基于Surface Evolver模拟的两平行板间液桥剪切力学特性研究

液桥剪切行为广泛存在于粗糙界面接触、颗粒聚并与合成、微芯片自组装等与力学、化工、环境以及生物相关领域中,对相关系统和装备的服役性能有重要影响.本文采用Surface Evolver软件模拟研究了剪切作用下两平行板间受限液桥的液面轮廓和固液界面力的演变,基于最小能量原则建立了双圆台理论模型,并将二者进行了比较.结果表明:随着液桥剪切位移的增大,接触角滞后和切向力也线性递增,而法向力则以二次函数的形式单调递减;当增大液体体积或减小两平板垂直间距时,液桥切向力在接触角滞后和颈部半径的综合作用下出现递增趋势,而法向力的演变规律取决于液面内外压差和表面张力垂直分量的相对大小,这导致其随两平板间距的增大出现先递增后减小的变化;双圆台理论模型很好地拟合了液桥力的变化趋势,但模型对真实液面轮廓进行了简化处理,导致理论值与模拟值间存在一定的差距,这个差距可以通过一个无量纲形状系数来弥补,模型越精准,形状系数越接近于1.

Reconstruction from contour lines based on bi-cubic Bézier spline surface

A novel reconstruction method from contours lines is provided. First, we use a simple method to get rid of redundant points on every contour, then we interpolate them by using cubic Bézier spline curve. For corresponding points of different con- tours, we interpolate them by the cubic Bézier spline curve too, so the whole surface can be reconstructed by the bi-cubic Bézier spline surface. The reconstructed surface is smooth because every Bézier surface is patched with G2 continuity, the reconstruction speed is fast because we can use the forward elimination and backward substitution method to solve the system of tridiagonal equations. We give some reconstruction examples at the end of this paper. Experiments showed that our method is applicable and effective.

Embedded System Development for Detection of Railway Track Surface Deformation Using Contour Feature Algorithm

Derailment of trains is not unusual all around the world,especially in developing countries,due to unidentified track or rolling stock faults that cause massive casualties each year.For this purpose,a proper condition monitoring system is essential to avoid accidents and heavy losses.Generally,the detection and classification of railway track surface faults in real-time requires massive computational processing and memory resources and is prone to a noisy environment.Therefore,in this paper,we present the development of a novel embedded system prototype for condition monitoring of railway track.The proposed prototype system works in real-time by acquiring railway track surface images and performing two tasks a)detect deformation(i.e.,faults)like squats,shelling,and spalling using the contour feature algorithm and b)the vibration signature on that faulty spot by synchronizing acceleration and image data.A new illumination scheme is also proposed to avoid the sunlight reflection that badly affects the image acquisition process.The contour detection algorithm is applied here to detect the uneven shapes and discontinuities in the geometrical structure of the railway track surface,which ultimately detects unhealthy regions.It works by converting Red,Green,and Blue(RGB)images into binary images,which distinguishes the unhealthy regions by making them white color while the healthy regions in black color.We have used the multiprocessing technique to overcome the massive processing and memory issues.This embedded system is developed on Raspberry Pi by interfacing a vision camera,an accelerometer,a proximity sensor,and a Global Positioning System(GPS)sensors(i.e.,multi-sensors).The developed embedded system prototype is tested in real-time onsite by installing it on a Railway Inspection Trolley(RIT),which runs at an average speed of 15 km/h.The functional verification of the proposed system is done successfully by detecting and recording the various railway track surface faults.An unhealthy frame’s onsite detection processing time was recorded at approximately 25.6ms.The proposed system can synchronize the acceleration data on specific railway track deformation.The proposed novel embedded system may be beneficial for detecting faults to overcome the conventional manual railway track condition monitoring,which is still being practiced in various developing or underdeveloped countries.

Experimental Research on the Surface Quality of Milling Contour Bevel Gears

Contour bevel gears have the advantages of high coincidence,low noise and large bearing capacity,which are widely used in automobile manufacturing,shipbuilding and construction machinery.However,when the surface quality is poor,the effective contact area between the gear mating surfaces decreases,affecting the stability of the fit and thus the transmission accuracy,so it is of great significance to optimize the surface quality of the contour bevel gear.This paper firstly analyzes the formation process of machined surface roughness of contour bevel gears on the basis of generating machining method,and dry milling experiments of contour bevel gears are conducted to analyze the effects of cutting speed and feed rate on the machined surface roughness and surface topography of the workpiece.Then,the surface defects on the machined surface of the workpiece are studied by SEM,and the causes of the surface defects are analyzed by EDS.After that,XRD is used to compare the microscopic grains of the machined surface and the substrate material for diffraction peak analysis,and the effect of cutting parameters on the microhardness of the workpiece machined surface is investigated by work hardening experiment.The research results are of great significance for improving the machining accuracy of contour bevel gears,reducing friction losses and improving transmission efficiency.

