Ensuring Full and Equal Rights

ECONOMIC and social rights mainly concern the entitlement to be allowed to work, to a basic living standard, to social security, to health care and to education, among the fulfillment of other basic needs. According to the definition of the right to food as described under the UN Committee on Economic. Social and Cultural Rights General Comment No J2 （1999）,

The Protection of the Right to Equality of the Elderly in the Digital Society

The inequality faced by the elderly in a digital society is the digital inequality caused by both public and private actions,as well as the societal inequality exacerbated by the digital inequality.The essence of this issue lies in the unequal social participation due to the expansion of digital space under digital inequality.The characteristics of the elderly,combined with their inherent human dignity,determine that the ultimate goal of protecting their right to equality in a digital society is not limited to equal digital rights alone.Instead,it aims to ensure that the elderly have equal opportunities for social participation in both digital and non-digital spaces by eliminating digital inequality and curbing the expansion of digital space.This ensures the autonomy of the elderly in the digital society.Accordingly,the State should implement two policies based on both prohibitive obligations that prevent direct infringements and protective obligations that safeguard the equal rights of the elderly against encroachments from private entities.The first policy,“Digital Integration”,empowers the elderly with digital skills and helps them actively integrate into the digital society.The second policy,“Digital Coexistence,”ensures that the elderly can equally participate in society even when they choose to abstain from digital technology.

Dilemma and Solution for Relief in the Right to Equal Employment-From the Perspective of Rectifying Private Law with Social Law

At present,the legal remedies in terms of the right to equal employment in China are mainly related to private law,that is,laborers seek direct legal remedies for personality rights liability and infringement liability according to typical private law,supplemented by indirect remedies for labor contract liability under special private law.However,there are many challenges in private law remedies for the right to equal employment,which are manifested in the misunderstanding of the general tort identification of employment discrimination,the loopholes in the regulations on discriminatory employment,the imbalance in the burden of proof,and the limitation and alienation of the functions of civil liability and private law autonomy.The root of those problems lies in the fact that the nature of anti-employment discrimination law is not private law but social law.Equal employment involves both public and private interests,and it should be based on the public interest of society and adhere to the value orientation of prioritizing fairness while taking into account efficiency.Improving the legal relief mechanism for protecting the right to equal employment,with a focus on correcting private law with social law,is the solution to the dilemma.Specific measures include establishing the special tort liability system for equal employment,the legal mechanism against discriminatory labor contracts,the public-private integrated legal responsibility system,and an essentially fair system for the responsibility of adducing evidence.

RULE FOR PREFERRED STOCK IN CHINA： OVERTHROW OF THE PRINCIPLE OF ＂EQUAL SHARES, EQUAL RIGHTS＂？ ——FROM A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE

The principle of ＂equal shares, equal rights＂ was established by the Company Law of 1993 of the People＇s Republic of China. At the initial stage only issuance of common stocks was allowed and the issuance of preferred stocks was interpreted as prohibited. The Company Law of 2006 has changed the rigidity of provisions of the Company Law of 1993 and laid down the legal foundation for issuance of preferred stock. The Rule for Administration of the Pilot Project for Preferred Stocks released on March 21, 2014 by the China Securities Regulatory Commission started the issuance of the preferred stocks in the Chinese capital market. The establishment of the legal system for issuance of preferred stock in China is not the symbol of overthrowing the principle of ＂equal shares, equal rights,＂ but the expansion and development of the principle of＂equal shares, equal rights＂ in a new era.

Law Absence and System Construction of Equal Material Assistance Rights of Farmers in China

Firstly,conception of farmers' equal material assistance rights is introduced from the aspects of equal rights,material assistance rights,and farmers' equal material assistance rights.Value function of farmers' equal material assistance rights is pointed out,which can eliminate the partial policies with urban priority orientation.It is a necessary condition for maintaining the legal and institutional authority,as well as an inevitable choice to realize the social justice and harmony.Current status of the law absence of farmers' equal material assistance rights in China is introduced,which is reflected in the lack of theoretical research on farmers' equal material assistance rights in the law circle,the lack of procedural legal system of farmers' equal material assistance rights at present,and the lack of actual law effectiveness of farmers' equal material assistance rights at present.System construction is a turning point to change the law absence of farmers' material assistance rights.Government should promote the economic development,provide material bases for the system construction of farmers' material assistance rights,enhance the legal consciousness of farmers,cultivate the ability of farmers to participate in equal material assistance rights,strengthen the procedural legislation and judicial justice,and ensure the farmers' material assistance rights.

