Environmental emigration stress of slope farmland in the Three Gorges area

The project of ‘grain for green’, to restore woodland and grass by retreating from slope farmland, as a fundamental measure of eco-environmental rehabilitation, is being conducted in the reservoir area of the Three Gorges gradually. However, the de-farming of slope farmland will reduce the amount of farmland in de-farmed areas, especially in the areas with concentrated slope farmland, which would cause the problems of environmental emigration. The people who cannot regain enough farmland by relocating farmlands within village after de-farming and have to emigrate to other places are called environmental emigrants or ecological emigrants. In the research, a de-farming stress index model and an environmental emigration model are developed based on GRID data, and the potential amount of environmental emigration caused by de-farming of slope farmland in the reservoir area is simulated aided with GIS. The simulation indicates that the potential emigration amount caused by de-farming is quite large. When the de-farming stress index reaches 40%, the amount is as large as 890,000 people, which is equivalent to the emigrants caused by the submergence of the Three Gorges reservoir. So it should be considered as a big problem during the eco-environmental rehabilitation in this area. Some suggestions are raised to tackle the problem. Firstly, the emigration plan should be included in the de-farming plan. Secondly, some provinces, especially those located in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, should accommodate part of the environmental emigrants.

Impact of the emigration of nurses on health care delivery system in selected hospitals,Benin‑City,Edo State,Nigeria

Background:Globally,there is a high demand for nurses,resulting in migration from low‑to high‑income countries.The emigration of nurses is the act of leaving one's own country to settle permanently in another country,leading to a shortage in the number of nurses in their home countries.Consequently,this study aims to assess the impact of the emigration of nurses on the health‑care delivery system in Nigeria.Materials and Methods:A descriptive cross‑sectional survey was conducted with a stratified sampling technique to select 270 nurses from three selected hospitals in Benin‑city Edo state.A self‑structured questionnaire with open and Likert scale questions were used as an instrument to assess the Impact of the Emigration of nurses on the Health Care Delivery System.Data collected were analyzed using tables,percentages,means,standard deviation and t‑test.Results:The result showed a mean score of 1.59±0.92 impacts of the emigration of nurses on health‑care delivery system and identified how to reduce it.The study also showed that there is no significant difference between gender and reason for emigration among nurses(t=3.84,P≤0.001).Conclusion:The emigration of nurses is severely affecting the health care delivery system in the country.Recently,the Nursing and Midwifery Council of Nigeria gave the directive for training schools to increase their training capacity and number of students’intake to cushion the effect,and this study shows that this palliative can only be a short time measure,and however will encourage more nurses traveling abroad on the long run.Therefore,the hospital managers and government should provide a conducive working environment,better remuneration,attractive retirement benefit,and other incentives as a push in factor for nurses to stay back in their home countries.

Socio-economic and Socio-political Effects of Emigration on the Sending Countries

Migration is one of the most prominent phenomena in these ultimate years.It has brought some good consequences and economic development,but also a number of socio-economical and socio-political problems,such as decreasing population in the sending countries,brain drain,labour market shortages,etc.This paper focuses on the reasons why people emigrate from their countries of origin and what effects bring their emigration to the national economy.The purpose of the paper is to explain the emigration impact on the labour market in the sending countries,the phenomenon“brain drain”and its effects,the impact of the remittances,and the importance of Diasporas and return migration for the countries of origin.

Italian Non-Fiction Literature Towards the Phenomenon of Contemporary Emigration From Africa and the Near East on the Apennine Peninsula

The phenomenon of recent emigration on the Apennine Peninsula is quite fresh but intense. The emigration literary culture which is formed in this exile is not very abundant, but with distinct trends between certificating and documenting the experiences of immigrants. Reportages play an important role, including A Sud di Lampedusa. Cinque anni di viaggi sulle rotte dei migranti by Stefano Liberti, A Lampedusa. Affari, malaffari, rivolta e sconfitta dell＇isola che voleva diventare la porta d＇Europa, a book written by Italian journalists Fabio Sanfilippo and Alice Scialoja, and a diary La scelta di Catia written by Catia Pellegrino. In addition, many materials （including journalistic materials） confirm the existence of a preliminary reconnaissance, however, requires further research. Italian documentaries, personal opinions and comments that go far beyond literature in the strict sense complement the panorama of contemporary emigration which comes from Africa and the Near East. However, they allow us to understand better the area of psychosocial determinants of individual migration decisions and specificity of the migrants＇ experience, including the experience of the community. How do human solidarity and effectiveness work in the process of the emigration on the European continent？ An analysis of the phenomenon of the emigration on the Apennine Peninsula is inextricably linked with the questions about the confrontation and integration, about the literature which is created in this community and the impact political correctness has on its shape, as well as about the new model of immigrant/the African/the European.

