Appropriate Garden Design of Primitive Ecology Based on the Indigenization of Environmental Ethics

The accelerating urbanization process leads to aggravated environmental problems, thus garden design which is a creative activity connecting human and nature has attracted much attention, and also garden designers have had to rethink about environmental ethics and morals. This study, from the perspective of environmental ethics, duly proposed the brand-new concept of 'appropriate garden of primitive ecology', proceeded from the orientation, form, value, theoretical basis, realistic significance, culture and consumption psychology of 'garden of primitive ecology', fully developed outstanding ecological wisdoms and morals in traditional Chinese garden culture, boosted garden designs to the environmental ethics level of eco-justice, to seek for the approach to 'garden of primitive ecology' with indigenous Chinese environmental ethic characteristics.

Survey of Environmental Ethics on Project Activities

The concepts of project activity and environmental ethics are analyzed. It indicates that project activity is a kind of ＂creation＂ event transforming nature, and is bound to generate a series of bad consequences, such as environmental pollution, biosphere destruction, natural resource waste and ignoring ecological value. Environmental ethics takes natural environment as research object, advocates valuing nature own value, and initiates concerning ethical responsibility of project activity on natural environment. Finally, we put forward countermeasures to ethical issues, such as sustainable development and enhancing ethic education of project.

Environmental Education, Environmental Ethics, and Environmental Perceptions of Food Establishment Employees in a Philippine University

The waste management challenge in university campuses includes food and food packaging materials. Being foremost affected by the food-related waste stream, 92 employees from food establishments located inside the University of the Philippines were provided expert-validated survey questionnaire to identify their perception on environment and pollution as well as describe their awareness on environmental education and environmental ethics concepts. Thirty-nine （42.4%） related the concept of environment mainly to trees, plants, animals, and the physical environment such as rivers. Only twenty-six （28.3%） expressed an attitude of concern on the current state of the environment. Six （6.5%） conveyed negative human behavior as the reason why the environment is in a dismal state and the same percentage （6.5%） showed concern for the environment mainly because humans benefit from it. Fifteen （16.3%） opted not to share their opinion. For perception on pollution, thirty-six （39.1%） linked the concept to the presence of land, air, or water pollution and twenty-three （25%） associated the pollution to negative effects on human health and on the environment. Twelve （13%） mentioned concern over the presence of pollution and twenty-one （22.8%） did not share their opinion on pollution. Awareness on environmental ethics concepts was identified using 15-item Likert Scale Questionnaire. Areas in environmental concepts where participants most strongly agreed include ＂value of life,＂ diversity and intrinsic value, cooperation, common good, and social responsibility. Results of this survey will be integrated into the discourse on the proposed policy of the University of the Philippines to segregate waste at-source. The said policy seeks to ensure that： （1） only food waste from concessionaires will be deposited directly to the compost site; （2） recyclables are to be sold; and （3） only residuals such as non-biodegradables and non-recyclables are to be sent to the dumpsite.

Narrative Environmental Ethics, Nature Writing, and Ecological Science as Tradition： Towards a Sponsoring Ground of Concern

Over the last 30 years, environmental philosophers and ecological researchers have turned their attention to the possibilities of narratives： the stories people tell about their lives in conjunction with the human and non-human agents they live with. An interest in narrative environmental ethics reflects a re-evaluation of canonical ecophilosophical texts. Works such as Paul W. Taylor＇s Respect for Nature suggest an essentialist view of environmental ethics in which predetermined principles are imposed on places and situations. On the other hand, Aldo Leopold＇s A Sand County Almanac combines first-person prose with science-based explanations of the ＂biotic pyramid＂ towards the development of a land ethic. Examples, such as Leopold＇s, of narrative ethics are thought to offer relational, place-based, non-authoritative, and non-anthropocentric models. This article examines three critical components of environmental narratives： self, context, and tradition. In order for environmental narratives to advance ecological ethics, they must be accompanied by the tradition of natural science （geology, ecology, and evolution） to provide the ＂sponsoring ground＂ for ethical concern and action. The role of natural science as a tradition--and indeed one of many--in narrative ethics provides the basis for ecological selfhood in the context of place. These assertions will be supported by an analysis of the environmental narratives of Karen Warren and Jim Cheney. However, in the temporally expansive and ecologically conscious poetic narratives of John Kinsella we find an environmental ethics deeply rooted in the material realities of place.

East Asian Cultural Perspective of Contemporary Environmental Ethics

In the study of contemporary environmental ethics,some new trends of thought in East Asian cultural perspectives have emerged,which are of great value for further coordinating the relationship between human and nature.Although the Western non-anthropocentrism environmental ethics has played a positive role in environmental protection,it also has various shortcomings in theory and practice.It needs to supplement and improve with the new environmental ethics of East Asian culture.These environmental ethics thoughts based on the traditional view draw on the perspectives of Western phenomenology and cognitive philosophy,and propose new ideas with East Asian cultural characteristics from the aspects of practice subject,realization way,and value judgment criteria,which help to reveal deep connection between ethics and native culture,and makes environmental ethics play a more effective role in protecting the ecological environment and promoting the development of human society.