The Change and Constancy of “Equality Issue” in Human Rights Theory Research During the 40 Years of Reform and Opening-up

In 1978, academia broke through the theoretical forbidden zone with the slogan of "equality before the law" and initiated a great discussion on some important legal issues including legal equality. During the past 40 years since the reform and opening-up, the relevant research has changed from the ideological contention deeply influenced by class discourse to the abstract theoretical research where class discourse has been fading away, and then turn to the technical and concrete practical research. This "change" is clearly visible and, to a certain extent, reveals the track of the development of human rights theory. However, there is "constancy" in "change". "Constancy" not only lies in the study of legislative equality throughout the past 40 years, but also embodies the inherent logic of theoretical research in response to social development and changes in the times.

台湾地区居民法律地位:三重面向、内容构造与优化路径

台湾地区居民法律地位问题,是防范与遏制“台独”分裂活动、推动两岸融合发展、推进国家完全统一进程中必须面对的重大现实问题。在法律实践中,台湾地区居民地位具有“待解放的中国人民”“特殊的中国公民”“同等待遇的中国居民”三重面向。相关立法坚持目标和问题导向,逐渐趋向具体化、同等化和常态化。当前,台湾地区居民法律地位的主要问题是如何推动落实同等待遇,这在一定程度上影响了其内容构造。其中,“居住地”标准是优化落实台湾地区居民法律地位的基础,权利义务是其规范内核,政策则对法律规定起着引领、实施和补充的重要作用。为切实提升台湾地区居民国家认同,建议接续推进身份管理模块化、推动同等待遇实质化、逐步实现权利义务体系化,形成优化台湾居民法律地位的系统方案。

生育新政下工作母亲就业困境与支持体系构建

工作母亲(特指已生育且在业的女性)既要参与社会劳动,又要承担生育和照顾儿童的主要责任,必然带来职业与养育之间的矛盾冲突,陷入“生育歧视”与“母职惩罚”等种种就业困境。我国“三孩”生育新政的实施使工作母亲的职育矛盾凸显,平等就业问题更突出。因此,宜通过完善法律政策体系、建立成本共担机制、催化社会力量担当、重建家庭内部分工等方式为工作母亲构建一个合理的平等就业支持体系。

股东会电子化中股东平等原则的规范构造

出席股东会是股东行使自身权利、治理公司事务的基本路径。委托代理人出席或书面表决等方式系原《公司法》认可的股东现场出席股东会的合法替代方式,但这两种方式均存在不足。鉴于实践效果上电子化表决在提升参与度和确保表决真实性方面起到了积极作用,新《公司法》明确规定公司可以通过电子通信方式召开电子股东会,进一步提高了股东参与度并克服了传统的两类替代方式的弊端。该规定是对实践中已广泛采用的股东会组织方式合法性的确认。然而,新《公司法》等现行法律法规并未充分考虑到电子股东会制度可能引发的股东知情权行权差异和潜在的股东不平等问题,也并未对上述问题以及电子股东会可能发生的程序瑕疵、系统障碍作出针对性的预防和救济规制。实施电子股东会的公司应当保障不同参与方式的股东均可以充分行使权利,制定电子股东会决策程序瑕疵、出现系统故障时的预防和救济措施,以全面有效发挥股东会应有的功能。

正确认识保护妇女合法权益的核心要义及其价值追求

保护妇女合法权益和男女平等都是我国的重要法律原则;保护妇女合法权益是促进男女平等实现的必要手段,是为了更好地促进男女平等;保护妇女合法权益必须坚持尊重和保障人权的基本理念;保护妇女合法权益、促进男女平等是家庭和睦的重要基础,是社会文明进步的重要标志,是中国式现代化的重要内容。

