Entropy generation analysis from the time-dependent quadratic combined convective flow with multiple diffusions and nonlinear thermal radiation

Diffusions of multiple components have numerous applications such as underground water flow, pollutant movement, stratospheric warming, and food processing. Particularly, liquid hydrogen is used in the cooling process of the aeroplane. Further, liquid nitrogen can find applications in cooling equipment or electronic devices, i.e., high temperature superconducting(HTS) cables. So, herein, we have analysed the entropy generation(EG), nonlinear thermal radiation and unsteady(time-dependent) nature of the flow on quadratic combined convective flow over a permeable slender cylinder with diffusions of liquid hydrogen and nitrogen. The governing equations for flow and heat transfer characteristics are expressed in terms of nonlinear coupled partial differential equations. The solutions of these equations are attempted numerically by employing the quasilinearization technique with the implicit finite difference approximation. It is found that EG is minimum for double diffusion(liquid hydrogen and heat diffusion)than triple diffusion(diffusion of liquid hydrogen, nitrogen and heat). The enhancing values of the radiation parameter R_(d) and temperature ratio θ_(w) augment the fluid temperature for steady and unsteady cases as well as the local Nusselt number. Because, the fluid absorbs the heat energy released due to radiation, and in turn releases the heat energy from the cylinder to the surrounding surface.

A comparison of different entransy flow definitions and entropy generation in thermal radiation optimization

In thermal radiation, taking heat flow as an extensive quantity and defining the potential as temperature T or the black body emissive power U will lead to two different definitions of radiation entransy flow and the corresponding principles for thermal radiation optimization. The two definitions of radiation entransy flow and the corresponding optimization prin ciples are compared in this paper. When the total heat flow is given, the optimization objectives of the extremum entransy dissipation principles （EEDPs） developed based on potentials T and U correspond to the minimum equivalent temperature difference and the minimum equivalent blackbody emissive power difference respectively. The physical meaning of the definition based on potential U is clearer than that based on potential T, but the latter one can be used for the coupled heat transfer optimization problem while the former one cannot. The extremum entropy generation principle （EEGP） for thermal radiation is also derived, which includes the minimum entropy generation principle for thermal radiation. When the radiation heat flow is prescribed, the EEGP reveals that the minimum entropy generation leads to the minimum equivalent thermodynamic potential difference, which is not the expected objective in heat transfer. Therefore, the minimum entropy generation is not always appropriate for thermal radiation optimization. Finally, three thermal radiation optimization examples are discussed, and the results show that the difference in optimization objective between the EEDPs and the EEGP leads to the difference between the optimization results. The EEDP based on potential T is more useful in practical application since its optimization objective is usually consistent with the expected one.

Application of time–frequency entropy from wake oscillation to gas–liquid flow pattern identification

Gas–liquid two-phase flow abounds in industrial processes and facilities. Identification of its flow pattern plays an essential role in the field of multiphase flow measurement. A bluff body was introduced in this study to recognize gas–liquid flow patterns by inducing fluid oscillation that enlarged differences between each flow pattern. Experiments with air–water mixtures were carried out in horizontal pipelines at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure. Differential pressure signals from the bluff-body wake were obtained in bubble, bubble/plug transitional, plug, slug, and annular flows. Utilizing the adaptive ensemble empirical mode decomposition method and the Hilbert transform, the time–frequency entropy S of the differential pressure signals was obtained. By combining S and other flow parameters, such as the volumetric void fraction β, the dryness x, the ratio of density φ and the modified fluid coefficient ψ, a new flow pattern map was constructed which adopted S（1–x）φ and （1–β）ψ as the vertical and horizontal coordinates, respectively. The overall rate of classification of the map was verified to be 92.9% by the experimental data. It provides an effective and simple solution to the gas–liquid flow pattern identification problems.

ON THE ENTROPY OF FLOWS WITH REPARAMETRIZED GLUING ORBIT PROPERTY

We show that a flow or a semiflow with a weak form of reparametrized gluing orbit property has positive topological entropy if it is not minimal.