Varosha and Kyrenia： Where is Environmental Ethics？

At the beginning of the 20th century, the technological developments influenced the harmony between nature and people that appeared in ancient times. Thus, the harmony between nature and people started to destroy. Because of these changes, people started to gain control over nature and use it for their own needs. Then, people started to face with the environmental problems, such as increasing the use of petroleum and petroleum products, fast production of chemical drugs and new model cars, and the using of new communication technologies. In addition, other environmental problems can be shown as the increasing of population and the atomic waste. That is why the natural sources： air, water, and earth, which are the reason of our lives, are polluted by people. So, what are the environmental problems？ And how can we save our environment？ Hence, this short paper will use Varosha and Girne （Kyrenia） as an example to discuss the concept of environmental ethics and the environmental problems. Also the paper will be instantiated by the visual and verbal texts, such as photos and written signs. In short, the main aim of the paper is to create awareness, show the environmental problems at North Cyprus, think about these problems, and at the end try to find the solutions. And even this paper will suggest that technology and science are not enough to solve the problems. That is why, with the technological and scientific developments, we need new discourses to educate society, academicians, teachers, and specially children and youth through philosophy and media. Consequently, （~iicen （2011） mentions Bookchins＇ ideas that only people have extraordinary consciousness to create ethical system and judge others. Thus, the paper will work on Environmental Ethics and Environmental problems in North Cyprus （KapahMara~/Varosha and Girne/Kyrenia） in four parts. The first part will talk about philosophy and nature; the second and third parts define the meanings of Ethic and Environmental Ethics; and the last part of the paper will talk about the environmental problems of Varosha and Kyrenia and finish the paper with suggestions.

Intrinsic Value of the Natural Environment： An Ethical Roadmap to Protect the Environment

The environment in the sense of all the ecosystems on Earth, has been polluted, harmed, and put at risk of degradation to some extent. Nevertheless, the mainstream ethical philosophies have found it difficult to assign an intrinsic value to the environment itself, and most environmental ethics is based on an ＂enlightened＂ anthropocentrism which values environmental protection for the sake of other humans including the future generations. Philosophically speaking, the concept of moral obligations towards generations, who have not been born yet, can be challenged. This vicious circle is a fundamental issue for ＂environmental ethics.＂ The current paper is an attempt to help correct this broken cycle of arguments using three lines of argument： （1） The harmful impact of human activity on the environment does not benefit all humans; the question is not over the selfishness and short-sightedness of humankind regarding the environment as much as it is regarding ＂environmental＂ justice among humans. The pursuit of self-interest and wealth by some humans, but not all, should not lead philosophers to ignore the insufficiencies of our economic and capitalist systems in the delineation of morally correct human-environment interaction. The right to a livable environment is a universal human right and morality has to support it. （2） The moral obligation of humankind toward the environment is similar to any situation where a party, such as a child, does not have the ability to protect itself or defend its rights; this is the principle of ＂due care.＂ Humans have the knowledge to understand the complexity of ecosystem interrelationships and the harm which industrial activity has caused. Therefore they have a moral obligation to exercise due care to prevent it from being harmed irreversibly. （3） The third argument is concerned with human morality and the spirituality of the environment. It can be argued that the natural instinct of the love of the environment, biophilia, is not a cause but a symptom of the grand spiritual value in the environment, even though this spiritual value may not be confined to humans, but be accrued to all life forms that have and/or show a genuine interest in the environment.

Commodification of Traditional Open Spaces as a Commodity and the Consequent Damage of Environmental Ethics (Case Study in Ubud Village Bali Indonesia)

This paper aims to examine the phenomenon of commodification of traditional open space into commodities which results in the destruction of environmental ethics. Environmental ethics places restrictions on freedom in exercising ownership rights and pays more attention to ethical obligations to the environment. The anthropocentric approach should be avoided because it only sees the environment from its commercial angles to satisfy human interests. This research critically describes the reality of the utilization of traditional open spaces in Ubud to become an economic space. The rapid influence of global culture has implications for the practices of capitalist culture within the frame of the tourism industry, resulting in cultural industries, popular culture, hedonic lifestyles and consumerism. This study used a qualitative method. The data was obtained through observation, interviews, literature studies, and documents. The results of the study revealed how traditional open spaces were produced, distributed and consumed by the market. Traditional open spaces were commercialized, traded like goods and services. Traditional open spaces, such as paddy fields, cliffs, telajakan (front part of the house complex), city parks, domestic properties, backyards, cemeteries have been turned into economic spaces to satisfy the taste of tourists. Space is controlled and commodified by capital owners to feed their economic libido while disobeying environmental ethics.