RESEARCH ON NURBS SKINNING SURFACE VIA COMPLEX CURVES

In order to design the production with complex external shapes, a newmethod is put forward using non-uniform rational B-spline(NURBS)curves to unifythe description of complex curves composed of several segments with different degrees,and then these complex curves are used to construct NURBS skinning surface. Somekinds of skills are used to dispose the knot of NURBS curves and surfaces for practicalproblems. Finally, the method is verified by several complex examples.

GENERALIZED SIMULATION MODEL FOR MILLED SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY-APPLICATION TO PERIPHERAL MILLING

Based on analyzing various factors influencing milled surface topography, firstly, a generalized model for milled surface topography is proposed. Secondly, using the principles of transformation matrix and vector operation, the trajectory equation of cutting edge relative to workpiece is derived. Then, a three dimensional topography simulation algorithm is constructed through dividing the workpiece into regular grids. Finally, taking the peripheral milling process as an example, the generalized model is simplified, and the corresponding simulation examples are given. The results indicate that it is very efficient for the generalized model to be used to analyze and simulate the peripherally milled surface topography.

Mathematical Model of the Identical Slope Surface

The formation of the identical slope surface and the method of construction are discussed. On the basement of building the parameter equation of variable-radius circle family envelope, the frequently used parameter equation of the identical slope surface of the top of taper moving along column helix, horizental arc and line is built. The equation can be used to construct the identical slope surface’s contours, gradient lines and three dimensional figures correctly.

THE NONLINEAR INTERACTION OF VORTEX RINGS WITH A FREE SURFACE

Nonlinear interactions of vortex rings with a free surface are considered in an incompressible, ideal fluid using the vortex contour dynamics technique and the boundary integral equation method. The flow is axisymmetric and the vorticity is linearly distributed in the vortex. Effects of the gravity and the surface tension as well as the initial geometric parameter of the vortex on the interaction process are investigated in considerable detail. The interaction process may be divided into three major stages: the vortex free-traveling stage, the collision stage, and the vortex stretching and rebounding stage. Time evolutions of both the vortex and free surface under various conditions are provided and analyzed. Two kinds of waves exist on the free surface during interaction. In a special case where the gravity and surface tension are very weak or the vortex is very strong, an electric-bulb-like 'cavity' is formed an the free surface and the vortex is trapped in the 'cavity' for quite a. long time, resulting in a large amount, of fluid above the mean fluid surface.

A Blend of Subdivision Surfaces and NURBS

In present paper, the contour deletion method is developed both to blend surfaces and to fill N-sided holes, which is used for subdividing the NURBS surface. First, according to the non-uniform Catmull-Clark subdivision principle, surfaces are blended. The non-uniform Catmull-Clark subdivision method is constructed, which build the surface through interpolating comer vertices and boundary curves. Then the contour deletion method is adapted to remove the controlling mesh boundary contour in the process of segmentation iteration. Last, N sided-hole is filled to generate a integral smooth continuous surface. This method not only guarantee that the blending surface and base surface patches have C2 continuity at the boundary, but also greatly improve the smoothness of the N-side hole filling surface. The results show that, this method simplifies the specific computer-implemented process, broads the scope of application of subdivision surfaces, and solves the incompatible problem between the subdivision surface and classical spline. The resulting surface has both advantages of the subdivision surface and classical spline, and also has better filling effect.

轮廓铣削表面粗糙度预测及工艺参数增效优化

在轮廓铣削中,为满足质量要求并提高加工效率,提出一种基于轮廓曲率特征的工艺参数优化方法。考虑轮廓曲率特征对加工质量的影响,分别设计了直线、凸弧和凹弧的铣削正交试验,以获取在不同轮廓曲率下的表面粗糙度数据。基于试验结果,利用雪消融优化(snow ablation optimizer,SAO)算法改进的BP(back propagation)神经网络,分别建立直线、凸弧及凹弧铣削的表面粗糙度预测模型。以表面粗糙度与材料去除率为优化目标,构建轮廓铣削工艺参数的多目标优化模型,并运用NSGA-II(non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II)算法进行求解,获得不同轮廓铣削方式下,满足规定粗糙度要求并最大化材料去除率的铣削工艺参数。将所提出的优化方法应用于实际轮廓加工,结果表明,各轮廓区域的粗糙度均能满足质量要求,且加工效率平均提升了17.1%。

无人机遥感监测在双柳煤矿采空区监测中的应用分析

双柳煤矿开采完毕后地表裂隙监测精度不够,部分区域监测不到位,为保证矿井开采区域监测全覆盖,采用无人机遥感监测技术对双柳煤矿采空区进行监测分析。研究表明,无人机遥感监测技术可以形成RKT数据,反演形成地表等高线云图,并拍摄地表实物照片。通过在双柳煤矿采空区进行无人机遥感监测,发现地表裂缝5条,与地下采空区情况基本一致。实物照片显示,地表裂缝呈两端窄中间宽的形状,和开采情况基本一致。研究结果和研究方法对于其他矿井采空区监测具有一定指导意义。

