Impact of the Urban Heat Island Effect on Ozone Pollution in Chengdu City,China

With the advancement of urbanization,the urban heat island effect and ozone pollution have become hot issues in urban research.The urban heat island effect can impact ozone conversion,but its mechanism of action is unclear.In this study,the effects of the urban heat island effect on ozone concentration in Chengdu City,China,were investigated by comparing the ozone concentration under different heat island levels with ozone data from March 2020 to February 2021 and the temperature and wind field data of ERA5-Land during the same period.The results showed that:1)regarding the distribution characteristics,the ozone concentration in Chengdu presented a‘high in summer and low in winter’distribution.The ozone concentration in summer(189.54µg/m^(3))was nearly twice that in winter(91.99µg/m^(3)),and the ozone diurnal variation presented a‘single peak and single valley’distribution,with a peak at 16:00.2)For the characteristics of the heat island effect,the heat island intensity in Chengdu was obviously higher in spring than in other seasons,and the diurnal variation showed a‘single peak and single valley’distribution,with the peak and trough values appearing at 9:00 and 17:00,respectively.Spatially,the eastern part of Chengdu was a heat island,while the western and northwestern parts were mostly cold island.3)The correlation analysis between heat island intensity and ozone concentration showed a significant positive correlation but with a 7–8 h time lag.Ambient air temperature was not the main factor affecting ozone concentration.The heat island effect impacts the ozone concentration in two ways:changing the local heat budget to promote ozone generation and forming local urban wind,which promotes ozone diffusion or accumulation and forms different areas of low and high ozone values.

Seasonal Impact of Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution on Water Environment of Dianshan Lake Basin in Shanghai City

Taken the Dalian lake region as the study area,which represents the typical agriculture production mode and agricultural non-point source pollution （ANSP） in Dianshan lake area in Shanghai City,basis on the characteristics of regional ANSP and combing with the seasonal water quality monitoring of Dalian Lake and reaches of its main influents,the laws of seasonal impact on the water environment were investigated.The results showed that,the seasonal change of TN and COD concentration of regional water had no significant correlation with the local ANSP emissions,while the seasonal changes of TP was consistent with seasonal emissions of regional TP pollution,and it had a significant correlation with Chl.a in four seasons,indicating that regional TP pollutant was the constriction factor influenced the eutrophication degree of Dalian lake.Because more than 80% of TP emissions came from the drainage of intensive pounds in winter,summer and fall,TP pollutant control should be adopted as the control target of regional ANSP control.

Effect of organophosphorus pesticide pollution on soil animals

This paper studied the change in soil animal community in contaminated and irrigated area by organophosphorus pesticide waste water and its mechanism was discussed. The results showed that the species and quantities of soil animals decreased with organophosphorus pesticide pollution degree increasing. The species of soil animals decreased with average and rare population mainly decreasing, while the amount change was associated with that of the dominant population of Acarina, Collembola and Nematoda. Toxicity experiment demonstrated that the respiration intensity of soil animal was restrained obviously by pesticide pollution. After observation of SEM, the effect of pesticide pollution on the earthworm (\%Pheretima robusta)\% stomach intestinal mucosa damage has been observed, which showed the pesticide contamination may damage the earthworms bodies. Ulcerous focus and perforation on stomach mucosa were usually seen. The stomach microvilli appeared atrophic and disordered especially in the bodies of these earthworms growing in seriously polluted soil, bad atrophic phenomena were seen not only on the stomach mucosa microvilli but also on the cilia of the intestinal mucosa which appeared swollen as a spheroid. Under TEM, RER and Golgi compound dilatation, chondrisome swell and ridge disappearance were observed on cells of stomach epithelium mucosa of \%P.robusta\% collected from heavy polluted area. By calculation, the safety concentration of earthworm in methamidophos pesticide is 0\^2517 ml/L.

Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution in China:Evaluation,Convergence Characteristics and Spatial Effects

In this study,an inventory analysis approach was used to investigate the intensity of agricultural non-point source pollution(ANSP)and its spatial convergence at national and provincial levels in China from 1999 to 2017.On this basis,spatial factors affecting ANSP were explored by constructing a spatial econometric model.The results indicate that:1)The intensity of China's ANSP emission showed an overall upward trend and an obvious spatial difference,with the values being high in the eastern and central regions and relatively low in the western region.2)Significant spatial agglomeration was shown in China's ANSP intensity,and the agglomeration effect was increasing gradually.3)In the convergence analysis,a spatial lag model was found applicable for interpretation of the ANSP intensity,with the convergence rate being accelerated after considering the spatial factors but slower than that of regional economic growth.4)The spatial factors affecting the ANSP intensity are shown to be reduced by improving agricultural infrastructure investment,labor-force quality,and crop production ratio,while the expansion of agricultural economy scale and precipitation and runoff have positive impact on ANSP in the study region.However,agricultural research and development(R&D)investment showed no direct significant effect on the ANSP intensity.Meanwhile,improving the quality of the labor force would significantly reduce the ANSP intensity in the surrounding areas,while the precipitation and runoff would significantly increase the pollution of neighboring regions.This research has laid a theoretical basis for formulation and optimization of ANSP prevention strategies in China and related regions.

Industrial layout reconstruction, the role of local government and variation of pollution distribution in China

In recent years, high-polluting industries have been gradually shifted from the eastern developed regions to the central and western underdeveloped regions in China. Certain environmental regulations have been in place accordingly in various regions, but the pollution in the central and western regions has risen sharply. Based on the data of interprovincial panel in China from 2006 to 2015, this paper calculates high-pollution industry dynamic agglomeration index, environmental pollution agglomeration index and relative environmental regulation intensity index, and uses Generalized Method of Moments to carry out the regression analyses of the whole samples,regional heterogeneity and temporal heterogeneity. The results show that there is an inverted Ushaped relationship between relative environmental regulation and environmental pollution concentration in China. The concentration degrees of industrial wastewater pollution and industrial waste gas pollution are deepened, which are mainly caused by the transfer of highly polluting industries. However, the concentration of industrial solid waste pollution caused by the transfer is not obvious. Furthermore, the deepening of industrialization intensifies the concentration of regional environmental pollution. Environmental Kuznets Curve does exist in China,but it is not significant. The increase of labor cost and quality will reduce the concentration of environmental pollution.

Measurement of Noise Pollution in Northern Industrial Areas of Windhoek, Namibia

The increase in industrial activities and vehicular movement along the northern industrial area of Windhoek has vastly increased the amount of traffic noise and other noise pollution in the area. Noise pollution has an adverse health effect to human population, when exposed for a long period. Residence in proximate communities along the north industrial area and those working in the various industries located in the area may be affected, when the noise pollution level exceed the permissible standard for human exposure. A sound level meter was used to measure the amount of noise pollution at the streets of the northern industrial area. The measurements were done during the daytime, at a time interval of 2 hours, from 08:00 am - 06:00 pm. The amount of noise pollution obtained from the study ranges from (64 - 72) dB (A), with a maximum of 72 dB (A) in Bonsmara Street, (67.4 - 75.3) dB (A), with a maximum of 75.3 dB (A) in New Castle Street, (60.5 - 81.0) dB (A), with a maximum of 72.3 dB (A) in Braham Street. (62.5 - 72.3) dB (A), with a maximum of 82.3 dB (A) in Hosea Kutako Street, (66.0 - 82.3) dB (A), with a maximum of 76.8 dB (A) in Simmentaler Street and (65.1 - 76.8) dB (A), with a maximum of 76.8 dB (A) in Dortmund Street. The variation of noise level index L10, L50, L90 and Leq, Noise Climate (NC) and Traffic Noise index (TNI) were calculated. The maximum noise pollution values obtained from the study were higher than the WHO recommended limit of 70 dB (A).