从婚姻到社会:迈向全面发展的妇女权益保障之路

近年来,我国妇女权益保障法治建设成果丰富,既有妇女权益保障法的全面修订,又有民法典婚姻家庭编相关司法解释的相继出台,在持续赋权的同时,逐步强化平权观念,但其中理念革新与价值张力并存。循赋权进路,规范性理解妇女的弱势所在,找准妇女在社会规范与权力结构中的现实落差是赋权的前提。基于此,应重点围绕婚姻家庭、人格财产等私权领域,完成权利拓展与强化;沿平权进路,厘清与赋权相并列的、支撑性别平等的立法的另一种权利义务及责任分配方式是构建平权机制的前提。民法典婚姻家庭编司法解释(二)的制定亦展现性别平等的最新制度思考,但平权机制的完善仍有诸多未尽之处。

数字化时代老年人的权利保障研究——基于桑德拉·弗里德曼的实质平等视角

数字技术为实现积极的老年生活带来了新的机遇。然而,在数字技术的运用与普及过程中,其不平等现象和数字生活本身蕴含新的风险,又给老年人权利保障带来新的威胁。以桑德拉·弗里德曼的实质平等框架分析老年“数字鸿沟”,不仅是数字技术适老化程度不足的现实表现,更是资源和权力之不平等的必然结果。因此,数字时代老年人权利保障的要义在于:通过合理分配学习资源和构造公平参与机制来切实增强老年人的数字能力,重塑数字空间的权力关系。数字时代老年人权利保障的具体方案在于:以强化数字立法消除包括年龄歧视在内的直接人权威胁,以多元协作和公平责任的社会合作机制推动老年人的数字融入,最终通过平等参与基础上的代际合作实现“老龄+数字”社会的长效治理。

教育数字化转型中教育公平的法治保障

推动教育数字化既是促使教育事业迈向现代化的必由之路,也对教育公平提出了全新挑战。教育公平的实现要求与受教育权给付义务功能的结构高度契合,对应着公民的原始给付请求权和派生给付请求权。其中,原始给付请求权维度构成教育公平的基础,要求国家提供底线性的教育给付;而派生给付请求权与一般平等权联系紧密,要求国家公平分配现有的教育资源。

教育数字歧视的规制逻辑:从技术理性、价值理性到制度理性

教育数字化是建设教育强国的重要引擎,也是破解教育公平问题的重要路径。然而,教育数字化在推动教育公平的过程中,也衍生出了一种新型教育歧视——教育数字歧视。教育数字歧视指教育数字化过程中非主观意识造成的对受教育者的不公平对待,以及区别、排斥或限制其平等受教育权的行为,是一种因数字技术产生的“设计缺陷”。当前,教育数字化转型正面临资源、文化、群体等方面的诸多教育数字歧视问题,教育数字歧视仍处于规制失序的状态,主要原因在于:对受教育者数字教育平等权的权利界定不清、政策观照不足以及规制保障不强,导致教育数字化过程缺乏关于人的价值和教育公平的价值指导,出现了技术反噬教育公平的情形。因此,应适时嵌入制度规则,以数字教育平等权丰富平等受教育权内涵,加强政策对平等受教育权的保障,适时立法强化数字教育歧视规制的可操作性与责任,既防止技术理性世俗化的公正性偏离,也防止价值理性理想化的形而上架空,在技术之上、价值之下、制度之中,为教育数字歧视提供规制路径。

刑释人员复权制度集成的实践逻辑

在犯罪治理体系中,与运用识别技术强化管控特殊人群相比,刑释人员融入普通人生活始终是一个被搁置或被淡忘的话题。面对社会的冷漠和排斥倾向,仅仅摘掉受刑人标签即运行前科消灭机制,仍不足以帮助这类弱势加“另类”群体再社会化。“因犯罪失权—失权法律原因消失—复权—平权”的过程控制,不仅能更新普通人的权利观,提升特定人的权利意识和能力,还能在义务泛化的情形下压实基层政府的职责;逐步压缩特定人被限权的空间,一方面直面普通人与特定人之间存在的权利冲突,另一方面也真正将社会共治构想建立在社会共存基础上。因此,复权制度集成的实践逻辑应当是:在司法因应层面,扩大犯罪记录封存范围,将积极复权措施提前到自由刑执行阶段,运用政策杠杆适度压缩限制从业空间,畅通司法救济渠道限制义务主体的乱作为;在政府作为层面,基于刑释人员再社会化紧密衔接刑事法与行政法,将针对这类人群的专项服务嵌入社会福利、卫生医疗、文化教育、就业指导、劳动保护等普惠体系,消减直接和间接歧视;在社会接纳层面,借助社会工作理念与方法,消除或淡化普通人与出狱人的心理隔膜,还给后者普通人身份。

