Development of Women's Rights in China Through A Hundred Years:From a Strong Sense of Political Responsibility to Increasingly Better Legal Protection

The founding of the Communist party of China,especially the founding of pRC and the establishment of the socialist system,opened a new chapter in the development of the Chinese women’s cause.The Communist party of China(CpC)and the Chinese government have a strong political will and a sense of political responsibility in realizing gender equality and protecting women’s rights.over the past 100 years,under the leadership of the CpC,the status of Chinese women has been fundamentally changed in the political and legal sense,and a historic breakthrough has been achieved.The development of the Chinese women’s cause has overcome many difficulties.In particular,after the launch of the reform and opening-up,on the basis of economic development,social progress,and continuous promotion of the rule of law,a set of legal protection systems for comprehensive protection of women’s rights have gradually been formed.The concept of social gender has provided new perspectives and approaches for China’s legal studies,and the process of gender mainstreaming in China has continued to deepen.China follows the socialist path of women’s cause with Chinese characteristics and continues to strengthen the legal protection of women’s rights in China,thereby making important contributions to the development of women in the world.

The Sumame of Turkish Women： A Question of Identity？

After the foundation of Turkish Republic in1923, Turkish Civil Code which was codificated from Switzerland in 1926 was a new code for modem Turkey that aimed gender equality. Even if, there were some articles, contrary to the equality of men and women, they were ignored when they were compared with the reforms performed in favor of women. The surname of woman was one of the issues where there was gender discrimination. In the Civil Code of 1926, it was stated that the married woman must have taken her husband＇s surname after the official marriage and she had to use it through her marriage life. In 1997, there was an amendment in TCC Article 153 that the married woman had the right to register her maiden name in front of her husband＇s surname which was also accepted in the new TCC in Article 187 in 2002. As the equality of the spouses is neglected under Article 187, many women are trying to change the current situation, by lawsuits. In this article, the regulations about the surname, will be discussed under personality rights and identity, within the current legislation with some court decisions from the last years in favor of women.

“Women Hold up Half the Sky”: Engendering the Right to Development

Societal institutions and structures shape particular experiences of socio-economic disadvantage for women.It is not enough to simply extend a fixed bundle of socio-economic rights to women and men alike, but to infuse such rights with substantive equality. Based on discussing the link between the right to development and socio-economic rights, I discuss how gender inequality shapes particular experiences of socio-economic disadvantage for women, which impede the exercise of their right to development. I examine a potential approach for engendering the right to development which synthesises socio-economic rights and substantive equality to capabilities. Finally, I evaluate the extent to which CEDAW represents this optimal synthesis, albeit with some important limitations.

Realization of the Right to Economic Assistance of Women with Disabilities in Divorce from the Perspective of the Civil Code

Protecting the equal human rights of persons with disabilities is an important part of human rights protection in China.The Marriage law Amendment in 2001 focused on the economic assistance system for divorce relief for a party unable maintain the local basic standard of living.The Civil Code has adjusted and expanded the system,stipulating that one party can ask for financial help from the other party if the party can’t maintain a reasonable living after divorce.To a certain extent,this economic assistance should include the assistance to the party whose living standard has decreased significantly after divorce and the party who has made more sacrifices and contribution to the marriage during the marriage.Although the economic assistance system for divorce stipulated in the Civil Code does not specifically address unequal treatment or discrimination against women with disabilities,since women with disabilities are more vulnerable after divorce,they are more likely to put forward economic assistance claims after a divorce,be more dependent on others physically and psychologically,and find it more difficult to obtain employment.Social security for women with disabilities is still insufficient and compared with other subjects,women with disabilities are likely to be in an unequal position in the realization of their right to economic assistance in divorce.Therefore,it is necessary to put forward reasonable legal interpretations and application suggestions for the relevant provisions in the Civil Code,so as to fully realize the economic assistance rights of women with disabilities in divorce,and reflect the care and protection of the human rights of women with disabilities in the Civil Code.