全面供光策略调控废水培养光合细菌产单细胞蛋白

为拓展蛋白质来源,缓解中国饲料蛋白资源短缺现状,该研究通过供光策略调控强化了沼泽红假单胞菌(R.palustris)从废水中回收菌体资源及单细胞蛋白(single cell protein, SCP)的效果,并解析了不同供光策略下物质合成与污染物降解之间的相关性。结果表明:在白炽灯、120μmol/(m^(2)·s)的光强及18 h光/6 h暗(L/D)的光周期条件下菌体的生物量及日产量可达(1 140.56±19.72) mg/L及(0.32±0.02) g/(L·d),相较于24 L/0 D、 3 L/21 D及9 L/15 D组分别提高了17.06%~93.21%、54.43%~299.93%(P<0.05);在白炽灯、120 μmol/(m^(2)·s)的光强及3 h光/21 h暗的光周期条件下,菌体的蛋白质质量分数最高,为67.47%,相较于其他所有试验组提高了21.96%~44.54%(P<0.05)。化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand, COD)和氨氮(ammonia nitrogen, NH_(4)^(+)-N)去除率在白炽灯、120 μmol/(m^(2)·s)的光强及18 h光/6 h暗的光周期条件下可达72.03%~78.40%。相关性分析表明,光强、光质分别与蛋白质含量及浓度呈显著负相关;而光周期与蛋白质浓度呈显著正相关,因此,光周期是R. palustris从废水体系中提升SCP产量的有效调控方法。该研究为提高废水体系中光合细菌合成SCP提供了新的方法与思路。

MILD粉体燃烧技术研究进展与关键问题分析

MILD燃烧是一种在中度或极度低氧环境下发生的温和燃烧模式,兼具高燃烧热利用率和极低NOx排放的优势,国际燃烧领域认为它是拥有巨大应用潜力的清洁燃烧技术之一。自1990年左右开展相关研究以来,对于实现气体燃料的MILD燃烧的相关技术已相对成熟,而关于煤粉和生物质等固体燃料的MILD燃烧机制和实现条件的研究仍相对缺乏。基于高动量氧化剂射流来实现内部再循环,不再需要外部高温预热来建立MILD燃烧,极大拓宽了MILD燃烧的应用范围。从颗粒弥散、受热、着火、燃烧、污染物等方面概述了MILD粉体燃料燃烧的基础特性,由于颗粒的不均匀弥散和反应,煤粉等碳基固体燃料的MILD燃烧进程较气体燃料更复杂。高速射流MILD燃烧在增加点火延迟的同时也扩展了点火区和反应区,需要对燃烧各阶段的特征和机理开展系统研究。介绍了固体燃料MILD燃烧理论设计和装备研发领域所取得的研究成果,建议通过高精度数值模拟,改进现有燃煤锅炉燃烧器、调节工艺参数以匹配MILD燃烧模式,增加焦炭颗粒的停留时间以提高燃烬率,提高燃烧稳定性并抑制包括细颗粒物在内的各类污染物排放。基于互联能源系统的整体方法,推进MILD燃烧与各类新型燃烧技术的耦合研究,尤其加强煤粉、生物质与氢、氨等可燃气体共燃特性研究,助力能源转型。探究粉体MILD燃烧中的湍流两相流特征、湍流相间传热作用以及湍流-化学耦合作用是加深对粉体MILD燃烧理解的关键,涉及多变量分析和高精度模拟,是未来研究的重点和难点。

水生态文明城市建设对企业绿色创新的影响

以2006—2022年我国沪深两市A股水污染密集型上市公司为样本,运用双重差分模型分析了水生态文明城市建设试点政策对企业绿色创新的影响。研究结果表明,水生态文明城市建设试点政策实施以后,为满足经营合法性和利益相关者的环保诉求,水污染密集型企业绿色创新水平显著提升;且对于高耗水行业、非国有企业、位于经济发展水平较高城市的企业和面临较低环境不确定性的企业,该试点政策微观促进效果更明显;机制分析表明,相比于媒体关注,媒体压力能正向调节水生态文明城市建设试点与企业绿色创新之间的关系。