Down the brain drain:a rapid review exploring physician emigration from West Africa

Background The emigration of physicians from low-and middle-income countries(LMICs)to high-income countries(HICs),colloquially referred to as the“brain drain”,has been a topic of discussion in global health spheres for years.With the call to decolonize global health in mind,and considering that West Africa,as a region,is a main source of physicians emigrating to HICs,this rapid review aims to synthesize the reasons for,and implications of,the brain drain,as well as recommendations to mitigate physician emigration from West African countries to HICs.Methods A literature search was conducted on PubMed,EMBASE and The Cochrane Library.Main inclusion criteria were the inclusion of West African trained physicians’perspectives,the reasons and implications of physician emigration,and recommendations for management.Data on the study design,reasons for the brain drain,implications of brain drain,and proposed solutions to manage physician emigration were extracted using a structured template.The Hawker Tool was used as a risk of bias assessment tool to evaluate the included articles.Results A total of 17 articles were included in the final review.Reasons for physician emigration include poor working conditions and remuneration,limited career opportunities,low standards of living,and sociopolitical unrest.Implications of physician emigration include exacerbation of low physician to population ratios,and weakened healthcare systems.Recommendations include development of international policies that limit HICs’recruitment from LMICs,avenues for HICs to compensate LMICs,collaborations investing in mutual medical education,and incorporation of virtual or short-term consultation services for physicians working in HICs to provide care for patients in LMICs.Conclusions The medical brain drain is a global health equity issue requiring the collaboration of LMICs and HICs in implementing possible solutions.Future studies should examine policies and innovative methods to involve both HICs and LMICs to manage the brain drain.

华人移民网络对中国出境旅游的影响

规模庞大的海外华人移民是经济全球化背景下中国与世界互动的重要经济社会现象,华人移民形成的社会网络对于促进国际贸易、跨国投资乃至重塑全球经济地理都有着深远影响。基于华人移民网络对出境旅游的文化距离缩减效应、旅游成本节省效应和旅游服务便利效应,采用面板数据验证华人移民网络与中国出境旅游的关系。研究认为,华人移民网络对中国出境旅游具有显著促进作用。华人移民网络有助于缩减与目的地经济体的文化距离、节省出境旅游成本、增强旅游服务便利化水平,从而促进中国出境旅游发展。发达经济体和发展中经济体的华人移民网络均对中国出境旅游有正向影响,比较而言,中国居民前往发展中经济体的出境旅游更依赖华人移民网络。文化关联对发达经济体华人移民网络的中国出境旅游效应具有调节效应,中国居民向非儒家发达经济体的出境旅游更依赖于华人移民网络。

欧洲华人移民研究的知识脉络、演进趋势和未来主题——基于CNKI和WOS数据的CiteSpace分析

欧洲是中国改革开放后海外新移民的主要定居地。基于中国知网和Web of Science核心合集中的582篇期刊文章的可视化分析表明,在欧洲华人移民为研究对象的学术领域,论文发表数量持续增长,发文学科比较集中,但发文渠道相对狭窄,国内外研究合作较少。从欧洲华人移民研究领域的主题脉络和演进趋势看,绝大多数研究围绕经济和社会的共性议题,除此之外,也有一些基于国家背景的特殊议题,如中 国学者研究公共外交、国外学者研究公共健康等。而未来的研究应关注后疫情对欧洲华人移民新流动模式的后续影响,华人族裔社区与定居国城市规划的关系,在中国崛起的背景下考察华人的创业活动,关注移民二代的发展,关注数字化与智能化对移民工作生活的影响,并重视新研究方法的开发与学科理论的借鉴。

从宋氏家庭移民透视明代中叶陕西军户移民现象

家族移民史是中华民族迁移史的微观基础,明代武功县宋家堡宋氏家庭移民的原因和时间的历史溯源,对透视明代中叶陕西庞大的军户移民有一叶知秋的学术价值。研究采取历史分析和统计分析等方法,试图还原明代中叶宋氏家庭军垦移民的历史真相,继而为了解明代陕西庞大军户的形成奠定微观基础。明代在陕西实施的军屯移民战略,可稳定国防、充实“宽乡”、减轻赋役,形成明代特殊的移民方式,使陕西成为全国军户移民最多的省份。宋氏父子两代人的血泪移民史,是明代陕西军户移民现象的缩影。