Accuracy analysis of predicted velocity profiles of laminar duct flow with entropy generation method

The objective of this work is to estimate the accuracy of a predicted velocity profile which can be gained from experimental results, in comparison with the exact ones by the methodology of entropy generation. The analysis is concerned with the entropy generation rate in hydrodynamic, steady, laminar, and incompressible flow for Newtonian fluids in the insulated channels of arbitrary cross section. The entropy generation can be calculated from two local and overall techniques. Adaptation of the results of these techniques depends on the used velocity profile. Results express that in experimental works, whatever the values of local and overall entropy generation rates are close to each other, the results are more accuracy. In order to extent the subject, different geometries have been investigated. Also, the influence studied, and the distribution of volumetric geometries is drawn. of geometry on the entropy generation rate is local entropy generation rate for the selected geometries is drawn.

Entropy analysis of unsteady magneto-nanofluid flow past accelerating stretching sheet with convective boundary condition

The unsteady laminar magnetohydrodynamics （MHD） boundary layer flow and heat transfer of nanofluids over an accelerating convectively heated stretching sheet are numerically studied in the presence of a transverse magnetic field with heat source/sink The unsteady governing equations are solved by a shooting method with the Runge-Kutta- Fehlberg scheme. Three different types of water based nanofluids, containing copper, aluminium oxide, and titanium dioxide, are taken into consideration. The effects of the pertinent parameters on the fluid velocity, the temperature, the entropy generation num- ber, the Bejan number, the shear stress, and the heat transfer rate at the sheet surface are graphically and quantitatively discussed in detail. A comparison of the entropy generation due to the heat transfer and the fluid friction is made with the help of the Bejan number. It is observed that the presence of the metallic nanoparticles creates more entropy in the nanofluid flow than in the regular fluid flow.

Microchannel heat sink;Nanofluids;Entropy generation;Numerical analysis;Laminar flow

Based on the Second Law of Thermodynamics, the entropy generation is studied for laminar forced convection flow of different nanoparticles(Al_2 O_3, CuO and SiO_2) mixed with water through a hexagon microchannel heat sink(HMCHS). The effects of different heat fluxes and Reynolds numbers on the entropy generation for different nanofluids, volume fractions and nanoparticles diameter are investigated. The heat flux is in the range of 125 to 500 kW·m^(-2) and the Reynolds numbers vary between 200 and 1500. The thermal, frictional and total entropy generations are calculated by integrating the volumetric rate components over the entire HMCHS. The results clearly show that the rise in the heat flux leads to an increase in the thermal entropy generation for nanofluids and pure water but they don't have any influence on the frictional entropy generation. Moreover, when the Reynolds number increases, the frictional entropy generation increases while the thermal entropy generation decreases. The results revealed that at low heat fluxes and high Reynolds numbers, pure water gives the lowest entropy generation, while at high heat flux the nanofluid has to be used in order to lower the overall irreversibility.

Abnormal Crowd Behavior Detection Based on the Entropy of Optical Flow

To improve the detection accuracy and robustness of crowd anomaly detection,especially crowd emergency evacuation detection,the abnormal crowd behavior detection method is proposed.This method is based on the improved statistical global optical flow entropy which can better describe the degree of chaos of crowd.First,the optical flow field is extracted from the video sequences and a 2D optical flow histogram is gained.Then,the improved optical flow entropy,combining information theory with statistical physics is calculated from 2D optical flow histograms.Finally,the anomaly can be detected according to the abnormality judgment formula.The experimental results show that the detection accuracy achieved over 95%in three public video datasets,which indicates that the proposed algorithm outperforms other state-of-the-art algorithms.

Effects of Combined Heat and Mass Transfer on Entropy Generation due to MHD Nanofluid Flow over a Rotating Frame

The current investigation aims to explore the combined effects of heat and mass transfer on free convection of Sodium alginate-Fe_(3)O_(4) based Brinkmann type nanofluid flow over a vertical rotating frame.The Tiwari and Das nanofluid model is employed to examine the effects of dimensionless numbers,including Grashof,Eckert,and Schmidt numbers and governing parameters like solid volume fraction of nanoparticles,Hall current,magnetic field,viscous dissipation,and the chemical reaction on the physical quantities.The dimensionless nonlinear partial differential equations are solved using a finite difference method known as Runge-Kutta Fehlberg(RKF-45)method.The variation of dimensionless velocity,temperature,concentration,skin friction,heat,and mass transfer rate,as well as for entropy generation and Bejan number with governing parameters,are presented graphically and are provided in tabular form.The results reveal that the Nusselt number increases with an increase in the solid volume fraction of nanoparticles.Furthermore,the rate of entropy generation and Bejan number depends upon the magnetic field and the Eckert number.