行政协议反向诉讼制度构建的必要性与可行性研究

行政协议被2015年施行的《中华人民共和国行政诉讼法》首次纳入行政诉讼范围。实践中,行政主体虽能运用单方变更、解除协议、非诉强制执行、民事诉讼的方式寻求救济,但是在追求诉权平等、区分行政协议与行政行为等问题上仍具有构建反向诉讼制度的必要性。该制度的构建从立法目的和域外实践来看,无论是在诉讼程序的启动上还是在举证责任的完善上均具有一定的可行性。

农村集体经营性建设用地入市的内在逻辑和实施路径

基于“内在逻辑-实践探索-现实挑战”的研究路径,对集体经营性建设用地入市改革进行深入研究。研究认为:(1)实现城乡土地“同地同权同价”改革目标的基础在于强化集体土地产权;(2)构建公平有序的市场配置体系是实现城乡统一建设用地市场的关键;(3)探索统筹兼顾的利益分配机制是农村集体经营性建设用地入市改革的重点;(4)通过盘活闲置土地资源是提升乡村经济发展、实现乡村振兴的必由路径。今后仍需在明晰产权主体、扩大入市范围与强化用途管制、完善收益共享机制、健全政策配套措施等方面,进一步推动农村集体经营性建设用地入市改革。

教育平权推动教育公平:哈佛平权运动探析

美国历史上的“哈佛平权运动”是一场相对独立的教育运动,旨在争取教育平权。这场运动推动了教育公平,并对美国黑人及少数族裔的教育生态产生了重大影响。历经政治抗争和法律斗争,外在的教育平等权利逐渐得到保障。哈佛平权运动为教育平权和教育公平提供了重要的经验和启示,同时也揭示了教育制度、资源分配不均、历史遗留问题和现实挑战等方面的问题。为了解决这些问题,可以通过调整和创新教育政策、优化资源配置和利用、推动社会力量的参与和协同等方式来实现教育公平。政府、学校和社会各界需要共同努力,以推进教育公平,从而促进人类社会的文明进步。

平等就近入学权司法保障研究

在教育公平理念深入人心的今天,就近入学被认为是公民的一项权利而非义务,其内涵也经历了从形式平等到实质平等的发展。平等就近入学权关涉受教育权和平等权双重基本权利,但其司法保障尚未引起足够重视。实践中对于学区划分行为是否受理、原告资格认定和法院审查强度等存有争议。因此,在确认学区划分行为可诉性的基础上,明确提出仅适龄儿童作为利害关系人而具有原告资格;针对就近入学诉讼中的事实、程序和法律问题分别采取最低、中等和严格审查强度,以此平衡公民权利救济和行政自由裁量权;同时,积极推进就近入学的教育行政公益诉讼发展,从而促进教育公平的实现。

数字治理:聚焦数字弱势群体平等权的保护

平等是民主与人权的核心,是实现正义的前提与基础,平等权在宪法上具有重要意义。随着数字科技的非均衡推进,部分社会成员尤其是数字弱势群体不能平等享有“数字红利”。作为智慧社会的特殊群体,数字弱势群体因技术复杂、社会分层、个人资源禀赋差异孕育而生,分为显性数字弱势群体与隐性数字弱势群体两大类。由于权利义务不完全对等、法律保护模式滞后、权利救济道路不通畅导致数字弱势群体平等权的法律保护陷入困境。本着尊重与保障人权的价值取向,我们要从理念、立法、政府、社会四个方面入手,采取具体措施帮助数字弱势群体实现权利的实质平等。