广东地区草地贪夜蛾春夏季迁出种群的降落区域分布

为明确广东省草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda春夏季迁出种群的降落区域,根据2020-2021年广东省草地贪夜蛾虫情监测数据,利用基于WRF 4.0模式的迁飞昆虫三维轨迹分析程序,模拟了广东不同生态区草地贪夜蛾春夏季迁出虫源的迁飞轨迹及降落地。结果表明,广东省草地贪夜蛾春夏季虫源主要向东北方向迁飞,80%以上的虫源主要降落在华南和江南地区,少量可波及江淮、黄淮、中国台湾、东南亚及日韩等地。3-4月迁出虫源主要降落在华南地区,5-6月逐渐向北偏移,福建、江西等地的轨迹落点明显增多,7月迁出虫源主要降落在江南地区。此外,利用江西定南、福建周宁及浙江桐乡的个例分析,反向验证了迁飞轨迹模拟的准确性。本研究明确了广东省是江南及华南地区草地贪夜蛾重要的北迁虫源地之一。

Plain language in the healthcare of Japan:a systematic review of“plain Japanese”

Objective:Despite the decrease in the number of foreign visitors and residents in Japan due to the coronavirus disease 2019,a resurgence is remarkable from 2022.However,Japan's medical support system for foreign patients,especially residents,is inadequate,with language barriers potentially causing health disparities.Comprehensive interpretation and translation services are challenging,but“plain Japanese”may be a viable alternative for foreign patients with basic Japanese language skills.This study explores the application and obstacles of plain Japanese in the medical sector.Methods:A literature review was performed across these databases:Web of Science,PubMed,Google Scholar,Scopus,CINAHL Plus,Springer Link and Ichushi-Web(Japanese medical literature).The search covered themes related to healthcare,care for foreign patients,and scholarly articles,and was conducted in July 2023.Results:The study incorporated five papers.Each paper emphasized the language barriers foreign residents in Japan face when accessing healthcare,highlighting the critical role and necessity of plain Japanese in medical environments.Most of the reports focused on the challenges of delivering medical care to foreign patients and the training of healthcare professionals in using plain Japanese for communication.Conclusion:The knowledge and application of plain Japanese among healthcare professionals are inadequate,and literature also remains scarce.With the increasing number of foreign residents in Japan,the establishment of a healthcare system that effectively uses plain Japanese is essential.However,plain Japanese may not be the optimal linguistic assistance in certain situations,thus it is imperative to encourage more research and reports on healthcare services using plain Japanese.

牙根二级水电站征地移民实物指标土地调查方法探析

大中型水利水电工程实物指标土地调查工作存在人员履责不到位、尺度不统一、权属边界模糊、地类认定困难、重复计量实物等问题,通过对牙根二级水电站土地调查工作的实践与总结,针对上述问题,提出相关工作建议,为后续项目土地调查提供借鉴与参考。

褐飞虱的再迁飞能力

通过室内模拟试验研究了褐飞虱经过一次远迁降落、取食不同食料后的再迁飞能力。根据吊飞试验测得的飞行能力可将褐飞虱种群分为居留型 (小于 2 0 min)、迁飞型 (2 0 min以上 )、强迁飞型 (16 0 min以上 )和再迁飞型 (二次吊飞飞行 2 0min以上 )。不同营养条件对褐飞虱的飞行能力和迁飞型的分化有显著影响 ,早期营养条件好 (取食穗期感性水稻品种 )的迁飞型比率较低 ,但迁飞型个体的飞行能力和再迁飞能力均较强。未交配能显著提高再迁飞型比率。自然种群中褐飞虱再迁飞型比率仅占 0 .84% ,吊飞一次后的迁飞型个体再次吊飞时的再迁飞型比率为 4.9% 。

基于效益共享的水电工程移民安置机制初探

运用社会学研究方法,对水电工程移民共享经济效益的机理依据进行了系统的论述。以此为基础,对水电工程移民共享效益的4种基本安置机制进行了阐述,并引用国内外案例对各机制进行了详细的分析。

三峡库区退耕坡地环境移民压力研究

坡耕地退耕还林还草作为生态环境建设的重要措施正在三峡库区逐步实施。然而，坡耕地退耕将减少退耕地区的耕地数量，特别是坡耕地集中分布的区域，从而引发环境移民问题。利用ＧＩＳ技术建立了基于ＧＲＩＤ的坡耕地退耕压力指数模型及环境移民模型，并对三峡库区坡耕地退耕引发的潜在环境移民的数量进行模拟。模拟结果表明三峡库区坡耕地退耕引发的潜在环境移民数量较大。在退耕压力指数为４０％时潜在环境移民数量高达８９万人，相当于三峡水库淹没需要安置的水库移民数量。环境移民压力是该地区生态环境建设面临的一大难题。