基于便携式粗糙度仪的表面轮廓测量实验平台设计

该文基于便携式粗糙度仪设计了一种用于采集工件表面轮廓数据的测量实验平台,并同步开发轮廓分析软件。该测量实验平台由三轴移动装置、夹具、轮廓数据采集装置(粗糙度仪)及计算机组成,可采集水平方向上0.3~16.0 mm、垂直方向上–200~200μm复杂表面的轮廓数据,用于微结构或非球面等面型的测量实验。基于MATLAB软件设计模块开发了轮廓数据处理及分析软件,与金相显微镜及泰勒霍普森轮廓仪所测量的轮廓数据结果对比,该测量实验平台的测量误差低于5%,证明该平台及测量方法的可靠性和准确性。

基于自适应多曝光融合的高动态范围表面测量方法

为解决结构光测量高动态范围表面物体时出现局部过度曝光或曝光不足的问题,提出一种改进的多曝光融合方法,利用自适应曝光代替手动曝光,并对图像融合过程进行优化。首先,将初始曝光时间下拍摄的图像利用直方图进行分析,将被测物体表面反射率不同的区域分为若干组,分别计算出每个组别的最佳曝光时间;在此基础上,拍摄不同组别对应最佳曝光时间下投射白光和条纹的图像,并去除图像中超过设定阈值的高灰度值区域,再将投射白光处理后的图像制作成掩模图,与相同曝光时间下投射条纹处理后的图像相乘,进而对多组相乘后的图像进行亮度压缩与融合;最后,通过CLAHE算法提高融合后所生成条纹图的对比度与清晰度,并对条纹解相后进行点云重建和尺寸测量。实验结果表明:文中方法中自适应曝光相较于手动曝光具有高效性和准确性,U型卡、连接块、圆盘三个高动态范围表面物体的点云重建率分别高达99.98%、99.74%、99.76%,测量出的标准块阶梯高度差绝对误差为0.062 mm,相对误差仅为0.69%,该方法有效解决了高动态范围表面物体测量时点云缺失的问题,提高了三维轮廓的测量精度。

基于机器视觉的曲面枕个性化定制方法

为有效扩展曲面枕个体适应性,满足大规模个性化定制需求,提出了基于机器视觉的曲面枕个性化定制方法。采用MINet显著性目标检测实现人像的自动分割与轮廓提取。在此基础上,对人像中的4个关键参考点、32个特征点进行提取,实现轮廓曲线的快速拟合与尺寸测量,以此方式构建头部样本数据集。通过数据聚类,将65个样本划分成12类,使用三维建模软件绘制出适合个体头、颈、肩部尺寸需求,满足仰、侧睡姿需求的曲面枕。实验得到12种曲面枕关键尺寸参数,包括侧卧区域高度、仰卧贴合区域曲线峰值和谷值。该方法进一步扩展了曲面枕形态适应性,为曲面枕定制提供分类方法参考。

铝合金列车车身焊缝表面激光清洗-质量检测一体化方法

视觉检测是实现焊缝表面质量检测的有效手段。然而,铝合金轨道列车车身电弧焊接产生的黑灰使视觉传感器采集到的数据存在大量缺失,影响了焊缝表面质量检测的精度。为此,该文提出一种铝合金车身焊缝表面激光清洗-质量检测一体化方法,设计了“清洗-焊接-检测”一体化装置。首先采用激光清洗技术去除电弧焊接产生的黑灰,降低了数据缺失率;随后基于线结构光传感器采集焊缝表面轮廓信息,采用三次样条插值和随机抽样一致性算法建立焊缝表面动态理想轮廓模型;通过特征点提取、比较动态理想轮廓与实际轮廓差异实现了焊缝特征尺寸的测量与表面缺陷检测。结果表明,激光清洗后采集数据的缺失率相比清洗前降低了93.43%;提出的激光清洗-质量检测一体化方法实现了焊缝特征尺寸测量与表面缺陷检测。焊缝特征尺寸检测精度达0.1 mm,气孔、焊瘤、未熔合缺陷的长度检测精度达0.2 mm。

Automatic Anterior Lamina Cribrosa Surface Depth Measurement Based on Active Contour and Energy Constraint