Food Choices, Morality, and the Role of Environmental Ethics

In the present article we analyze the ethical dimensions of the issue of human nutrition.Three axes which relate our human diet and food to the moral philosophy,namely the killing of living organisms,overpopulation,and genetically modified products respectively,will be analyzed.Finally,we will refer to the philosophy of Deep Ecology and the possible answers it gives to the moral dilemmas we face.

The Ethics of Environmental Preservation at the Confluence of the Traditional Approach and Current Challenges

The accumulation of environmental problems,but also the ever-increasing impetuosity with which they manifest,led,starting in 1970,to the need for the emergence and development of a new branch of traditional ethics.Environmental ethics is concerned with finding answers to ethical questions circumscribed to the sphere of human relations with the non-human part of nature.The new field has proven to be an active involvement factor in promoting human values that emphasize the human-environment relationship.Many environmental ethicists believe that the non-human universe has value per se.The article undertakes a theoretical approach that tries to capture the relevant aspects of the efforts by which environmental ethicists combine their activity with other entities,responsible structures,in the collective intervention approach to improve environmental problems.

Ecotourism and environmental ethics: Based on Chinese Confucianism and Taoism philosophy

Based on traditional Chinese philosophy, we study the modern eco-tourism and environmental ethics and its implications. Firstly, the eco-tourism and environmental ethics were defi ned; Secondly, the Chinese philosophy of Confucianism and Taoism related to the concept of eco-tourism and environmental ethics were reviewed; Finally, we provide implications to the practitioners and experts of environment in China.

Local Altruism as an Environmental Ethic in CO₂Emissions Control

When considering emissions control problems associated with carbon dioxide (CO2), social planning over quite a long-term horizon is usually considered to be necessary because it takes much time for the full absorption of CO2 by oceans and forests. Sometimes the required time horizon even becomes infinite. Such a fact seems to impose patience beyond the limits of human cognition. However, this study proves that the first-best emissions scenario can be achieved only by local altruism, which is dubbed parentage. Parentage is defined as the action of applying zero social discount rate to its subsequent generation, and discounting the utility of generations thereafter infinitely. In this sense, the nearly first-best emissions scenario is feasible within the ordinal cognition and benevolence of human beings. This paper also examines the definition of egalitarian sustainability, in which the utility of every generation must be kept constant, and reveals that such a definition of sustainability possibly provokes the inefficient intergenerational allocation of CO2. This is because the vested interest of the predecessors is put much importance in the process of the planning. It is required more rigid sustainability concept, in which the utility of each generation is no less decreasing through time and at least strictly increasing locally, to achieve the efficient allocation of CO2. One will find that the intergenerational allocation by the local altruism satisfies this property.

罗伯特·弗罗斯特诗歌中的科技伦理观

美国著名诗人罗伯特·弗罗斯特的诗歌揭露了美国工业化进程中采用科学技术新发明引发的一系列社会问题:田园生态环境恶化、工业资本主义生产模式造成的人性异化、科技工作者疯狂的科学试验存在引爆世界战争危险性等现代性问题。在此基础上,诗人表达了建立科技—自然—社会—世界多向度协调发展的科技伦理道德观。他劝导人们在以科技助力经济发展中按自然规律办事,促成人与自然的和谐共生;他倡导科技与人文艺术结合,以真、善、美的道德观净化人们的心灵,抵制工具理性与物质主义价值观对人类精神的腐蚀;他还劝告世人树立开放、包容的多元文化观,戒除霸权主义行为,维护世界和平。弗罗斯特以追求全人类向往的人—自然—社会—世界整体和谐为共同价值旨归的科技伦理思想,为我们深入开展全球性的环境保护运动与应对科技革新中的伦理问题提供了有益的参考与借鉴。

The Bhumisukta Revisited in the Background of Contemporary Environmentalism

In this paper I like to revisit Bhumisukta of the Atharvaveda in the backdrop of present-day environmentalism. It is divided into three parts. In Part 1 I like to give a synoptic view of contemporary environmentalism, as reflected in Arne Naess＇s Deep Ecology. In Part 2 I make an exposition of the Bhumisukta, particularly those verses （mantras） which are directly relevant to our environmental concerns. To say the truth, this Bhumisukta （also called the Pcthivisitkta） epitomizes the Vedic Hindu eco-culture. The Bhumisukta （which literally means, the Hymn or Prayer to the Earth） is the oldest and the most evocative environmental discourse. It is called ＂the first natural anthem＂ in the history of mankind. It constitutes the first anuvgtka of dvgtda~ kgm. da of the Atharvaveda and contains 63 verses （mantras） devoted to glorifying the Earth as sacred and inviolable. Many prayers have been sung for the preservation and conservation of Nature and its gifts of splendor. The Bh^misftkta talks about human dependence on the Nature and respect for the same that follows naturally. It proclaims of the Earth as the mother, and humanity as her children Bhumisukta, putro＇ham pr. thivyah＂ In Part 3 1 like to make a brief but critical observation regarding the loss of continuity of Vedic tradition in view of an objection made by some Western environmentalists. In this concluding part I like to respond to the objection that so called eco-sensitive cultures could not avert environmental pollution and depletion of Nature in countries, like India.

