Genotoxicity evaluation and a primary risk assessment of organic pollutants in the drinking water sources of Nanjing, China

An increasing number of industrial, agricultural, and commercial chemicals in the aquatic environment leads to various deleterious effects on organisms, which is becoming an increasingly serious problem in China. In this study, the comet assay was conducted to investigate the genotoxicity to human body caused by organic concentrates in the drinking water sources of Nanjing City from Yangtze River of China, and health and ecology risk due to expose to these organic pollutants were evaluated with the multimedia environmental assessment system （MEAS）. For all the water samples, they were collected from four different locations in the drinking water sourcr samples, es of Nanjing City. The results of the comet assay showed that all the organic concentrates from the water samples could induce different levels DNA damages on human peripheral blood lymphocytes, and a statistically significant difference （p〈0.01） was observed compared with the solvent control, which demonstrated the genotoxicity was in existence. According to the ambient severity （AS） of individual compound, we had sorted out the main organic pollutants in the drinking water source of the four waterworks, and the results showed that there was some potential hazard to human body for all the source water, namely the total ambient severity （TAS） of health for each water source was more than 1. However, the TAS of ecology for each water source was less than 1, which indicated that it was safe to ecology. The results of this investigation demonstrate the application of the comet assay and the MEAS in aquatic environmental monitoring studies, and the comet assay found to be fast, sensitive, and suitable for genotoxicity monitoring programs of drinking water source.

Legislation on protection of drinking water sources and local management practices in the Pearl River Delta region of China

The protection of drinking water sources is vital to urban development and public health.In this study,the current situation of the mandatory protection area for drinking water source in the Pearl River Delta region was investigated using a method combining Google Earth with the field survey.The gaps between management practices and legislation requirements were analyzed.Finally,several countermeasures for water resource protection were proposed as follows:to promote delineation in a more scientific way,to safeguard the sanctity of the law,to make better plan on water saving,and to encourage public participation in supervision and management.

Modeling the fate of paddy field pesticide in surface water and environmental risk assessment

The risk of drinking water is greatly concerned because of the large amount of pesticide applied to paddy field and the contamination of drinking water sources due to the runoff. A mathematical model is developed, based on the mass balance, to predict the fate of paddy field pesticides from application, runoff and mixing in a river, taking account of the physical chemical properties and processes of volatilization, degradation, adsorption and desorption. The model is applied to a river basin in Japan to estimate the contaminant level of several popularly used pesticides at the water intakes. The health risk in drinking water induced by each pesticide concerned is estimated and evaluated by comparing with the acceptable daily intake values(ADI) and with that induced by trihalomethanes. An index to evaluate the total risk of all pesticides appearing in water is proposed. The methods for risk management are also discussed.

Health Risk Assessment of Centralized Drinking Water Sources in Small Towns of Chongqi City: A Case Study of Beibei District

Based on the health risk assessment model of water quality recommended by United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), the health risk of five centralized drinking water sources in small towns of Beibei District, Chongqing City was evaluated. The results showed that the risk of health hazard of chemical carcinogen arsenic did not exceed the acceptable level recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)(5.0×10 -5 a -1 ), but was still at the same order of magnitude as the recommended value of ICRP. The risk of the highest health hazard was 127 times higher than the maximum acceptable level recommended by Sweden EPA and Holland EPA (1.0×10 -6 a -1 ). The health risk of As in genetic toxic substances at monitoring points A, B, and C accounted for 99.99% of the total risk, showing that As was the main pollutant that posed the health risk, so priority should be given to the prevention and control of As pollution in the centralized drinking water sources in Chongqing towns.

Environmental risk assessment of the middle route of south－to－north water transferring source project in China

This paper focused on the environment risk of the middle route of south-to-north water transferring source project in China. Analytic hierarchy process was applied to risk identification,fuzzy probability-fault tree analysis to risk probability assessment,statistics and analogy process to risk consequences assessment, lastly, grey relevant analysis and comprehensive index process to risk impact evaluation. The main environment risk accident of the project is dam failure, the main causative factors of the accident are catastrophic flood and wrecking earthquake. The flash flood, due to dam failure, will impact on nature, society and economy. The major environment risk areas are Jingzhou and Xiangfan,Hubei Province. The environment risk management measures should be adopted in order to ensure the safety of the project-environment complex system.

Study on the Characteristics of Pollutants in Surface Water Source Based on Risk Assessment

Supervision of urban water source area and the safety of drinking water is one of the important tasks in China's current environmental protection work. By reviewing screening methods of characteristic pollutants in urban water source area,screening system of pollutants based on the framework of environmental risk is introduced in detail: establish database of pollutants→determine the evaluation purpose→determine testing end and screening standard→assignment calculation→prioritization. At the same time,the application of health risk assessment and technology in the risk assessment of urban water source area is introduced,so as to provide technical support and theoretical basis for management and protection of urban water source area.