Feminism Demystified-history and Beyond

The study explores Feminism by focusing broadly on its history and further examining using Marxism and critical discourses by other feminists.Feminism refers to the idea that women and men ought to have equal rights.In 1734,the Swedish Civil Code gave women more rights,most notably prohibiting husbands from selling their wives’possessions without their approval.In her 1790 essay“On the equality of the sexes,”American women’s rights campaigner Judith Sargent Murray claimed that women are just as bright as men.British author Mary Wollstonecraft responded to philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau and other 18th-century Enlightenment intellectuals who did not extend their concepts of freedom to women in her 1792 book A Vindication of the Rights of Women.She challenges the idea that women are less logical than males and opposes the injustice.“Who made man the exclusive judge?”she demands.However,Frenchman Charles Fourier coined the term“feminisme”in 1837,marking the beginning of the concept of feminism.The Victorian Social Convention exalted and imposed the domestic roles of wife and mother on most married middle-class women in 19th-century Britain.Career aspirations were restricted because they were not allowed to receive an education on par with that of males.In The Communist Manifesto,German philosophers and revolutionary political theorists Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels contend that a bourgeois man regards his wife as nothing more than an apparatus of production.According to Engles,the family is at the core of the violence and oppression that women experience.Marxist feminists saw capitalism and patriarchy as the two fundamental systems that supported the subjugation of women.The British writer and social theorist Harriet Taylor Mill underlined that a lady who could support the family financially and had a good education would be respected by her husband and treated as a partner.However,men utilize rape as a means of controlling women,as seen by the social inequities that still affect women today.It’s shocking to learn that rape was a taboo topic until 1975 when Susan Brownmiller authored Against Our Will:Men,Women,and Rape.There was a notion that said women’s sexuality encourages rape,hence the guilt was frequently placed on the female victims.Nonetheless,postcolonial feminists such as Chandra Talpade Mohanty contend that regardless of their status as powerful or marginal,wealthy or not,women residing in non-Western nations are presumed to be impoverished,uninformed,uneducated,sexually restricted,tradition-bound,and victims.FGM(female genital cutting)has been a custom for at least 2,500 years,still practiced in thirty countries,mostly in Africa,Indonesia,and the Middle East.It is not connected to chastity and purity,guaranteeing that women remain virgins until marriage and remain faithful afterward.In this essay,Finally,I have looked at how women have faced discrimination in a variety of settings,including the home and the workplace,for millennia due to their gender.

正确认识保护妇女合法权益的核心要义及其价值追求

保护妇女合法权益和男女平等都是我国的重要法律原则;保护妇女合法权益是促进男女平等实现的必要手段,是为了更好地促进男女平等;保护妇女合法权益必须坚持尊重和保障人权的基本理念;保护妇女合法权益、促进男女平等是家庭和睦的重要基础,是社会文明进步的重要标志,是中国式现代化的重要内容。

从婚姻到社会:迈向全面发展的妇女权益保障之路

近年来,我国妇女权益保障法治建设成果丰富,既有妇女权益保障法的全面修订,又有民法典婚姻家庭编相关司法解释的相继出台,在持续赋权的同时,逐步强化平权观念,但其中理念革新与价值张力并存。循赋权进路,规范性理解妇女的弱势所在,找准妇女在社会规范与权力结构中的现实落差是赋权的前提。基于此,应重点围绕婚姻家庭、人格财产等私权领域,完成权利拓展与强化;沿平权进路,厘清与赋权相并列的、支撑性别平等的立法的另一种权利义务及责任分配方式是构建平权机制的前提。民法典婚姻家庭编司法解释(二)的制定亦展现性别平等的最新制度思考,但平权机制的完善仍有诸多未尽之处。

未婚母亲权益保障的宪法学审视——兼论我国宪法中母亲保护条款的解释方案

我国《宪法》第49条第1款规定,母亲受国家的保护。有学者主张“母亲”的宪法内涵包括未婚母亲,这可能为未婚母亲向国家寻求自身权益保障提供直接的宪法依据;但该条款并未明确“母亲”的外延界限,又缺乏明显的基本权利特征,因此有必要进行宪法解释。母亲保护条款具有基本权利面向,“母亲”在制宪原意中是受制于“婚姻、家庭”的法律身份,并非单纯建基于生育事实。而以生育行为作为切入点,也能从婚姻权推导出“婚姻、家庭、母亲”之间的社会关联必然性。母亲保护入宪滥觞于《魏玛宪法》,自1936年《苏联宪法》起逐渐累积为社会主义国家的宪法传统,在我国宪法史上则由产妇保护演变而来,其历史脉络能为上述解释方案提供佐证。母亲保护主体限制的合理性还能由维护母亲在家庭秩序中的个体自由,以及平衡家庭稳定与婚姻自由等立宪目的予以证成。尽管未婚母亲难以诉诸我国宪法中的母亲保护条款,国家建立健全社会保障制度的积极义务与人权保障条款等解释路径仍可能在宪法框架内安顿未婚母亲权益。

