Slippery hydrogel with desiccation-tolerant‘skin’for high-precision additive manufacturing

Hydrogels inevitably undergo dehydration,structural collapse,and shrinkage deformation due to the uninterrupted evaporation in the atmosphere,thereby losing their flexibility,slipperiness,and manufacturing precision.Here,we propose a novel bioinspired strategy to construct a spontaneously formed‘skin’on the slippery hydrogels by incorporating biological stress metabolites trehalose into the hydrogel network,which can generate robust hydrogen bonding interactions to restrain water evaporation.The contents of trehalose in hydrogel matrix can also regulate the desiccation-tolerance,mechanical properties,and lubricating performance of slippery hydrogels in a wide range.Combining vat photopolymerization three-dimensional printing and trehalose-modified slippery hydrogels enables to achieve the structural hydrogels with high resolution,shape fidelity,and sophisticated architectures,instead of structural collapse and shrinkage deformation caused by dehydration.And thus,this proposed functional hydrogel adapts to manufacture large-scale hydrogels with sophisticated architectures in a long-term process.As a proof-of-concept demonstration,a high-precision and sophisticated slippery hydrogel vascular phantom was easily fabricated to imitate guidewire intervention.Additionally,the proposed protocol is universally applicable to diverse types of hydrogel systems.This strategy opens up a versatile methodology to fabricate dry-resistant slippery hydrogel for functional structures and devices,expanding their high-precision processing and broad applications in the atmosphere.

Solid Desiccant Dehumidification Techniques Inspired from Natural Electroosmosis Phenomena

Electroosmosis has been shown to be an effective means of different applications in various fields such as Micro-Electro-Mechanical systems （MEMS） and biomimetics applications. This paper aims to prove the concept that the electroosmosis phenomena can also be cooperated into larger scale applications in the building service industry like dehumidification or damping proof. The electroosmotic flow inside a porous medium is validated experimentally to further understand the dehumidification mechanism of combined techniques. An experimental test validates that the condensation from the porous medium can be obtained by electroosmotic force generated by external electric field, especially for specific desiccant powders like zeolite and diatomaceous earth. With a range of volts from 5 V to 20 V applying between the testing plates, the maximum flow rate through the cross section in the testing plate achieved during the peak period is 1.35 laL＇min 1. These promising phenomena can act as an alternative way for energy choice in dehumidification industrial field. Further researches on new regeneration methods for solid desiccant dehumidification are required to make the system simple, energy-saving and suitable for small air conditioning units.

Design of ionic liquids as liquid desiccant for an air conditioning system

Suitable control of the humidity can contribute to electric energy savings. However, the present dehumidification system has many weak points. The liquid desiccant air-conditioning system has recently gained growing interest from the stand point of reducing energy consumption during dehumidification. In order to find the appropriate ionic liquids(ILs) as a desiccant for the liquid desiccant air-conditioner system, we conducted a systematic evaluation of the humidification capability of 16 types of ILs. Among the tested ILs, tributyl(methyl)phosphonium dimethyl phosphate([P4441][DMPO_4]) exhibited the best dehumidification capacity and had a less corrosive effect on four types of metals as possible piping materials. It should be noted that this [P_(4441)][DMPO_4] has a very stable nature and produced no odor while conducting the experiment and storing for over 1 year at room temperature under ambient conditions. Furthermore, it was revealed that a 77%(w/w) aqueous solution of [P4441][DMPO_4] worked as an efficient desiccant liquid for the liquid desiccant air-conditioner system.

Economic Investigation on the Ultrasonic Atomization Dehumidifying System with Liquid Desiccant and Its Potential Best-Fit Application

The performance of liquid desiccant dehumidification systems can be improved substantially by applying the ultrasonic atomization technology.However,considering the currently-high expense and extra power for the ultrasonic atomizers,it’s unclear if the ultzasonic atomization dehumidifying system(UADS)possesses good economic performance over the conventional packed-bed(PBD)systems.This paper conducted a comparative study on the economic performance between the UADS and PBD.An economic analysis model integrated with the empirical formulae was established while an office building located in Guangzhou,China was employed as the study case.The results indicate the UADS may fit best for buildings with deep-dehumidification needs but smaller-scale areas.

