32全自动细菌鉴定系统鉴定肠球菌 ,用K B法及E test试条法监测肠球菌耐药率。结果 ICU内 116株肠球菌中 ,以粪肠球菌分离率最高 ,为 75 .0 % ,屎肠球菌为 10 .3% ,居第 2位 ,116株肠球菌中检出耐氨苄西林肠球菌 (ARE) 16 .4 % ,氨基糖苷类高水平耐药肠球菌 (HLAR) 38.8% ,氨基糖苷类高水平耐药合并氨苄西林耐药株 6 .9% ,未检出耐万古霉素肠球菌 (VRE) ,但检出万古霉素中介肠球菌 (VIE) 3 4 %。结论 ICU内肠球菌耐药率呈上升趋势 ,须严密监测 ,预防耐药肠球菌的暴发流行。

猪源肠球菌的分离及生物特性的初报

本研究从猪粪便中分离了肠球菌两株 ,经菌种鉴定两株菌均为屎肠球菌。其生物特性的研究表明 :可耐受 1%的胆盐和 6 % Na Cl高盐 ,在 p H3.0条件下可存活 ,对绝大多数抗生素耐药。

肠球菌溶血素与其致病力的关系

目的 探讨肠球菌溶血素的毒力因子作用。方法 分别检测 3 9株临床标本分离的粪肠球菌以及 3 1株健康人群粪便分离的粪肠球菌的溶血素检出率 ;并检测了β溶血肠球菌、非 β溶血肠球菌对 9种抗生素的敏感性。 结果 临床菌株的溶血素检出率为 5 8.9% ,健康人群分离株的溶血素检出率为 19.3 % (P <0 .0 0 5 ) ;β溶血株对抗生素的耐药性明显高于非 β溶血株 (P <0 .0 1)。

临床分离肠球菌的耐药性监测与分析

目的 监测临床分离的 14 0株肠球菌对 16种常用抗菌药物的敏感性 ,为临床治疗肠球菌感染提供依据。方法 采用琼脂稀释法测定各抗菌药物对肠球菌的 MIC,计算 MIC50 、MIC90 和敏感率 ,采用快速硝噻吩纸片显色法对 14 0株肠球菌进行β-内酰胺酶测定。结果 万古霉素、替考拉宁对粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌的敏感性最高 ,均为10 0 % ,粪肠球菌对氨苄西林 /舒巴坦、亚胺培南和氨苄西林敏感率分别为 91.9%、90 .8%和 90 .8% ;屎肠球菌对氨苄西林 /舒巴坦、亚胺培南和氨苄西林分别为 92 .7%、82 .9%和 90 .2 % ;粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌以及其他肠球菌对头孢吡肟的敏感率最低分别为 14 .9%、9.8%和 0 ;青霉素和氨苄西林对粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌的药敏结果可推测对亚胺培南的敏感性。结论 万古霉素和替考拉宁仍是治疗肠球菌感染最有效的药物 。