Negotiated Complexity: Framing Multi-Criteria Decision Support in Environmental Health Practice

The complexity we take into account when dealing with complex issues and the way we deal with that complexity is not given or self-evident, it is framed and negotiated. Based on two environmental health decision support case studies we address a set of key methodological choices, crucial in shaping the multi-criteria decision support and illuminate how they followed from transdisciplinary collaboration and negotiation: diversity tolerance, dealing with uncertainty and difference of opinion, weight of information and the epistemological divide between traditional closed and alternative open paradigms. The case studies exemplify the growing conviction amongst methodologists that, especially regarding complex issues, best methods do not exist as such: methods are chosen and tailored in practice and the quality to a large extent is dependent on the process in which methodological development is embedded. We hope to contribute to making explicit the importance of methodological decision making regarding environmental health complexity.

Healthy river and its indication,criteria and standards

Based on the author＇s practice in river harnessing, this paper defines that a healthy river is a river whose social and natural functions can be balanced or compromised in terms of the socio-economic, ecological and environmental values associated with the river. The environmental values of river systems should be judged according to the following criteria： the signal of a healthy river should be associated with favorable riverbed, acceptable water quality, sustainable river ecosystem and compatible runoff. The river health criterion should reflect the river＇s natural function status which includes the riverbed, water quality, river ecosystem and runoff. But, the variety and quantity would be different for different rivers depending on different natural features and social background. The standards to be adopted for a healthy river should be determined according to the requirements for maintaining river＇s normal natural functions and the extent whether the social and natural functions could perform in a balanced way, and also the standards adopted should be adjusted according to the change of the given conditions. The key factor of river health is the enough and clean flow. The authors stressed that human activities would hurt the river health which include excessive water di- version and excessive power generation from the river, improper regulation of flood and sediment, and over discharge of sewage into the river and over change in fish habitat. Taking the Yellow River as a case, this paper also discussed the method to identify what are the standards of a healthy river as well as environmental flows.

The Quality of Chinese Environmental Law

This article intends to provide some perspective on how a normative framework for environmental regulation could be developed in theory.It focuses on the quality of Chinese environmental legislation based on five criteria,i.e.effectiveness,efficiency,enforceability,proportionality,and clarity.This article then evaluates Chinese current environmental legislation from the perspective of good quality of legislation.In conclusion,this article puts forward several suggestions in order to improve China' s current environmental law.These approaches include establishing integrated legal principles,introducing the public choice theory into law-making process,and choosing environmental instruments in a appropriate way.

Assessment of a Precaution Index for Environmental Evaluation: An Example of Application to the Cow’s Milk Production

The paper presents a Precaution Index (P) developed to create an instrument to assess the potential risk related to the presence of pollution sources next to milk production farms. The methodology starts from the inventory and geo-referencing of all pollution sources in an area, with the help of the multi-criteria decision analysis. Results are represented in a map of P, which highlights which areas are most at risk and need monitoring, and which pollutants may be involved. This may help in the early identification of emerging hazards to food safety. P was calculated for the milk production in an Italian region. Results show that 97% of the area is in a condition of minimum precaution that would be needed in controlling the safety of dairy products.

基于生态安全的我国土壤镉环境基准研究

土壤镉(Cd)污染的生态安全问题不容忽视,我国目前尚缺乏基于生态风险的土壤Cd环境基准。本研究通过调研国内外关于土壤Cd的生态毒性研究,收集并筛选基于我国土壤的Cd毒性效应数据,采用物种敏感性分布法并结合Cd的生态毒性预测模型,推导不同用地方式下的土壤全量和EDTA提取态Cd生态安全环境基准。共收集与筛选出包含13个物种或生态过程的126个土壤Cd生态毒性数据,其中陆生植物毒性数据60个(6个物种)、无脊椎动物毒性数据39个(3个物种)、生态过程毒性数据27个(4种指标)。土壤Cd生态毒性预测模型研究结果表明,土壤pH是影响Cd生态毒性的最重要因子。自然保护地和农业用地、公园用地、住宅用地、商服及工业用地不同土壤pH值范围的土壤全量Cd生态安全基准分别为1.91~5.25、3.94~11.1、7.59~22.0和10.5~30.8 mg·kg^(-1),基于EDTA提取态Cd的生态安全基准分别为1.13~3.12、2.34~6.62、4.51~13.1和6.24~18.4 mg·kg^(-1)。研究结果可为我国土壤污染风险管控标准的制修订提供依据。

Differentiated payments for environmental services schemes: A methodology proposal