An optimization method for enhancement of gas–liquid mass transfer in a bubble column reactor based on the entropy generation extremum principle

In this study,an optimization method is proposed to enhance the gas–liquid mass transfer in bubble column reactor based on the entropy generation extremum principle.The mass transfer–induced entropy generation can be maximized with the increase of mass transfer rate,based on which the velocity field can be optimized.The oxygen gas–liquid mass transfer is the major rate–limiting step of the toluene emissions biodegradation process in bubble column reactor,so the entropy generation due to oxygen mass transfer is used as the objective function,and the conservation equations of the gas–liquid flow and species concentration are taken as constraints.This optimization problem is solved by the calculus of variations,the optimal liquid flow pattern is obtained and the relationship of the maximum mass transfer enhancement on viscous dissipation is revealed,which can be used to improve the design of internal structure of the bubble column reactor.

RELATIVE ENTROPY AND COMPRESSIBLE POTENTIAL FLOW

Compressible （full） potential flow is expressed as an equivalent first-order system of conservation laws for density ρ and velocity v. Energy E is shown to be the only nontrivial entropy for that system in multiple space dimensions, and it is strictly convex in ρ, v if and only if ｜v｜ 〈 c. For motivation some simple variations on the relative entropy theme of Dafer- mos/DiPerna are given, for example that smooth regions of weak entropy solutions shrink at finite speed, and that smooth solutions force solutions of singular entropy-compatible per- turbations to converge to them. We conjecture that entropy weak solutions of compressible potential flow are unique, in contrast to the known counterexamples for the Euler equations.

Multi-scale complexity entropy causality plane: An intrinsic measure for indicating two-phase flow structures

We extend the complexity entropy causality plane（CECP） to propose a multi-scale complexity entropy causality plane（MS-CECP） and further use the proposed method to discriminate the deterministic characteristics of different oil-in-water flows. We first take several typical time series for example to investigate the characteristic of the MS-CECP and find that the MS-CECP not only describes the continuous loss of dynamical structure with the increase of scale, but also reflects the determinacy of the system. Then we calculate the MS-CECP for the conductance fluctuating signals measured from oil–water two-phase flow loop test facility. The results indicate that the MS-CECP could be an intrinsic measure for indicating oil-in-water two-phase flow structures.

ENTROPY FLOW CHARACTERISTICS ANALYSIS OF TYPHOON MATSA (0509)

The evolution of Typhoon Matsa (0509) is examined in terms of entropy flow through an entropy balance equation derived from the Gibbs relation, according to the second law of thermodynamics. The entropy flows in the various significant stages of (genesis, development and decaying) during its evolution are diagnosed based on the outputs of the PSU/NCAR mesoscale model (known as MM5). The results show that: (1) the vertical spatial distribution of entropy flow for Matsa is characterized by a predominantly negative entropy flow in a large portion of the troposphere and a positive flow in the upper levels; (2) the fields of entropy flows at the middle troposphere (500 hPa) show that the growth of the typhoon is greatly dependent on the negative entropy flows from its surroundings; and (3) the simulated centres of heavy rainfall associated with the typhoon match well with the zones of large negative entropy flows, suggesting that they may be a significant indicator for severe weather events.