新中国成立初期妇女参与体育运动的历史考察

新中国成立初期,广大妇女作为体育运动的重要力量之一,在群众体育、学校体育、竞技体育以及国防体育等方面进行体育运动实践,取得了显著成绩。国家颁布政策法令保障妇女权利,并通过妇女联合会和体育协会等加强对妇女的组织与沟通协调、利用妇女模范调动妇女参与体育运动、采取多种宣传手段激发妇女参与的积极性。妇女参与体育运动强健了身体、提高了社会地位,展现了中国共产党的执政能力,为中国体育事业的发展提供了经验遵循。

Are Men and Women Equal in Employment?

EQUALITY was one of the themes of the Fourth World Conference on Women. The motto of the Conference was "Action for Equality, Development and Peace." But is there a real possibility for equality between men and women? Equality in employment remains an important concern. Recently, Zheng Yefu, research worker of the Beijing Academy of

从妇女生育权看单身妇女享有人类辅助生殖技术服务的权利

针对徐枣枣冻卵案的判决,从联合国文书对妇女生育权利的规定和反对性别歧视的要求出发,可分析我国自1980年代以来计划生育各个阶段已婚妇女生育权利的实现和对单身妇女生育权利的规范,从而提出在当前我国人口发展趋势下回归单身妇女生育权利,包括她们享有相关医疗信息和辅助生殖技术服务权利的政策建议。

新民主主义革命时期党促进男女平等和妇女解放制度机制的探索

新民主主义革命时期,中国共产党坚守为中国人民谋幸福、为中华民族谋复兴的初心使命,在带领中国人民实现中国从几千年封建专制政治向人民民主的伟大飞跃过程中,将实现男女平等和妇女解放的历史重任扛在肩上,领导中国妇女进行了28年艰苦卓绝的斗争,在争取民族独立、人民解放中实现自身解放。为促进男女平等和妇女解放,中国共产党注重从制度机制上提供保障,探索并逐步形成了促进男女平等和妇女解放的领导机制、工作机制和法律政策初步框架,为新中国成立后,党在全国范围内建立促进男女平等和妇女解放发展的制度机制积累了宝贵经验,奠定了坚实基础,提供了基本思路和框架。

列宁妇女解放思想与实践及其启示

妇女解放一直是各国各政党关注的重要论题。沙皇压迫下的俄国妇女境地悲惨,渴望解放,列宁从马克思主义妇女理论出发,结合俄国国情,在领导苏联进行革命和建设的过程中形成了独具特色的妇女解放思想,其中把妇女运动与共产主义运动紧密联系起来、推动家务劳动社会化、普及教育培养妇女人才、设立妇女工作专门部门、以法律保障男女平等落到实处等思想与实践,极大地改变了当时苏联妇女的地位,使苏联成为当时世界上妇女解放做得最好的国家之一。当今,我国在推进妇女工作不断完善的过程中仍可以从列宁妇女解放思想中得到启示,要正确认识妇女问题的长期性、国别性、国际性特点,明辨以关注女性为幌子的各种错误思潮,积极落实妇女权益保障,在新时代更加充分发挥妇女“半边天”的作用。

马克思恩格斯两性关系思想及其当代价值

两性之间的关系,在社会结构中是历史最为久远、影响最为普遍的一种社会关系。历史上人类一直在探索规范两性之间的社会关系的合理原则。马克思、恩格斯在深入总结两性关系历史发展过程和客观规律的基础上,深刻阐明两性关系问题的重要性、两性的辩证统一性、两性的对立冲突及其根源、两性和解路径等基本问题。马克思恩格斯两性关系思想内涵极其丰富,实质包含妇女解放理论和爱情观、婚姻观、家庭观等内容,是对妇女解放和爱情、婚姻、家庭等两性关系问题的整体阐释,内在要求实现妇女解放、男女平等和两性和谐共生的辩证统一。全面深入地认识和掌握马克思恩格斯两性关系思想及其当代价值,对促进妇女全面自由发展、解决两性之间的对立冲突、构建男女平等基础上和谐共生的两性关系和社会主义先进性别文化,具有重要而深远的意义。