Integrated Control of Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution to Provide Safe and Healthy Drinking Water for Rural Areas

Agricultural non-point source pollution has become the main part of water pollution prevention and control in China. This paper made a brief introduction to the causes and hazards of agricultural non-point source pollution and the current situation of agricultural non-point source pollution prevention and control in China. In view of the serious agricultural non-point source pollution in water environment of Guangxi and the difference in quality of drinking water between urban and rural areas,it came up with recommendations for strengthening agricultural non-point source pollution prevention and control from scientific distribution,linked operation and maintenance,popular science education,and legal system construction,to guarantee safe and healthy drinking water in rural areas.

Environmental Issues in the Mining Sector of Mongolia

This research is the summary of the results of the environmental damage assessment and rehabilitation cost estimation works carried out involving in total, 242 gold-placers’ licensed areas, within the framework of implementation of the “Law on Prohibiting Exploration and Mining of Minerals at Sources of Rivers and Streams, within Protected zones of Water basins and Forest funds”, adopted by the Parliament of Mongolia, in 2009.

Protection Planning for Rural Centralized Drinking Water Source Areas in Chongqing

Protection planning is made for rural centralized drinking water source areas according to current situations of rural drinking water and existing problems of centralized drinking water source areas in Chongqing,and in combination with survey,analysis and evaluation of urban-rural drinking water source areas in whole city.There are engineering measures and non-engineering measures,to guarantee drinking water security of rural residents,improve rural ecological environment,realize sustainable use of water resource,and promote sustainable development of society.Engineering measures include conservation and protection of water resource,ecological restoration,isolation,and comprehensive control of pointsource and area-source pollution.Non-engineering measures include construction of monitoring system for drinking water source area,construction of security information system for rural centralized drinking water source area,and construction of emergency mechanism for water pollution accidents in rural water source areas.

ArcGIS-Based Rural Drinking Water Quality Health Risk Assessment

Aiming at the unsafe of water quality which is the core problem in rural drinking water safety, the study col-lected 221 water samples of rural drinking water sources in Ya'an and detected the concentrations of the car-cinogen and the non-carcinogen. Based on the analysis of water environment characteristics and the identifi-cation of water environment health risk source of Sichuan Ya’an City, which includes seven counties and a district and is the typical region of the western margin of Sichuan Basin, this study calculated and analyzed the carcinogenic risk (R) and non-carcinogenic risk (hazard index, HI) by applying the health risk model recommended by the US National Research Council of National Academy of Science. Then, taking advan-tage of the geo-statistic spatial analysis function of ArcGIS, this study analyzed the assessment result data (R and HI), selected the proper interpolation approach and educed R and HI spatial distribution maps of the study area. R and HI of the single factor and integrate factors were evaluated and thus obtained the following conclusions: For one thing, the cancerous risk indexes of the vast majority of water sources (about 94%) is the level of 10-7 and it belong to the safety extension. The main carcinogen in the water sources are As, Cr6+ and Pb, their concentrations are in the ranges of 0.004-0.01, 0.005, 0.01mg/l respectively and such water source mainly distributed in Yucheng district and Mingshan county. For another, the non-cancerous hazard indexes of the vast majority of water sources (about 98%) is also less than the limit value 1 and will not harm the local residents. The health risk of non-carcinogen comes mainly from As and fluoride, their concentra-tions are in the ranges of 0.004-0.01 and 0.1-4.2mg/l respectively. The results of the integrate factors health risk assessment showed that the total cancerous risk were still at the level of 10-6, only 12 drinking water source investigation sites (5%) exceeded the drinking water management standard value of EPA (the limit value is 10-6);the total non-cancerous hazard indexes are still in the range of 10-2-10-1, and will not harm the local residents either, only 18 drinking water source investigation sites (8%) exceeded the drinking water management standard value of EPA(the limit value is 1).The densely populated areas such as Yucheng Dis-trict, Tianquan County, Yingjing County and Shimian County are where the four contaminating materials, i.e., As, Cr6+, Pb and fluoride should be monitored with emphasis. Study results disclosed the health risk control indexes of source water quality of the studied area and thus provided the scientific basis for the water quality control of water sources. This study had worked efficiently in practice. Compared with the same kind of methods which had been found, the paper had the outstanding results for the health risk assessment of the rural drinking water safety.

Study on Risk Assessment Method of Informal Landfill

At present,there are a large number of informal landfills to be treated all over the country. Under the condition of limited treatment funds,it is necessary to prioritize the treatment of informal landfills. In this paper,the pollution risk of waste dump,surrounding soil,groundwater and surface water is analyzed,and a set of comprehensive risk assessment method system of informal landfill is established,which could provide reference for decision making department deciding landfill disposal.