The Experiment and Simulation of Solid Desiccant Dehumidification for Air-Conditioning System in a Tropical Humid Climate

The aim of this research was to study and design a solid desiccant dehumidification system suitable for tropical climate to reduce the latent load of air-conditioning system and improve the thermal comfort. Different dehumidifiers such as desiccant column and desiccant wheel were investigated. The ANSYS and TRASYS software were used to predict the results of dehumidifiers and the desiccant cooling systems, respectively. The desiccant bed contained approximately 15 kg of silica-gel, with 3 mm average diameter. Results indicated that the pressure drop and the adsorption rate of desiccant column are usually higher than those of the desiccant wheel. The feasible and practical adsorption rate of desiccant wheel was 0.102 kgw/h at air flow rate 1.0 kg/min, regenerated air temperature of 55?C and at a wheel speed of 2.5 rpm. The humidity ratio of conditioning space and cooling load of split-type air conditioner was decreased to 0.002 kgw/kgda (14%) and 0.71 kWth (19.26%), respectively. Consequently, the thermal comfort was improved from 0.5 PMV (10.12% PPD) to 0.3 PMV (7.04% PPD).

A new solar coupling regeneration method for liquid desiccant air-conditioning system

A new solar coupling regeneration system is proposed in order to improve the reliability of solar desiccant regeneration system.The new system makes comprehensively use of the solar energy and can also be appropriate for energy-storage in a night operation mode when the electric power supply is at its valley.Comparison of the performance of the new system,the solar thermal regeneration system and the solar electrodialysis regeneration system are made and the influential factors of the performance of the new system are investigated.The results reveal that the new system will be more energy efficient than the solar thermal regeneration system and the solar electrodialysis regeneration system.

Optimization Analysis of High Temperature Heat Pump Coupling to Desiccant Wheel Air Conditioning System

The high temperature heat pump and desiccant wheel(HTHP&DW) system can make full use of heat released from the condenser of heat pump for DW regeneration without additional heat. In this study, DW operation in the HTHP&DW system was investigated experimentally, and the optimization analysis of HTHP&DW system was carried out. The performance of DW had influence on the dehumidification(evaluated by dehumidification and regeneration effectiveness) and cooling load(evaluated by thermal and adiabatic effectiveness). The results show that the enthalpy increase occurred in all the experiments. Compared to the isosteric heat, heat accumulation in the desiccant and matrix material and heat leakage from regeneration side to process side have greater influence on the adiabatic effectiveness. Higher regeneration temperature leads to lower adiabatic effectiveness that increases more cooling load of the system. When the regeneration temperature is 63℃, the maximal dehumidification effectiveness is 35.4% and the satisfied adiabatic effectiveness is 88%, which contributes to the optimal balance between dehumidification and cooling.

Performance Evaluation of Single Bed Desiccant Desorption Process

In the present study, dynamic performance of single bed desiccant regeneration system has been investigated experimentally. The desiccant bed operates as an adsorber and then as a regenerator, intermittently. In the experimental work of this investigation, Silica gel is used as a desiccant material. In the regeneration process, hot air from an air heater is blown through the bed using an air blower. The performance of desorption process at different conditions of flowing air is demonstrated. The experimental tests were carried out at different conditions of inlet air and initial bed parameters. Temperature and humidity of air at inlet and exit of the bed were measured. The obtained results showed that hot air with an inlet temperature ranging from 40°C to 75°C could release a notable amount of water from the desiccant bed. The relation between the studied parameters during the desorption processes is correlated. Results also show that the “Rehabilitation period” in desorption process should be eliminated to decrease the desorption time and it could be eliminated if the hot air mass flow rate is greater than 1.92 kg/hr per kg of silica gel.

Optimization of Desiccant Absorption System Using a Genetic Algorithm

Optimization of the open absorption desiccant cooling system has been carried out in the present work. A finite difference method is used to simulate the combined heat and mass transfer processes that occur in the liquid desiccant regenerator which uses calcium chloride (CaCl2) solution as the working desiccant. The source of input heat is assumed to be the total radiation incident on a tilted surface. The system of equations is solved using the Matlab-Simulink platform. The effect of the important parameters, namely the regenerator length, desiccant solution flow rate and concentration, and air flow rates, on the performance of the system is investigated. In order to optimize the system performance, a genetic algorithm technique has been applied. The system coefficient of performance COP has been maximized for different design parameters. It has been found that the maximum values of COP could be obtained for different combinations of regenerator length solution flow rate and air flow rate. Therefore, it is essential to select the design parameters for each ambient condition to maximize the performance of the system.