妇女双重角色视角下的社会和家庭权益保障

与妇女在社会和家庭中的双重角色一致,妇女权益包括社会权益和家庭权益两部分,二者紧密联系、不可分割,仅保障妇女的社会权益,将忽视妇女的家庭愿望和实际需求,显著降低妇女婚育意愿;仅保障妇女的家庭权益,将有更多妇女困于家庭,削弱妇女独立性,并使性别不平等状况恶化。只有将二者结合,借鉴国际经验,综合运用公法私法、政策措施等手段,通过保障妇女工作场所的安全、减少对妇女的就业歧视、保障妇女的劳动福利来提升妇女社会权益保障水平,通过增加家庭支持政策、在私法上肯认家务劳动价值来保障妇女的家庭权益,在社会领域促进两性实质性平等的社会参与,在家庭领域给予在无偿劳动上付出更多的妇女以补偿,才能使女性的社会价值和个人价值获得双重实现,并改善妇女的人权状况,推进两性的实质平等。

社会主义女权主义的工酬观念探究

男女同工同酬作为妇女平等诉求的重要组成部分,社会主义女权主义在妇女主体性、社会性别、公私场域三个方面分别具有平等主张。认为差异并不能作为两性主体平等的阻碍,实现男女同工同酬的关键是消除社会性别建构与应用过程中的不平等因素和弥合公私领域的二元分化。同时,社会主义女权主义超越自由主义女权主义的平等内涵,对马克思主义做出了有益的修正。在应对就业歧视、处理家务劳动、争取平等权利上具有一定理论优势。

单身女性生育权争议问题研究——与陈祥健研究员商榷

在我国人口自然增长率堪忧、国家鼓励生育的大背景下,单身女性的生育权再度成为人们关注的焦点问题。围绕这一问题的争议由来已久。目前,赞同赋予单身女性生育权的学者居多,但是,一些反对赋予单身女性生育权的观点并未得以全面、系统透析,其科学性存疑。其中具有代表性的是陈祥健研究员《质疑“单身女性生育权”》一文的观点。其认为,若赋予单身女性生育权,将带来以下几个问题,一是孩子的公平问题无法解决,二是无法保障单身男性和单身女性平等地享有生育权,三是不利于单身女性所生子女成长、有碍单身女性自由结婚。这些观点主要存在以下不足,一是与《宪法》规定的平等原则相悖,子女享有法律上的双亲之权的观点无法律依据,二是单身男性与单身女性生育权不能平衡的说法有失偏颇,三是赋予单身女性生育权不利于该类未成年人成长和有碍单身女性自由结婚的认识,于情于理于法都不符合。

新《体育法》中“妇女特别保障权”的规范建构及实践路径

2022年最新修订通过的《中华人民共和国体育法》确立了“平等保护+特别保障”的立法模式,首次在法律层面规定了“妇女特别保障权”。尽管新《体育法》共有四处提及妇女权益的特别保障,但并未对“妇女特别保障权”的内涵与权能等详细展开。结合我国宪法中平等权的国家保护义务功能与集体人权理论,规范建构出可被实践化的“妇女特别保障权”,剖析出内嵌其中的“体育性别平等权利、国家特别保障权利、特殊权利与组织权利”四重内涵。为推动“妇女特别保障权”之落实,进一步提出相关的立法及政策建议,借此探索体育领域中推动性别平等的法律进路。

农村女性土地权益保障实证调查——以贵州省大方县为例

农村女性土地权益被侵害主要由传统男尊女卑观念作祟、集体经济组织成员认定模糊和农村女性土地权益保护缺乏系统性支持引起。因此,为保障农村女性土地权益,有必要分析农村女性土地权益的现状,剖析具体问题与原因。通过推动男女平等理念深入基层、完善农村女性土地权益保护的法律体系和完善农村女性土地权益保护的系统性支持等措施,实现对农村女性土地权益的全方位保障。

女性体育权利平等的内在诉求、现实困境与实现保障

实现我国男女体育权利平等不仅能够促进全民健身计划的实施,同时能够为和谐良好的社会人际关系奠定基础。本文采用文献资料法、逻辑推理法等,梳理体育权利的基本内涵,探究构建男女体育权利平等的内在诉求,总结现存体育权利不平等困境,提出构建我国男女体育权利平等的实现保障。研究认为:机会平等、实践平等、差异性平等三者为实现男女体育权利平的内在诉求。现存困境:1)女性体育参政议政人数相对弱势;2)教师对性别的刻板印象仍然存在;3)社会长期父权性别秩序深入人心。实现保障:1)出台专门的女性体育权利保障政策;2)运用体育媒体塑造与传播女性形象;3)强化女性在体育领域中的主体意识;4)营造女性参与的社会体育文化氛围。