Debating ecological justice:implications for critical environmental education

This article will briefly discuss the implications of recognition of ecological justice in relation to environmental education(EE) and education for sustainable development(ESD).It is argued that the present conception of environment taught through EE and ESD negates the subjectivity of non-human species and ignores the ethical imperatives of ecological justice.Evocating environmental ethics,major directions integrating ecological justice into EE and ESD are proposed.

Management of Environmental Protection and Sustainability in the Islamic Revolution

Conservation of environmental resources and divine merits does not mean the absence of exploitation or the minimal use of it, but to use it optimally and seamlessly. Therefore, awareness and education in the field of environmental ethics can have a spiritual guarantee in the light of faith and piety;considering the religious teachings and the experiences of the executives and officials of the Islamic Revolution that become more colorful topics such as environmental justice, environmental ethics, environmental degradation, health and optimal consumption. The expansion of morality is considered to be in the context of human-environmental relations as a revolutionary opportunity and an environmental imperative. In fact, the interests of man are in balance with the interests of other beings;as a result, there are solutions to protect the inhumane community against human harm. In this project, we used of library methods, review and integration on the basis of articles and environmental studies. The results of this study indicate that there is a relationship between religious beliefs and revolutionary approaches to the environment and environmental ethics. The mentioned verses and narratives, the leadership’s recommendations all emphasize on environmental protection;and authorities have done this knowledge and information in the best way to raise the level of education. The results of the research show the upward trend in the environment after the Islamic Revolution in the process of approving and drafting laws.

Ethics and the Anthropocene Crisis:On the Moral Consideration of Nature

This reflection on the moral consideration of nature begins with two classic arguments of environmental ethics which,while alerting to the growing human pressure on the environment,show the need to rethink the relation of humans and natural world.In my view,Aldo Leopold’s land ethic,seconded by John Baird Callicott and Holmes Rolston III,is the approach in environmental ethics which not only postulates a broader comprehension of the universe of moral concern,but also lays the ground for a new ethical paradigm wherein the human,as a responsible member of the biotic community,has the duty to preserve the integrity,the balance and the beauty of the latter.

Reading of The Guiltless from the Perspective of Ethical Literary Criticism

The Guiltless is Hermann Broch’s last novel,and it is also a work that embodies Broch’s literary and artistic view.The novel takes place in a period of social and historical change,and the conflict between the old and the new ethical relations leads to the confusion of the ethical relations,which causes the relationship between the characters to become distorted.This paper tries to analyze the relationship between Baroness W and her family from the perspective of Ethical Literary Criticism in aspects of ethical environment,ethical selection and ethical identity.It reveals that in the period of social and historical change,in the environment of social ethics disorder,the distorted ethical selection of characters and the loss of ethical identity.Hermann Broch attempts to arouse readers’ethical reflection by depicting such an era and such characters.

Study on the Ecological Ethics of Agricultural College Students

From the perspective of environmental sociology,a questionnaire survey was conducted on the environmental awareness and behaviors of undergraduates from nearly all fields of majors in Sichuan Agricultural University. According to the investigation results,there are los of problems,for example,the college students generally do not have adequate knowledge about environment and are unclear about the existing na- tional ecological law system; their attitude towards environment is often influenced by their majors; their evaluation of environment is far from the reality; their environmental behaviors are weakly restrained and conserved. According to these problems,related suggestions were proposed.

深圳大前海建设中西部海域海岛保护的环境伦理规划实践与思考

城市规划作为城市建设的前置过程,“规划先行”在城市发展中起着重要引领作用,直接影响城市工程建设与生态环境保护的关系,属于特殊的环境伦理实践。大前海超级工程群的规划建设对深圳西部海域海岛的自然生物及生态环境产生重大影响,通过总结超级工程群与超级生态核心在海域、空域、陆域、填海区、海岛、气候适应等方面的六大冲突,提出城市规划师等工程共同体要在规划、管理、建设中要考虑生态整体利益,形成空间共同体。“规划科学是最大的效益,规划失误是最大的浪费”,在城市规划中,城市规划师要深刻认识到个体的环境伦理责任,并在实践中落实从工程共同体走向空间共同体的环境伦理价值观。