Polycations. 23. Antimicrobial Surfaces for Prevention of Pathogen Transmission

The continued evolution of bacterial and fungal species poses a significant difficulty for the treatment of disease of microbial origin. Given this situation, the prevention of transmission of such microbial diseases becomes of increasing importance. Efforts of this laboratory have been directed toward the destruction of microbial species on environmental surfaces as a prophylaxis toward infection, and we herein report on the efficacy of a system that demonstrates activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as fungi. We report specifically herein on the use of fabric materials so activated for the destruction of these microbial species, useful for a variety of surfaces within hospital and related settings wherein transmission of microbial disease is a major problem, while these approaches are also applicable for a variety of other types of surfaces.

Analysis on Thermal Environment of Underlying Surface and PM2.5 Concentration in Community Park of Beijing in Winter

Community park is one of the most important landscape spaces for urban people to live outdoors,and people’s perception of environmental microclimate is a direct factor affecting the use frequency and experience of community parks.In this paper,Shijingshan Sculpture Park of Beijing was taken as experimental object.Using the method of fi eld measurement,9-d winter test for 3 months was conducted in three kinds of landscape architecture spaces,including waterfront plaza,open green space and square under the forest.Via regression analysis method,the measured air temperature(Ta),relative humidity of air(RH),particulate matter(PM2.5)were analyzed.It is found that winter sunshine is main infl uence factor of garden microclimate,and there is a negative correlation between local temperature and humidity;local temperature and humidity can regulate the local PM2.5 concentration,and temperature shows negative correlation with PM2.5 concentration,while humidity shows positive correlation with PM2.5 concentration.Meanwhile,via comparative analysis of temperature,humidity and PM2.5 concentration in different types of garden spaces,the infl uence of different space forms,planting forms and materials on thermal environment of underlying surface and PM2.5 concentration was summarized,and design strategy was optimized,to be as benefi cial reference of reconstruction design of community parks.

Effect of climatic change on surface environments in the typical region of Horqin Sandy Land

The town of Agura,a typical region in Horqin Sandy Land,was selected as the study area in this paper.Using 12 remote sensing images and climatic data from the past 20 years,the effects of climate change on surface environments were analyzed.The impact indices of climatic factors,along with their corresponding ranks,were used to characterize the responses of different types of surface environments to climate change.Results show that in the past 20 years,the surface environments of the study area have been deteriorating.Furthermore,there is a positive relationship between the changes in surface environments and those in climatic factors.Various climatic factors influence surface environments in different ways and at different levels.The most sensitive factor is relative humidity,followed by precipitation and evaporation.Overall,moisture is the key factor that affects the changes in surface environments of arid and semi-arid areas.

Identifying the influence of urbanization on soil organic matter content and p H from soil magnetic characteristics

Soil magnetic characteristics are correlated with soil p H and organic matter content. Analyzing soil magnetic characteristics, organic matter content and p H can indirectly evaluate soil pollution caused by human activities. This study analyzed the soil magnetic characteristics, organic matter content and p H in surface soil samples from different land use types in Shihezi city, a newly and rapidly developing oasis city in Xinjiang of China. The aims of this study were to explore the possible relationships among the soil magnetic parameters and thereby improve the understanding of influence of urbanization on soil properties. Eighty surface soil samples at the depth of 0–10 cm were collected from 29 July to 4 August 2013. The results showed that the magnetic minerals in surface soil were dominated by ferromagnetic minerals. Spatially, the magnetic susceptibility（χLF）, anhysteretic remanent magnetization susceptibility（χARM）, saturation isothermal remanent magnetization（SIRM） and ＂soft＂ isothermal remanent magnetization（SOFT） were found to be most dominant in the new northern urban area B（N-B）, followed by built-up areas（U）, suburban agricultural land（F）, and then the new northern urban area A（N-A）. The values of χLF, χARM, SIRM and SOFT were higher in the areas with high intensities of human activities and around the main roads. Meanwhile, the property ＂hard＂ isothermal remanent magnetization（HIRM） followed the order of U〉N-B〉F〉N-A. Built-up areas had an average p H value of 7.93, which was much higher than that in the new northern urban areas as well as in suburban agricultural land, due to the increased urban pollutant emissions. The average value of soil organic matter content in the whole study area was 34.69 g/kg, and the values in the new northern urban areas were much higher than those in the suburban agricultural land and built-up areas. For suburban agricultural land, soil organic matter content was significantly negatively correlated with χLF, and had no correlation with other magnetic parameters, since the soil was frequently ploughed. In the new northern urban areas（N-A and N-B）, there were significant positive correlations of soil organic matter contents with χARM, SIRM, SOFT and HIRM, because natural grasslands were not frequently turned over. For the built-up areas, soil organic matter contents were significantly positively correlated with χLF, χARM, SIRM and SOFT, but not significantly correlated with frequency-dependent susceptibility（χFD, expressed as a percentage） and HIRM, because the soil was not frequently turned over or influenced by human activities. The results showed that soil magnetic characteristics are related to the soil turnover time.