铁路工程建设环水保风险演化研究

研究目的:随着绿色发展理念的提出,对铁路工程建设环境保护和水土保持提出了更高的要求。为顺利完成工程建设环水保目标,识别铁路工程建设环水保风险因素,建立环水保风险演化的系统动力学模型,并以H铁路工程项目为例进行仿真分析,了解风险演化过程,明确风险防控的重点任务。研究结论:(1)在建设过程中环水保风险呈现先增加后稳定的总体趋势,其中开工建设前期为环水保风险的集中涌现阶段;(2)风险因素取值的变化将对环水保风险产生不同程度的影响,其中环水保专项资金不足改变对环水保风险系统影响最大,人员专业能力不足和环境本底调查不全面次之,施工机械污染大变动对系统影响较小;(3)工程项目引入风险预警机制有利于控制环水保风险,预警值的大小将影响风险防控效果;(4)本研究结果可为工程项目防控环水保风险提供借鉴与参考。

长江流域重要饮用水水源地保护长效机制

指导重要饮用水水源地保护是《中华人民共和国水法》《中华人民共和国长江保护法》和“三定”规定赋予水行政主管部门的法定职责,也是维系流域供水安全保障的底线。通过对长江流域重要饮用水水源地保护管理现状的回顾分析,针对保护管理中存在的水源地名录准入退出机制不健全、安全评估制度不完善、资金投入保障机制不足等问题,提出了完善水源地安全保障规划体系、规范水源地名录管理机制、强化水源地安全评估和保护、严格水源地保护考核等长效机制构建思路和后续工作建议。研究成果对于落实《中华人民共和国水法》《中华人民共和国长江保护法》饮用水水源地保护要求、贯彻长江经济带绿色发展和长江大保护建设的要求、推动长江流域重要饮用水水源地保护长效机制建设具有重要意义。

饮用水处理中多环芳烃和卤代多环芳烃的变化特征及健康风险

饮用水安全直接关系到千家万户的身体健康。为了解饮用水中多环芳烃(PAHs)和卤代多环芳烃(HPAHs)的污染现状、来源以及健康风险,选择了以长江、太湖和三河(淮安)为水源水的3个自来水厂,采用气相色谱-质谱的测定方法,分别在丰水期和枯水期对其各工艺段出水进行了采样分析。结果表明,PAHs和HPAHs在自来水厂原水和出水中普遍存在,PAHs的质量浓度为9.74~61.00 ng/L,氯代多环芳烃(Cl-PAHs)的质量浓度为0.32~9.17 ng/L,溴代多环芳烃(Br-PAHs)的质量浓度为未检出(ND)~4.15 ng/L,且整体呈现枯水期质量浓度大于丰水期的特征。原水中PAHs主要来源于石油污染以及各种燃烧活动,HPAHs与PAHs的质量浓度呈正相关;出水中HPAHs主要来源于原水以及氯化消毒。现有的自来水处理工艺对原水中PAHs和HPAHs都有一定的去除作用,但是氯化消毒可能产生新的HPAHs污染。人体健康风险评价结果表明,3个水厂出水的终生致癌风险为10^(-9)~10^(-8),处于低致癌风险水平。

不同乡村地域类型农户生计资本和生计策略特征及影响因素——以于桥水库流域为例

农户生计方式不仅决定了农户的收入,还对区域环境产生了深刻的影响。不同乡村地域类型是影响农户生计资本和生计策略的重要因素。本研究通过参与式农村评估和问卷调查获取于桥水库流域512份农户生计的一手数据,构建了农户生计资本评价指标体系,依据收入结构划分农户生计策略,分析不同乡村地域类型的农户生计资本和生计策略特征,并利用多元回归方程解析生计资本对生计策略的影响。结果表明:流域内农户生计非农化成为普遍现象,纯非农型和非主农辅型生计策略占比分别为29.5%和42.6%。不同生计策略农户的生计资本存在显著差异:纯非农和非主农辅农户的总生计资本、人力资本、社会资本和金融资本显著高于纯农业和农主非辅农户,纯农业和农主非辅农户的自然资本显著高于纯非农型农户。不同乡村地域类型农户的生计资本水平和生计策略选择具有明显差异。经济作物区农户的总生计资本、自然资本显著高于其他地区,传统粮产区的金融资本最低。水库周边区生计策略主要为纯非农型,山地林木区和城镇周边区主要是非主农辅型,传统粮产区和经济作物区主要是纯非农型和非主农辅型,文化旅游区主要是非主农辅型和农主非辅型。人均耕地面积、人均林地面积、耕地破碎化程度、土壤肥力、劳动力占比、家庭人口平均年龄、交通工具和家庭人均收入等指标对农户生计策略选择具有显著影响。不同乡村地域类型生计资本和生计策略差异主要与地理区位、自然资源、社会资源和政策相关。最后,提出基于乡村地域特征的农户生计的针对性优化策略,为促进农户生计可持续发展提供参考。