Payment schemes for environmental services face serious budget constraints in Mexico. Payments are equally distributed among forest owners, and the governmental agencies that make payments to beneficiaries do not evaluate the amount of environmental services produced by forested areas. This lack of evaluation could lead to economic and environmental deficiencies that restrict the possible benefits of such programmes. In general, these programmes do not achieve their conservation objectives, and local beneficiaries are not involved in the design or application of these programmes. Similarly, the Payments for Hydrological Environmental Services(PHES) programme of the State of Mexico, Mexico, makes equal payments to beneficiaries of forested areas considering tree density. The objective of the present work was to create a methodology for determining differentiated payments schemes for hydrological environmental services, prioritising areas that contribute the most to groundwater recharge and promote the participation of society. In the Nevado de Toluca Natural Protected Area, the environmental criteria of forest type, tree density and aquifer overexploitation as well as social participation were considered in a multi-criteria analysis implemented in a Geographic Information System. A methodology was developed to determine differentiated payments based on specific forest characteristics that influence the potential capacity of forests to recharge groundwater reserves in addition to the level of social participation. In particular, social participation is key as it could ensure the viability of PHES programmes as conservation alternatives in forested areas with high groundwater recharge potential.

美国场地土壤筛选值研究及其对中国土壤环境基准研究的启示

土壤环境基准是土壤环境标准和土壤环境保护的基础。美国是世界上最早关注污染场地保护并开展土壤污染风险管控的国家之一,并形成了较为完善的体系,但我国在这方面还处于起步阶段。为此,本文以美国为例,综述其在土壤筛选值(SSLs)方面的研究,通过分析美国在土壤污染防治方面的法律法规和技术规范,系统梳理美国在SSLs方面的研究成果,从直接摄入、皮肤吸收、摄入污染地下水、吸入室外挥发物与颗粒物和蒸汽侵入5个方面阐述美国基于人体健康风险的SSLs制定的理论方法。在此基础上,为我国土壤环境基准研究提出了几点建议:进一步加强我国土壤环境基准研究工作,立足我国国情开展土壤环境基准研究,加强本土化参数研究和土壤环境基准研究规范化,以及协同开展土壤地下水环境基准研究,以期为我国土壤环境基准研究与制定提供参考。

Modeling Environmental Susceptibility of Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Sites: A Case Study in São Paulo State, Brazil

The large excess of solid waste generated in cities is a result of population growth and economic development. Properly managing this municipal solid waste (MSW) is a challenge, mainly in underdeveloped and developing countries where financial concerns are an added problem. From the environmental point of view, a major issue is properly disposing MSW taking into consideration a wide range of factors, and working with different spatial data. In this study, we used geographic information system (GIS) to perform multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) conducted by analytical hierarchy process (AHP). The development of the environmental impact susceptibility model (EISM) for municipal solid waste disposal sites (MSWDS) applied to the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil considered factors such as geology, pedology, geomorphology, water resources, and climate represented by fifteen associated sub-factors. The results indicated that more than 82% of Sao Paulo’s territory is situated in areas with very low, low, and medium environmental impact susceptibility categories. However, in the remaining 18% of the state land area, 85 landfills are located in areas with high and very high environmental impact susceptibility categories. These results are alarming because these 85 landfills receive approximately 17,886 tons of MSW on a daily basis, which corresponds to 46% of all municipal solid waste disposed in Sao Paulo state. Therefore, decision makers, urban planners and policymakers could use the findings of the EISM towards mitigating the environmental impacts caused by MSWDS.

湖泊生态系统修复理论与技术研究进展

全球范围内湖泊富营养化日益严重,影响水资源可持续利用,导致生态系统功能退化,威胁社会经济可持续发展和生态安全。本文系统综述了稳态转换、营养盐控制、生物操纵和环境基准等湖泊系统修复基础理论和最新研究进展;结合国内外湖泊修复实践,对内外源污染物削减、生物措施、水利措施等修复技术方法进行概述。湖泊修复是一项长期艰巨的任务,针对目前尚未解决的问题和新的变化环境,提出科学建立修复目标、营养盐阈值确定、水生生物群落定量关系、流域管控体系建立等研究展望,以期为湖泊修复提供科学支撑。

基于文献数据的PAHs生态安全土壤环境基准研究

多环芳烃(Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)具有致癌、致畸、致突变等“三致”效应,其造成的土壤污染问题受到世界各国的强烈关注。然而我国基于生态安全的土壤风险筛选值和管控标准仍未确立,致使当前土壤生态安全风险评估仍无据可依。通过系统调研国内外土壤中PAHs的生态毒性研究结果,针对16种优先控制PAHs,筛选获得248组毒性数据(Effect concentration10,EC10和No observed effect concentration,NOEC),并利用物种敏感性分布法推导出不同用地方式下各PAH的生态安全土壤环境基准。不同用地方式下各PAH的生态安全土壤环境基准分别为1.00~10.60 mg·kg^(–1)(自然保护地和农用地)、1.03~25.44 mg·kg^(–1)(公园用地)、1.12~51.00 mg·kg^(–1)(住宅用地)、1.20~68.41 mg·kg^(–1)(商服及工业用地)。该研究结果可为我国土壤生态安全环境质量标准的制定和PAHs污染土壤的生态风险评估提供数据支撑和方法指导。