农村三代家庭中子女外出务工对老年人经济支持的影响研究

劳动力外流在积极推动农村经济发展的同时也给老年人的家庭养老带来了极大的挑战。本文利用深圳市外来农村流动人口调查数据,从子女角度分析了中国农村子女外出务工三代家庭中老年人的经济支持。结果显示:首先,农村老年人与其外出务工子女三代家庭的代际支持符合合作群体模型:经济支持主要由子女流向老年父母,最有需要的老年父母获得更多的经济支持;众多老年父母给留守未成年孙子女提供了同住和生活照料帮助,老年父母也因此获得了更多的经济支持。其次,外出务工子女的城市化程度并没有影响其提供的经济支持。最后,文章指出了研究结果对完善农村养老保障制度和促进剩余劳动力外流的启示。

基于参与性调查的农户对环境移民政策及重建预案的认知与响应--西南喀斯特移民迁出区研究

环境移民工程的实施对迁出区生态重建产生了极其重要的影响。研究采用参与性农户评估方法(PRA)对喀斯特石山区4个屯农户进行了调查,根据研究需要将其分为移民迁出区和非移民迁出区,对比两组农户的现有耕地面积、经济收入以及对移民政策的态度等问题,探讨迁出区的移民效应和可持续性问题。研究表明:环境移民缓解了人地关系的矛盾,提高了耕地的利用效率、加强了农户环境意识、增加了经济收入以及抵御自然灾害风险的能力,有力地保证了退耕还林政策的顺利实施和多种经营的推广。但仍然存在4个不容忽视的问题。一是潜在移民人数仍然很高。二是农户种植行为的商业化,忽视了对土地利用的可持续性。三是现有的配套措施不够完善,水、路等基础设施亟待解决。四是特色产业和文化受到冲击。

松墨天牛成虫羽化逸出及其携带松材线虫能力的研究

松墨天牛成虫是松材线虫病的主要传播媒介，研究其成虫羽化逸出规律及其携带松材线虫能力，在松墨天牛和松材线虫的监测和综合治理上具有重要意义。研究结果表明，松墨天牛成虫羽化逸出期和高峰期，平均每年分别为８３ ｄ 和１２．３ ｄ。携带松材线虫的松墨天牛成虫平均寿命为２９．８ｄ。松墨天牛成虫全身均能携带松材线虫，其数量比率顺序为胸＞ 头＞ 腹＞ 触角＞ 足＞ 翅。在浙江省富阳市，林间采用引诱剂诱获的松墨天牛成虫，平均每头携带２ ９００条松材线虫，雌成虫携带的数量是雄成虫的２．６倍。在诱捕期，松墨天牛成虫携带的松材线虫数量比率，出现两个明显的峰期。

华人新移民研究

华人新移民包括自20世纪50年代以来的中国大陆移民、台港澳移民和东南亚华人二次移民。本文拟探讨 华人新移民的分布、特点、新移民内部以及新、老移民之间的关系。笔者认为国际移民是经济全球化的一个重要因素,在 地区间经济发展不平衡的情况下,跨国移民将不断增加。华人新移民是国际移民的一个重要组成部分,她改变了海外华人 分布的格局,赋于海外华人新的特点,并为移居国和祖籍国的经济、社会和文化的发展作出了巨大的贡献。

基于参与性调查的密云水库周边农户对生态环境保护的认知与响应

通过参与性农户评估的调查方法对密云水库周边地区877户农户对信息来源途径、环境保护认识、生态补偿意愿,期望与机会成本、移民意愿与补偿等方面进行分析研究,并针对存在的主要问题提出了相应的对策建议。保护水库周边地区生态环境,需要通过拓展农户信息来源途径,大力普及生态知识,增强农户环境保护意识,引导农户依托当地的旅游资源和北京郊区的区位优势,发展生态环保的都市农业。

人口迁移、城市圈与房地产价格——基于空间计量学的研究

本文结合我国正兴起的城市圈建设趋势,基于1997~1999年广东省各地级市的数据,构建联立方程模型,利用空间计量方法,研究珠三角城市圈内人口迁移与房地产价格之间的关系。结果发现,不仅传统的收入、消费以及人口迁移等因素可以显著地影响房地产价格水平,而且空间地理因素也可以对城市房地产价格产生显著的影响。