Effects of Baffle on Entropy Generation in Separated Convection Flow Adjacent to Inclined Backward-Facing Step

Numerical simulations of a two-dimensional laminar forced convection flow adjacent to inclined backward-facing step in a rectangular duct are presented to examine effects of baffle on flow, heat transfer and entropy generation distributions. The main aim of using baffles is to enhance the value of convection coefficient on the bottom wall. But the useful energy can be destroyed due to intrinsic irreversibilities in the flow by the baffle. In the present work, the amount of energy loss is estimated by the computation of entropy generation. The values of velocity and temperature which are the inputs of the entropy generation equation are obtained by the numerical solution of momentum and energy equations with blocked-off method using computational fluid dynamic technique. Discretized forms of the governing equations in the (x, y) plane are obtained by the control volume method and solved using the SIMPLE algorithm. Numerical expressions, in terms of Nusselt number, entropy generation number, Bejan number and coefficient of friction are derived in dimensionless form. Results show that although a baffle mounted onto the upper wall increases the magnitude of Nusselts number on the bottom wall, but a considerable increase in the amount of entropy generation number takes place because of this technique. For validation, the numerical results for the Nusselt number and entropy generation number are compared with theoretical findings by other investigators and reasonable agreement is found.

Influences of double diffusion upon radiative flow of thin film Maxwell fluid through a stretching channel

This work explores the influence of double diffusion over thermally radiative flow of thin film hybrid nanofluid and irreversibility generation through a stretching channel.The nanoparticles of silver and alumina have mixed in the Maxwell fluid(base fluid).Magnetic field influence has been employed to channel in normal direction.Equations that are going to administer the fluid flow have been converted to dimension-free notations by using appropriate variables.Homotopy analysis method is used for the solution of the resultant equations.In this investigation it has pointed out that motion of fluid has declined with growth in magnetic effects,thin film thickness,and unsteadiness factor.Temperature of fluid has grown up with upsurge in Brownian motion,radiation factor,and thermophoresis effects,while it has declined with greater values of thermal Maxwell factor and thickness factor of the thin film.Concentration distribution has grown up with higher values of thermophoresis effects and has declined for augmentation in Brownian motion.

应急供水多级泵意外停机水力过渡过程瞬态特性

应急供水多级泵的意外停机会引起系统性能参数的剧烈变化,严重威胁供水安全。为了探究多级泵停机水力过渡过程内部流场的瞬态效应,该研究建立了基于叶轮转动平衡方程的泵停机过程转速预测方法,数值模拟分析了意外停机过程中多级泵内部流动特性。研究结果表明:在意外停机过程中,多级泵分别经历水泵工况、制动工况、反转工况以及飞逸工况4个阶段,转速呈现先减小至0后沿负方向增大的趋势,最后稳定在飞逸转速-4210 r/min附近;流量呈现先减小至0后沿负方向增大的趋势,然后再沿正方向增大,最终稳定在飞逸流量-14.32 kg/s附近;扭矩呈现先减小再增加,最后减小并稳定在零点附近。泵内流量和转速的大小、方向不断变化引起叶轮流道内流体的流动分离和回流,伴随着涡的形成、发展和破碎等时空演变;熵产值的变化与多级泵内不稳定流动密切相关,由湍流耗散所带来的损失起主导作用,在达到飞逸工况后湍流耗散熵产占比约65.2%,能量损失主要发生在叶轮流道内,且制动工况中内流场的损失较大;多级泵首级流道内监测点压力变化最为剧烈,各级监测点的压力脉动系数波动幅值随着级数的增加呈减小趋势;压力脉动振幅主导频率与多级泵转速呈现正相关关系,主导分量对应于叶轮流道的叶片通过频率,且沿着流体流动方向压力脉动频率振幅逐渐增大,压力脉动的频率特性可以反应出意外停机过程中流量的不稳定变化。研究成果可为应急供水系统安全稳定运行提供理论指导。

分流叶片长度及周向偏移量对ORC向心透平性能的影响

利用分流叶片能有效改善叶片通道内的流动阻塞问题,降低流动损失。针对某带分流叶片的有机朗肯循环(ORC)向心透平,研究了不同分流叶片长度和周向偏移量对透平性能的影响,对不同叶片布置方案进行数值模拟,分析了内部流动状况、叶片载荷和损失分布。结果表明:分流叶片能有效削弱通道中的涡流,改善流动状况,使通道内部的压力分布合理;同时在一定程度上分担了主叶片的载荷。与分流叶片长度系数相比,周向偏移量对熵产率的影响较为明显;随着长度系数和周向偏移量的增加,高熵产率范围和总压损失系数均呈现先减后增的趋势,等熵效率的变化则相反,当l=0.5、d=0.5时等熵效率最大,为91.26%,而功率与叶片长度大体呈正相关;将长度系数和周向偏移量分别控制在0.5~0.6时,能保持较为理想的流动状况及叶片载荷分布,高熵产率范围较小,有利于透平性能的提升。