Performance of Desiccant-Based Cooling Systems in Hot-Humid Climates: A Review

This paper reviews the principle and application of the thermally activated desiccant cooling systems with their capability to perform efficiently in hot-humid climates.The paper first introduces the continuous increase of thermal comfort required in building and their relation with the consumption of conventional energy sources.The importance of desiccant cooling technology and its applications has been introduced as well.The energy and environmental issues with the conventional energy supply and the demand with the environmental problems and conditions mainly related to indoor air quality have been also discussed in the second chapter of this paper.The third part of this paper deals with different techniques and systems applied for cooling and dehumidification including the principles of solid and liquid desiccant applications.Indeed,these systems perform well in hothumid climates.The result of a case study of the solid desiccant cooling system combined with solar energy for the desiccant wheel regeneration has been presented in the last chapter in this paper to show the capability of these systems once well applied in a hot-humid climate.

Effect of high light and desiccation on photosystem Ⅱ in the seedlings and mature plants of tropical seagrass Enhalus acoroides during low tide

During low tide,the intertidal seagrass Enhalus acoroides is often exposed to high light and desiccation,which can seriously threaten its survival,at least partly by inhibiting photosystem Ⅱ(PSⅡ)activity.The response of leaves of E.acoroides to high light and desiccation was compared for seedlings and mature plants.Results show that the resistance of seedling and mature leaves to high light was quite similar,but to desiccation was very different.Seedling leaves were more sensitive to desiccation than the mature plant leaves,but had better water retention.The damage of desiccation to seedling leaves was mainly caused by dehydration,whereas that to mature plant leaves was caused by hypersaline toxicity.The recovery rate of PSⅡ of seedling leaves was significantly slower than that of the mature plants after the stresses disappeared,which may at least partly contribute to seedling mortality in the wild.In addition,compared to high light,desiccation seriously inhibited the recovery rate of PSⅡ activities even if the leaves became fully rehydrated to their normal relative water content(RWC)in the following re-immersion.Desiccation inhibited the recovery rate of RC/CS_(M)(reaction center per cross section(at t=t_(Fm)))to decrease the production of assimilatory power,which maybe the cause of the slower PSⅡ recovery in desiccation treatments.This study demonstrates that desiccation particularly coupling with high light have a very negative ef fect on the PSⅡ of E.acoroides during low tide and the sensitivity of seedlings and mature plants to desiccation is significantly different,which have important reference significance to choose an appropriate transplanting depth where seedlings and mature plants of E.acoroides not only receive sufficient light for growth,but also that minimize desiccation stress during low tide.

Physiological Quality of Pigeonpea Seed after Application of Desiccant Herbicides

The pre-harvest application of herbicides may impair seed quality. This way, this paper was conducted to evaluate the effects of the application of desiccant herbicides on the physiological quality of pigeonpea seeds. Six batches of seeds from plants desiccated with glyphosate were evaluated at doses: 1.125 (B1), 1.5 (B2) and 1.875 L&middotha-1 (B3);and Gramocil (20% Paraquat + 10% Diurom) at doses: 1.5 (B4) and 2 L&middotha-1 (B5), and a control which received no application (B6). Seed viability was assessed through the germination standard test, and vigor through the first germination count, accelerated aging, electrical conductivity, seedling length, seedling dry matter and biomass density tests. The experimental design was the completely randomized, with four replications. Data were submitted to variance analysis, and when significant effects were observed, the Scott- Knott test was carried out at 5% probability using the SISVAR 5.1 software. The results showed that: a) the application of 1.875 L&middotha-1 of glyphosate was harmful to pigeonpea seed viability and vigor, evaluated through the accelerated aging test;b) applications of glyphosate in a 1.875 L&middotha-1 dose and Gramocil in 2 L&middotha-1 resulted in low vigor according to the electrical conductivity test of seeds;and c) the seed vigor measured by the first count, seedling length, seedling dry matter and biomass density test was not influenced by the type of desiccant applied.