农村水环境政策与污染的时空迁移特征及关系

为了揭示农村水污染与政策治理的时空演化关系,在测算政策力度与污染强度的基础上,绘制两指标的重心迁移轨迹,并结合夏普利值分解法确定各省份所属的“政策-污染”类型,进一步采用格兰杰因果检验法深入剖析各类型下政策与污染的因果关系。结果表明:政策与污染的重心均位于我国东南部,但两者的迁移轨迹联动性较差,前者呈现“偏南-偏西-偏北-偏东”的迁移趋势,而后者整体向南迁移;从政策与污染的关系来看,“增长-降低”型省份的污染降低导致政策力度增长,且东、西部省份增长的动因有所不同;“降低-降低”型省份的污染降低会导致政策力度下降,但在具体污染维度上存在政策关注失衡现象;所有“污染增长”型省份在两指标上不存在格兰杰因果关系。建议在未来政策制定中考虑政策与污染结果的联动性,加强政策的精准性、协同性和前瞻性,这将有助于提升政策规制的效率和效果。

新疆地区农田地膜残留影响因素及污染强度评价

为探明新疆地区地膜残留污染强度和污染分布情况,选择新疆地区625个有效点位进行问卷调查和实地采样,通过熵权法、层次分析法进行组合赋权,对地膜残留影响因素地块面积、距村距离、覆膜年限、覆膜比例进行权重计算,根据权重系数优化聚类指标,对2021年地膜残留污染数据进行聚类分析。结果表明:不同地块面积、距村距离、覆膜年限、覆膜比例影响因素下地膜残留量差异极显著(P<0.01),权重系数分别为0.200、0.315、0.265、0.220。优化聚类指标后的K-means聚类分析将新疆地区地膜污染数据分为四类,地膜残留量第Ⅰ类<第Ⅱ类<第Ⅲ类<第Ⅳ类,地膜平均残留量依次为63、100、110、135 kg·hm^(-2),聚类分析的结果符合客观实际,且受到地膜残留影响因素影响。依据聚类结果的地膜残留量划分出低污染、中污染、高污染三个强度等级,不同级别之间具有明显的分布差异。研究表明:新疆地区农田地膜总体污染强度呈现中部高、南北低的分布状态,应重视高污染等级的点位和地区,有针对性地采取相应管理措施,加快地膜残留污染治理进程,进而保护农业可持续发展。

雨污合流制地区溢流污染影响因素及管控建议

雨污合流制地区汛期溢流成为城市河流返黑返臭的重要原因,溢流污染的有效控制,对改善水环境,提升人民幸福感、获得感与安全感有着重要作用。针对雨污合流制地区汛期溢流污染防控,总结了合流制溢流污染的特点、对水环境质量的影响以及合流制溢流污染的影响因素等内容,分析了我国溢流污染严重区域的分布特征并提出管控建议。研究发现,我国合流制溢流污水呈现出成分复杂、水量水质变化大、初期雨水水质差等特点,且合流制溢流污染会导致城市面源污染,加重地表水质恶化程度。通过分析合流制溢流污染的2个主要影响因素(降水量和管网条件),初步识别出我国溢流污染严重区域主要集中在东部、南部地区,且相关性分析结果表明汛期降水量及管网密度与区域水质存在中等相关关系。为加强合流制地区溢流污染防控,提出要因地制宜制订汛期雨污溢流污染排放管控标准、开展溢流污染控制技术更新行动、加强汛期雨污溢流污染的全过程管理、加强汛期雨污溢流污染治理成效考核等具体建议,以期为有效控制合流制溢流污染,推动水环境质量持续改善提供参考。