The lamina cribrosa is affected by intraocular pressure, which is the major risk of glaucoma. However, the capability to evaluate the lamina cribrosa in vivo has been limited until recently due to poor image quality and the posterior laminar displacement of glaucomatous eyes. In this study, we propose an automatic method to measure the anterior lamina cribrosa surface depth （ALCSD）, including a method for detecting Bruch＇s membrane opening （BMO） based on k-means and region-based active contour. An anterior lamina cribrosa surface segmentation method based on energy constraint is also proposed. In BMO detection, we initialize the Chan-Vese active contour model by using the segmentation map of the k-means cluster. In the segmentation of anterior lamina cribrosa surface, we utilize the energy function in each A-scan to establish a set of candidates. The points in the set that fail to meet the constraints are removed. Finally, we use the B-spline fitting method to obtain the results. The proposed automatic method can model the posterior laminar displacement by measuring the ALCSD. This method achieves a mean error of 45.34 μm in BMO detection. The mean errors of the anterior lamina cribrosa surface are 94.1% within five pixels and 76.1% within three pixels.

基于改进Canny算法和Hu矩的物表区域识别

使用轮廓Hu矩匹配法进行物表检测的过程中,为解决轮廓匹配受噪声、比例变换等客观因素影响导致区域匹配识别率降低的问题,提出一种基于改进Canny算法和改进Hu矩的轮廓匹配方法进行物表区域识别。首先采用改进Canny算法降低噪声等对轮廓提取的影响,获取更优的轮廓信息,然后利用尺度归一法改进Hu矩进行物表区域的轮廓匹配,实现区域的匹配与识别。实验结果表明,该方法在噪声等因素干扰下可提取高精度的区域轮廓,且识别率至少达到98.3%,具有强鲁棒性和高识别率,满足物表检测对区域识别的高精度、高识别率要求。

Contour detection with bicubic spline surfaces

Contour detection has a rich history in multiplefields such as geography,engineering,and earth science.The predominant approach is based on piecewise planar tessellation and now being challenged concerning the extraction of contour objects for non-linear elevation functions,particularly with respect to bicubic spline functions.A storage-efficient method was developed in previous research,but the detection of the complete set of contour objects is yet to be realized.Although intractable,theoretical underpinnings pertinent to curvature resulted in an approach to realize the complete detection of objects.Given a digital elevation model dataset,in this study,a bicubic spline surface function wasfirst determined.Thereafter,candidate initial points on the edges across the region of interest were identified,and the recursive disaggregation of rectangles was repeated if the non-existence of a solution could not be assured.A developed tracking method was then applied.During advancement,other initial points on the same contour curve were identified and eliminated to circumvent duplicate detection.The completeness of the outlets provides analytical tools for elevation and other geographical assessments.Demonstrative experiments included the development of a three-dimensional contour-based network and slope assessments.The latter application transforms the slope analysis type from raster-based to vector-based.Highlights.Detection of a complete set of contour objects amenable to bicubic spline surfaces..Small closure inside a single patch is detectable if size exceeds the standard..Curvature&tolerances central to step length adjustment and tangent angle determination..Redundant initial points are identified and eliminated during the tracking process..Various potential applications in addition to geographical elevations.

轮廓几何特征融合下的电网设备激光除锈控制参数自适应确定方法

基于激光除锈轮廓特征,在进行电网设备除锈控制参数确定时,主要依托于单一的轮廓几何特征,导致除锈后表面粗糙度偏差较大。设计一种以轮廓几何特征融合为核心的参数自适应确定方法,根据激光除锈工作原理,建立激光除锈有限元模型。采用边界矩分析算法,提取电网设备除锈的多个轮廓几何特征;融合多个轮廓几何特征,设计基于融合特征的参数确定方法,有效选择各项控制参数;通过响应面分析,自适应确定电网设备激光除锈控制参数。实验结果表明:该方法可使除锈后表面粗糙度与目标表面粗糙度值之间偏差减小2.7μm,与其他激光除锈控制参数设置结果相比,除锈后表面粗糙度偏差降低了54.24%、63.51%。

接触(触针)式表面轮廓测量仪两种校准方法的比较分析

本文对接触(触针)式表面轮廓测量仪的两种校准方法进行比较。两种校准方法的相同点:两种校准方法都对仪器固有参数,如静态测量力、轮廓垂直分量(Z轴)和水平分量(X轴)进行校准。两种校准方法存在的差异:福建地方校准规范规定的方法是在固有参数基础上将轮廓仪软件系统里的直线度、弧度、角度等参数进行校准,系统地反映仪器特性;而京津冀地方校准规范规定的方法是采用量块和平晶作为标准,利用其具有的研合性对轮廓仪软件系统的阶梯参数进行校准。由于轮廓仪软件系统的直线度、弧度、角度、阶梯等参数都是依据Z轴分量和X轴分量进行数据分析计算而来。因此,只要确保Z轴和X轴分量的示值准确,则轮廓仪其他参数示值也就准确。采用这两种方法对同一台轮廓仪进行校准并分析试验数据,印证了两种校准方法的测量结果都可信。