Design of Multifunctional Milk Powder Spoon Based on Environment-friendly and Developmental Concept

Recycling of junks is positive for the environmental protection.Along with the proposal of three-child policy,purchase volume of milk powder surely will experience a drastic growth,and the milk powder spoon as an affiliated product will win the attention of parents.Against the background of consumption upgrading,consumers have had higher requirements on the humanization and safety design of products.Most of milk powder spoons on the market are plastic,and the disposal of waste milk powder spoon has gradually become a burden for the environment.Based on the environment-friendly and developmental concept,and also the characteristics of infant development,this paper proposed the“in-one”design,applied color and tactile designs into the milk powder design,chose food grade silicone to make the milk powder spoon not only a spoon but also a baby teether toy,so as to expand the service life and functions of the product,meet the requirements of saving energy,protecting environment and developing circular economy,which also to some extent reduces the burden on environment brought by plastics,improves the efficiency of junk recycling,and meet the individualized needs of consumers.

高分子除湿转轮建模与除湿性能预测

为有效预测高分子除湿转轮的除湿性能,采用效率法模型、BP神经网络模型2种方式对基于高分子除湿转轮实验台的47组实验数据进行建模。通过构建的除湿转轮模型,对20组不同实验工况条件下的转轮除湿性能进行预测,并与实验数据进行对比。根据预测结果得出,2种模型均能对用于建模的47组实验数据进行有效回归,且能对非建模实验数据以外的20组实验工况进行较好的预测。效率法模型对于处理空气出口温度的预测精度优于BP神经网络模型,但对于处理空气出口含湿量的预测,BP神经网络模型的预测精度优于效率法模型。选择广州、上海、武汉、北京4个典型气候条件城市,使用所建模型研究其在不同气候分区下供冷季的除湿性能,结果表明高分子除湿转轮在这4个城市中的除湿性能由高到低依次为广州、上海、武汉、北京。

太阳能驱动闭式转轮除湿空调系统性能研究

为解决传统开式转轮除湿空调系统再生排风能量浪费的问题,本文提出了可高效回收再生排风空气显热和潜热的太阳能驱动闭式转轮除湿空调系统,利用TRNSYS软件对系统进行建模,模拟研究了冷水流量比和新风比对系统性能的影响和系统动态性能,并对模拟的准确性进行实验验证。结果表明:模拟结果与实验结果的相对误差最大为±9.8%。太阳能驱动闭式转轮除湿空调系统的最优冷水流量比为1∶5∶4。系统在广州地区整个制冷季(6月1日—9月30日)平均电力COP_(e)为2.4,平均热力COP_(th)为2.1,累计取水量为25.66 t,热回收量为9.70 MW。相比于太阳能驱动开式转轮除湿空调系统,太阳能驱动闭式转轮除湿空调系统平均COP_(e)和COP_(th)分别提高42.1%和69.2%,CO_(2)排放量减少29.3%。

日本落叶松胚状体干化处理对萌发的影响

[目的]提高日本落叶松胚状体的萌发能力,优化日本落叶松良种繁育技术。[方法]本研究根据子叶数量和胚轴形态,对胚状体进行分类,并分别统计其萌发率;利用“滤纸容器法”对类型Ⅰ胚状体进行干化处理,统计其萌发情况。[结果]胚状体分为10种类型。类型Ⅰ胚状体萌发率为4.48%,其余类型胚状体难以萌发。干化处理14 d后,类型Ⅰ胚状体萌发率提高到69.43%,且具有干化响应的胚状体更易萌发。[结论]本研究表明日本落叶松胚状体干化处理后萌发率明显提高,为该物种良种繁育提供依据。