Characterization and application of tourmaline and beryl from Brazilian pegmatite in adsorption process with divalent metals

In this study,the original tourmaline and beryl mineral samples have been collected from a Brazilian pegmatite.The objective of this study was to examine the adsorption behavior of Brazilian ciclosilicate samples,towards divalent metals(Pb 2+,Mn 2+,and Zn 2+) in ethanol solution has been studies by a batch technique.The ciclosilicate samples were characterized by elemental analysis,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,helium picnometry,mercury porosity,and nitrogen adsorption-desorption.The Langmuir expression for adsorption isotherm was applied in order to determine the adsorption capacity to form a monolayer and the constant related to the adsorption intensity.In aqueous solution there was a significant adsorption increase with the temperature and pronounced synergistic effects were observed.The maximum number of moles adsorbed was determined to be 12.48 and 11.49 mmol/g for systems Pb 2+ /beryl and Pb 2+ /tourmaline,respectively.The energetic effects caused by metal cations adsorption were determined through calorimetric titrations.Thermodynamics indicated the existence of favorable conditions for such Pb 2+-,Mn 2+-,and Zn 2+-OH interactions.

Water Environment Carrying Capacity of New Zhengdong District in Zhengzhou City

Taking sections of the Dongfeng Canal, the Xionger River and the Wei River in New Zhengdong District for example, this paper applied water environment capacity to analyze the carrying capacity of surface water environment in the east development zone of the city. The analysis shows that carrying capacity of surface water environment in the study area is not good, carrying capacity of 3 studied waters for TP, BOD_5 and COD is approaching to the limit. New Zhengdong District, in terms of industrial structure, should promote the projects with less water consumption, less or no discharge of wastewater, and also should enhance the sewage treatment, improve recycling rate of the reclaimed water, and reduce the negative impact of sewage and pollutant discharge on environment.

Infrasound Signals in Coastal Environment at Jang Bogo Station, Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica

Infrasound signals in Antarctica reflect physical interaction in the surface environments around the recorded area. In December 2015, an infrasound array by three sensors in the detectable frequency range of 0.1 - 200 Hz, combined with one broadband barometer was deployed at Jang Bogo Station, Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica. The two years of data by the broadband barometer contain characteristic signals that caused by surface environment nearby the station, mixing with local noises such as katabatic winds. Clear continuous signals by oceanic swells (microbaroms) were recorded with a predominant frequency of around 0.2 s. Variations of frequency context and amplitudes in the Power Spectral Density were considered as affected by sea-ice dynamics surrounding the Terra Nova Bay. Monitoring of microbaroms could contribute to understanding ocean wave climate, with other oceanographic, cryospheric and geophysical data in Antarctica. Infrasound data in Terra Nova Bay might be a new proxy for estimating environmental variations affected by global warming, cryosphere dynamics, together with volcanic eruptions in Victoria Land.

Changes in the Urban Surface Thermal Environment of a Chinese Coastal City Revealed by Downscaling MODIS LST with Random Forest Algorithm

Analysis of the formation and evolution of urban surface thermal environment is crucial for urban planning and improving the environment of a settlement.Qingdao was selected in this study as a typical coastal city undergoing rapid urbanization,and the spatiotemporal dynamic characteristics of its urban surface thermal environment from2010 to 2019 were evaluated.The random forest(RF)algorithm was adopted to obtain its land surface temperature(LST)map with 30-m resolution by downscaling the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)LST product;the remote sensing indices emphasizing different land cover types,LST calculated by the radiative transfer equation,and elevation were used as input variables in the algorithm.The heat island intensity(HII),urban heat island(UHI)volume,and UHI grade were used to analyze the spatiotemporal dynamic characteristics of the urban surface thermal environment in Qingdao.The results show an increasing trend in average HII between 1.1 and 2.52°C in the study area over the past 10 years.The northern city appeared to have the highest UHI volume,while change of the UHI volume in Huangdao District of southwestern Qingdao was the most significant.The areas with high HII have gradually expanded during the last 10 years,and the areas with a 10-yr persistently high HII are distributed mainly in old urban areas with high building density and a dense population.Different factors may influence UHI,such as artificial heat sources,surface heat sources,and hybrid heat sources.Finally,adjusting the urban structure,increasing the vegetated area,and changing building colors are proposed to mitigate UHI in the areas with continuously high HII.