基于地下水安全的六价铬土壤环境基准值推导案例

重金属污染物六价铬[Cr(Ⅵ)]毒性较大,迁移性强,对地下水安全带来很大威胁,现行相关土壤标准多忽视了地下水安全,亟需制定基于地下水安全的Cr(Ⅵ)土壤环境基准值为污染场地监管提供支撑。调研借鉴国外制定基于地下水安全的污染物环境基准值的方法,以浙江黏壤土、江苏壤质砂土和吉林壤质黏土为研究对象,进行室内静态吸附试验,获得3种土壤的Cr(Ⅵ)分配系数。土壤参数及含水层相关参数通过查阅调研国内文献获得,采用美国环境保护署在土壤筛选指南中提出的土壤筛选值(soil screening level,SSL)方法,基于《地下水质量标准》(GBT 14848-2017)反推得到基于地下水安全的土壤环境基准值。研究结果表明:基于地下水安全的Cr(Ⅵ)土壤环境基准值分别为0.944,0.690,0.514 mg/kg,研究结果与国外以保护地下水安全为目的的基准值较为接近,但各研究地区土壤性质的差异使得基准值有所差别。因此各地监管机构在完善土壤环境质量评价体系时应当构建各地土壤及含水层参数数据库,为本地区土壤污染治理提供参考。研究结果可为我国各地区推导基于地下水安全的重金属土壤环境基准值提供科学依据。

基于生态风险的土壤短链氯化石蜡环境基准研究

短链氯化石蜡(Short Chain Chlorinated Paraffins,SCCPs)是一种持久性有机污染物,广泛应用于电缆、人造革等工业生产中,具有很强的生物毒性,并可以通过多种途径进入土壤环境,威胁着土壤生态环境安全。针对新污染物之一的SCCPs,已经有相关研究做出了基于淡水环境的基准,而目前关于SCCPs的土壤生态环境基准和风险的研究仍旧缺乏。鉴于此,本研究分别采用物种敏感度分布法和分配系数法推导了土壤中SCCPs的生态环境基准阈值,并对我国典型土壤中的生态风险进行了评价。结果表明:采用物种敏感度分布法得出土壤的无效应浓度为71.46mg/kg;采用分配系数法得到土壤的无效应浓度为10.1mg/kg。经过与相关研究对比,最终选择利用分配系数法得到的基准值作为SCCPs的土壤生态环境基准值。由于物种选择和研究方法的差异性等,本研究获得的SCCPs土壤生态环境基准与其他国家存在一定差异。另外,运用风险商值法对土壤中的SCCPs环境风险进行评价,结果表明,目前我国主要地区的不同土壤类型中SCCPs的HQ值为7.23×10^(-5)~0.5017,为低风险。本研究的结果可为土壤SCCPs环境质量标准的制定与环境风险管理提供参考依据。

Predicting the Bioaccessibility of Soil Cd,Pb,and As with Advanced Machine Learning for Continental-Scale Soil Environmental Criteria Determination in China

Investigating the bioaccessibility of harmful inorganic elements in soil is crucial for understanding their behavior in the environment and accurately assessing the environmental risks associated with soil.Traditional batch experimental methods and linear models,however,are time-consuming and often fall short in precisely quantifying bioaccessibility.In this study,using 937 data points gathered from 56 journal articles,we developed machine learning models for three harmful inorganic elements,namely,Cd,Pb,and As.After thorough analysis,the model optimized through a boosting ensemble strategy demonstrated the best performance,with an average R2 of 0.95 and an RMSE of 0.25.We further employed SHAP values in conjunction with quantitative analysis to identify the key features that influence bioaccessibility.By utilizing the developed integrated models,we carried out predictions for 3002 data points across China,clarifying the bioaccessibility of cadmium(Cd),lead(Pb),and arsenic(As)in the soils of various sites and constructed a comprehensive spatial distribution map of China using the inverse distance weighting(IDW)interpolation method.Based on these findings,we further derived the soil environmental standards for metallurgical sites in China.Our observations from the collected data indicate a reduction in the number of sites exceeding the standard levels for Cd,Pb,and As in mining/smelting sites from 5,58,and 14 to 1,24,and 7,respectively.This research offers a precise and scientific approach for cross-regional risk assessment at the continental scale and lays a solid foundation for soil environmental management.