贵州省黔东南州城市湖库型饮用水源氮磷污染特征及富营养化风险评价

选取贵州省黔东南州18个城市湖库型饮用水源为研究对象,通过枯、丰、平水期的水质开展监测,阐述了黔东南州城市湖库型饮用水源氮、磷的污染特征,并利用综合营养状态指数法对其水体营养化风险进行评价。结果表明,黔东南州城市湖库型饮用水源水体总氮平均浓度为0.76 mg/L,其中硝酸盐占70.0%;总磷平均浓度为未检出,其中可溶性磷酸盐占80.5%。黔东南州城市湖库型饮用水源中氮磷时空分布特征明显,总氮和硝酸盐浓度随水期的变化基本一致,氨氮总体变化不大;总磷和可溶性磷酸盐浓度随水期变化基本一致。利用SPSS Statistics 19.0中的Pearson双侧检验法检验污染因子之间的相关性,枯、丰、平水期仅有COD_(Mn)与Chl-a均呈显著正相关性。利用综合营养状态指数法对黔东南州城市湖库型饮用水源进行评价,枯水期贫营养占66.7%、中营养占33.3%;丰水期贫营养占50.0%、中营养占50.0%;平水期贫营养占38.9%、中营养占61.1%,富营养化风险程度从大到小依次为平水期、丰水期、枯水期,并采用氮磷浓度比(TN/TP)深入分析,得出水源营养盐限制因子主要为磷限制状态,控制磷污染是预防黔东南州湖库水源水体富营养化有效途径。

长江流域重要饮用水水源地生态隔离带建设体系研究

指导饮用水水源地保护工作是《长江保护法》、国务院机构改革方案赋予新时期水行政主管部门的重要职责与使命。《长江经济带发展规划纲要》明确提出“建设沿江、沿河、环湖水资源保护带和生态隔离带,增强水源涵养和水土保持能力”。在流域饮用水水源地现状梳理基础上,分析长江流域饮用水水源地生态隔离防护建设存在的布局不合理、系统性差、监督管控措施不到位等问题,以长江流域302重要饮用水水源地为重点,提出饮用水水源地生态隔离带的构建思路。依此为基础,构建了包含陆域隔离防护带建设、滨水缓冲带建设、水域净化带建设3个层次的生态隔离带建设布局,提出了生态隔离带建设格局、内容和措施要求。研究成果对贯彻落实《长江经济带发展规划纲要》《长江保护法》水源地保护要求,全面实施长江流域饮用水水源地生态隔离带建设、强化流域管理治理具有重要指导意义。

某饮用水源地水体重金属分布特征及健康风险评价

为探讨湖库型饮用水源地水体重金属的分布特征及引起的人体健康风险,以云南中部某水库饮用水源地水体为研究对象,基于当地生态环境监测部门2019—2021年水质监测数据,分析了研究区库区和入库河流水体中8种重金属Zn、Pb、Fe、Cd、Mn、Cr6+、As、Hg的质量浓度和分布特征,并运用美国环境保护署(US EPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型进行人体健康风险评价。结果表明:2019—2021年研究区库区和入库河流水体中均未检出Hg、Cr6+、Pb和Cd,但Zn、As、Fe和Mn均有不同程度检出,且检出质量浓度高值集中在入库河流,入库河流水体重金属质量浓度高值出现在丰水期,库区重金属质量浓度高值出现在枯水期,其中Fe、Mn质量浓度最大值超过我国《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2022)和《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)Ⅲ类水标准限值;经饮水途径,非致癌重金属Pb、Hg、Zn、Fe和Mn对成人和儿童的年健康风险均值处于10-10/a水平,为无风险;致癌重金属As、Cd和Cr6+对成人的最大年健康风险接近国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐限值,需引起高度重视,而对儿童的最大年健康风险已超过ICRP推荐限值,有致癌风险;致癌重金属Cr6+和As为儿童致癌风险的决定元素,在儿童饮水方面应优先管控。

兴宁市农村饮用水水源地的铁与锰本底分析

以兴宁市农村饮用水水源地为研究对象,收集历史例行监测数据,筛选有代表性的水源地,制定监测方案开展序列月度监测,形成本底值数据库,通过正态检验、异常值剔除等数理统计方法计算最小值、最大值、5%分位数、95%分位数和中位数,对水源地的铁与锰本底值进行表征。基于本底值研究成果,水源地达标考核时剔除本底影响,达到客观评价水源地水环境质量的目的,为后续优化水源地水环境管理和评价提供技术支撑。