5个群体克氏原螯虾生长和养殖生态适应性比较分析

为探明不同群体克氏原螯虾生长和养殖生态适应性,2020年自江苏滆湖、兴化、建湖,安徽芜湖和湖北监利引进5个克氏原螯虾养殖群体,2021年在安徽芜湖同期繁育后,比较分析不同群体克氏原螯虾苗在同等养殖条件下生长性状、入塘扩散速率、爬行速率及耐干露等生态适应性。试验结果显示:5月雌、雄个体体长、体质量均表现为滆湖群体[雌:(7.52±0.15)cm、(13.4±0.85)g;雄:(7.53±0.12)cm、(14.25±0.90)g]最优。5月除芜湖群体外,各群体雄性个体在体长、体质量上显著大于雌性;建湖群体在3—4月体长、体质量增长率最大(分别为41%、167%),芜湖群体在4—5月体长、体质量增长率最大(分别为24%、83%)。5月各群体雌性腹部长占体长比例均大于雄性。且5月滆湖群体成活率最高为59.33%,监利群体最低为50.67%。入塘扩散速率依次为建湖>兴化>滆湖>监利>芜湖,建湖、兴化群体显著优于其他3个群体组,扩散最快的建湖群体时间为(291.67±25.43)s,最慢的芜湖群体为(661.33±32.94)s;各群体间爬行速率无显著性差异。干露试验表明,幼虾的干露时间不宜超过18 h,干露48 h存活率依次为芜湖>滆湖>兴化>监利>建湖,芜湖群体存活率最高,为(87.78±1.11)%,建湖群体最低,为(68.89±1.92)%。试验结果可为不同群体克氏原螯虾生长性能及生态适应性评价提供参考,为进一步的选育奠定基础。

数据中心用太阳能与热泵互补转轮除湿蒸发冷却系统性能研究

针对数据中心蒸发冷却技术受限于环境湿球温度的问题,文章构建了一种太阳能与热泵互补转轮除湿蒸发冷却系统,该系统利用光伏组件发电余热提供的热能,与热泵系统互补驱动转轮除湿再生。系统根据室外气象条件可实现新风、蒸发冷却和除湿+蒸发冷却3种运行模式。应用TRNSYS软件模拟上海、广州和昆明3个典型地区数据中心的系统热力、电力及能耗特性。结果表明:在上海、广州和昆明地区典型日除湿+蒸发冷却模式下,转轮除湿预处理分别使空气湿球温度平均降低了10.9,11.6,10.3℃。在上海、广州和昆明地区典型月系统平均COP值分别为4.9,5.1,3.6,最大瞬时COP达到12.1,11.4,8.1。

非饱和土干缩开裂分析的近场动力学模拟

非饱和土失水收缩变形是一种水力耦合现象,其诱发的开裂问题严重削弱了土体的水力和力学特性,造成各种潜在的自然灾害.相对于饱和土体,非饱和土的失水收缩机制更为复杂,受到广泛关注.为此,提出了一种考虑水-力耦合作用效应的键型近场动力学(PD)模型,探究由于水分变化引起的非饱和土体变形开裂特征.在该模型中,非饱和土扩散方程由近场动力学微分算子进行重构,键型近场动力学运动方程采用改进的微弹性模量.然后提出了一种显-隐式混合算法,扩散方程采用显式差分格式求解,运动方程采用隐式整体格式求解,有效避免了两类方程在同一显式格式下时间步不协调的问题.通过非饱和土块干燥收缩变形和三维土盘干燥开裂的算例分析,验证了模型和算法的有效性.研究结果表明,所建立的模型和算法能较好地捕捉非饱和土失水收缩开裂的过程.

盐分对水分蒸发和土壤裂隙发育的影响

揭示盐碱土壤干燥开裂机理可为干旱半干旱盐碱地区基于裂缝网络的精量灌溉制度的制定提供理论基础。通过设置5种土壤含盐量(0、0.3%、0.6%、1%、2%,分别记作CK、T3、T6、T10、T20)处理,开展恒温土壤蒸发试验,探究含盐量对土壤蒸发过程的影响,并结合数字图像处理技术对蒸发过程中土壤干缩裂缝网络几何形态特征进行定量分析。结果表明:(1)不同处理蒸发过程具有相似性,即蒸发过程均包含一个线性阶段和一个非线性阶段,但各处理蒸发阶段占总蒸发阶段的比重不同,T20处理最早进入减速率阶段,说明盐分导致土壤渗透性减弱。(2)累积蒸发量随土壤含盐量的增加而降低,即CK>T3>T6>T10>T20,表明盐分可以抑制土壤蒸发。(3)随着土壤含盐量的增加,开裂含水量不断降低,土壤裂隙面积和长度逐渐减小随后趋于稳定。水分蒸发和表面开裂之间的相互作用表现为水分流失过程中游离Na+对土壤颗粒的化学影响和沉淀Na 2SO 4晶体对土壤孔隙的物理影响。(4)相关分析表明,累积蒸发量与土壤开裂水平呈正相关关系,含水量与土壤开裂水平呈负相关关系,且累积蒸发量与裂缝参数的相关程度整体高于土壤含水量与裂缝参数的相关程度。