建筑用金属面绝热夹芯板耐久性试验研究

建筑用金属面绝热夹芯板广泛应用于工业与民用建筑的屋面和墙体。现行的国家标准中没有建筑用金属面绝热夹芯板耐久性试验方法及评价指标的要求。根据金属面夹芯板实际用途,选择3种不同芯材的金属面夹芯板,在4种不同环境条件下进行耐久性试验,并对芯材的密度、质量吸湿率、导热系数以及金属面夹芯板的粘结强度进行测试。通过对试验数据的分析,找出影响试验数据的主要因素,并对金属面夹芯板耐久性评价指标的确定提出建议。

中山市电镀行业环境准入初步研究

本文采用资料收集与实地调研的方式对中山市电镀行业环境管理的有关要求及电镀行业发展现状进行梳理。总结中山市电镀行业在规划相符、选址要求、工艺装备、环境质量、清洁生产、总量控制、污染治理、管控标准的环境管理要求,指出中山市电镀行业发展困境。从强化顶层设计、鼓励升级改造、提升环保意识、制定准入标准、创新管理模式多角度提出中山市电镀行业环境准入设计,为电镀行业环境规范化管理提供参考。

行政处罚中“主观过错”的教义分析与判断适用——以生态环境行政处罚为例

2021年《行政处罚法》修订后,正式确立了“主观过错”条款。就法条内容而言,该条款具体规定了三项相关制度:行政处罚的定罚要件包括主观过错、量罚阶段需区分故意与过失以及“主观过错”条款的“另有规定”。就其适用情况而言,以生态环境行政处罚为例,“主观过错”条款面临着主观过错判断标准不明确的困境。为规范主观过错判断标准的具体适用,应将意外事件、不可抗力作为不予处罚的情形,引入注意义务、注意能力、信赖利益、对结果的掌控力等因素进行考量,以期达到行政机关、司法机关更加审慎地对待行政处罚中“主观过错”的目的。

基于CRITIC和多策略秃鹰优化BiLSTM的水质预测研究

科学有效地预测水质对于水环境的可持续发展和人类健康具有重要意义,为此以固原市某黄河断面的水质监测数据为研究对象,提出了基于指标客观性的权重赋权(Criteria Importance Though Intercriteria Correlation,CRITIC)法和改进的秃鹰搜索(Improved Bald Eagle Search,IBES)算法优化双向长短时记忆网络(Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Network,BiLSTM)的组合水质等级预测模型。首先,采用CRITIC法确定各水质指标的权重,加权求和获得一项综合水质指标,从而提出一种改进的水质评价指标体系,以为BiLSTM提供更丰富、更可靠的水质特征信息。其次,在训练过程中引入Logistic映射和莱维飞行策略,并设计交叉共享及准反向搜索策略优化秃鹰搜索(Bald Eagle Search,BES)算法,以提升其种群多样性,增强寻优能力。最后,通过IBES算法迭代寻找BiLSTM的最佳学习率、隐藏层节点数以及正则化系数的超参数组合,进一步提高其预测水平。结果显示:与IBES-BiLSTM、BES-BiLSTM、GA-BiLSTM、PSO-BiLSTM和BiLSTM等模型相比,CRITIC-IBES-BiLSTM模型进行水质等级预测的准确率、精准率、召回率及F_(1)均最高,且具有更好的稳定性。

LEEDV4与《绿色建筑评价标准》的对比研究

针对我国现阶段绿色建筑的评价体系尚未完善的问题,对国际性绿色建筑评价标准LEED V4和我国的GB/T 50378—2019《绿色建筑评价标准》进行了比较分析,结果表明,GB/T 50378—2019《绿色建筑评价标准》注重均衡评价,而国际性绿色建筑评价标准LEED V4侧重能源指标,但是两种体系均体现了节能环保的理念。

土壤环境基准/标准研究需要解决的基础性问题

土壤环境基准/标准研究是一个复杂的系统工程,涉及到多方面的基础性问题。了解和解决其所涉及的这些基础性问题,是土壤环境基准/标准是否科学准确并在国家层面上能否全面应用的前提。本文从土壤环境基准/标准研究相关的概念及其内涵、基础方法标准化、生物受体的选择和变量归一化4大方面阐述了土壤环境基准/标准研究需要解决的基础性问题,从而为全面系统地开展此项研究工作提供思想、理论、方法和技术等依据。具体来说,包括"环境质量"、"土壤环境质量"、"土壤质量"、"土壤污染"、"污染土壤"、"土壤环境质量基准"、"污染土壤修复基准"等诸多相关概念,采样、前处理、分析步骤和测试方法等的统一与标准化,敏感种与优势种等生物受体的正确选择,以及涉及到总量与有效态或提取态、复合污染与交互作用的情况、土壤本身的一些影响因素(土壤类型、有机质、粘粒、pH、Eh和CEC等)、土壤外部的一些影响因素(地理区域、温度、水分或湿度、施肥或农业措施等)诸多变量的基础数据的归一化处理。最后,结合这些基础性问题,对土壤环境基准/标准的研究进行了展望。