降速方式对混流泵压力脉动特性的影响

混流泵在降速过程中的内部流动特性变化对其性能和稳定性有重要影响。针对这一问题,该研究探究了混流泵在降速过程中内部流动的复杂性,尤其关注不同降速方式对泵内压力脉动特性的影响。通过构建多通道测试系统,收集了混流泵在不同降速方式下的外特性参数信号和泵内压力脉动信号。并采用非稳态信号处理技术,从时域、频域和时频三方面探究不同降速方式对叶轮出口和导叶内部的压力脉动特性的影响以及二者之间的相关性。结果表明,泵内压力脉动的峰值和样本熵的变化趋势与不同降速方式的幂指数呈正相关关系;在整个降速过程中叶轮出口压力脉动对导叶内压力脉动起主导作用;叶轮出口和导叶内部压力脉动之间的相干频率主要集中于80~120 Hz之间;在不同降速过程中叶轮出口和导叶内部的压力脉动之间强相关区域的频带范围保持不变,但是强相关区域在整个降速过程频带范围中的占比有所变化;对于具有固定初始转速和目标转速的降速过程,降速方式的改变不会影响叶轮出口和导叶内压力脉动的相干频率。研究结论可为揭示混流泵瞬态运行特性及提高混流泵降速运行中的稳定性提供参考。

基于熵产理论的管道泵流动损失特性分析

为了揭示管道泵运行过程中的流动损失特性,基于熵产理论,采用数值计算方法对管道泵吸水室和叶轮内的总熵产以及局部熵产率进行了研究,并结合压力脉动及涡核分布对其产生流动损失的原因进行了分析。研究结果表明,叶轮总熵产和吸水室总熵产保持高度一致性,吸水室内部流动影响了叶轮内部流动。随着流量的增大,叶轮和吸水室总熵产先减小,随后增大,这与其内部监测点的压力脉动主频幅值变化规律基本一致。叶轮总熵产显著大于吸水室总熵产,偏工况下更为明显,前者至少是后者的4倍。湍流耗散熵产占据吸水室和叶轮总熵产的90%以上,构成了流动损失的主要部分。吸水室高熵产率区主要分布在第二弯道及出口处,小流量工况下的熵产率是其余工况下的数百倍,该位置的大尺度带核涡以及附壁涡是导致熵产率增加的主要原因。叶轮高熵产率区主要集中在叶轮进口和出口,在大部分区域,小流量下的熵产率是其余工况的6倍以上,小流量工况下叶轮进口预旋和出口失速涡以及大流量工况下叶轮中上游的分离涡是导致熵产率较高的主要原因。该研究可为管道泵局部流动损失识别以及开展针对性优化提供参考。

径向剖分双吸式工业液力透平的内部流动损失特性分析

针对双吸式离心泵反转作液力透平运行区间狭窄、效率低等问题,对实际工程应用中的一台径向剖分双吸式离心泵反转作工业液力透平的内部流动损失特性进行了研究。首先,采用了数值模拟方法预测了液力透平在泵和透平典型工况下的水力性能,对比了透平在泵工况下的实验结果,验证了数值模拟的准确性和可靠性;然后,结合熵产理论,定量分析了透平工况下各过流部件对于总能量损失的权重以及熵产成分比重的分布情况;最后,结合局部流动特征进一步揭示了主要过流部件内流动损失的发生位置和产生原因。研究结果表明:壁面熵产是导致径向剖分双吸式工业液力透平内部流动损失的主要原因,在0.8Q_(b)、Q_(b)、1.2Q_(b)工况下,壁面熵产分别占总熵产的55.3%、69%、67.4%;导出室是透平内熵产占比最大的水力部件,局部回流、流动冲击等不良流动特征是导致湍流熵产增加的主要原因。该研究结果对离心泵反转作工业液力透平的优化设计、运行调控和推广应用有一定的借鉴意义。