有机酸强化饲用玉米修复镉铅污染农田效果

为探究饲用玉米在有机酸强化下对镉铅污染农田的修复和改良效果,本研究采用田间试验比较了柠檬酸(CA)、酒石酸(TA)和聚天冬氨酸(PASP)强化饲用玉米的修复效果和经济效益。结果表明:3种有机酸均能够提高玉米的生物量和产量,与对照相比,产量增幅在2.92%~8.37%。施用有机酸后,玉米籽粒镉、铅含量分别在0.13~0.90 mg·kg^(-1)和0.06~0.25 mg·kg^(-1)之间,均符合国家饲料卫生标准(GB 13078—2017),可作为植物性饲料原料;同时,玉米穗轴、秸秆和根中镉、铅含量较对照提升显著,秸秆和根对镉、铅的富集转运能力得到提高。按照修复0~20 cm耕层土壤计算,在酒石酸处理下,高玉2068和京科968分别对镉和铅提取量最高,达到了3.78 mg·m^(-2)和48.97 mg·m^(-2),理论上最短13 a可使该农田达到安全利用类耕地标准。施用有机酸后,玉米成熟期土壤pH值下降了0.09~0.19个单位,有效态镉和铅含量最高增幅达到了52.37%和63.22%,提高了玉米植株的提取能力,进而降低了土壤中全量镉和铅的含量。从经济效益看,在有机酸处理下,种植裕丰303的投入产出比相对较高,在1.18~1.78之间。本研究证明高玉2068在酒石酸和聚天冬氨酸强化下修复效果最显著,而裕丰303在柠檬酸强化下虽修复年限较长,但具有较高经济效益,二者均可推广应用于重金属污染耕地的边生产边修复。

中国化肥面源污染的时空特征及其影响因素——基于1997—2020年的省级面板数据

化肥面源污染问题关系着农业绿色发展和乡村生态振兴。利用1997—2020年省级面板数据,在测算化肥面源污染排放强度的基础上,运用Kernel密度估计、马尔科夫链分析、泰尔指数以及双向固定效应模型等方法,探究中国化肥面源污染的时空特征与影响因素。结果表明,中国化肥面源污染的排放强度呈先升后降的变化态势,以2015年为分界点,污染排放强度向低水平转移的趋势逐渐显现,但仍具有维持原有类型的稳定性,难以实现跨越式降低。样本期内化肥面源污染排放强度表现出“东高西低、南高北低”的空间分布格局,且区域内差异是总体差异的主要来源。财政支农水平、农业经济增长水平及农村人力资本等9项因素影响化肥面源污染排放强度。因此,既应制定差异化的污染治理措施,又要加强省份间的污染治理合作,还需拓展化肥减量增效路径,大力推进农业发展全面绿色转型。

恶臭污染的测定方法与预测模型研究进展

随着人们对环境问题的认识,恶臭污染已经成为一类典型的环境公害。我国的恶臭污染来源广泛,臭气浓度的测定成本昂贵,构建基于简易输入参数的臭气预测模型降低恶臭污染判定与控制的难度,是目前恶臭污染研究的热点问题。本研究从臭气定义的基本概念入手,总结对比了不同的臭气标准和测定方法。综述了目前常用的臭气预测模型,包括基于污染物浓度的多元线性回归法和不同的臭气浓度/强度预测模型,发现不同研究或者不同模型得到的结果差异较大。其中,为预测模型提供准确的嗅觉阈值是优化模型的关键。另外,作为一种环境问题,本研究也对臭气的大气扩散以及排放速率进行了综述研究,研究中使用不同的大气扩散模型对臭气的大气扩散过程进行预测。但不同模型需要的基础数据和知识背景不同,因此需要根据实际的应用场景选择合适的模型。排放速率作为大气扩散模型中的重要输入参数,可以通过不同的方法和装置进行测定,不同方法的测定结果存在差异,后续研究中需要依据更多的现场数据对预测结果进行验证。基于以上综述,本研究将为恶臭污染的识别和控制提供科学指导。

绿色金融改革创新试验区政策对城市减污降碳的影响及作用机制

金融是国民经济的血脉,绿色金融要为经济社会绿色发展提供高质量服务。设立绿色金融改革创新试验区是推进中国绿色金融改革的重要举措之一,对实现环境污染治理和“双碳”目标具有重要意义。该研究选取2012—2021年中国267个地级及以上城市的面板数据,以2017年设立的绿色金融改革创新试验区作为准自然实验,运用双重差分模型考察绿色金融改革创新试验区政策对城市减污降碳的影响,并进一步分析其作用机制及异质性。研究发现:(1)绿色金融改革创新试验区政策显著促进了城市的减污降碳,该结论在经过一系列稳健性检验后依然成立;(2)绿色金融改革创新试验区政策主要通过降低能源强度和激励绿色技术创新促进城市的减污降碳,其中降低能源强度在试验区政策促进减污降碳中的中介效应尤为显著;(3)从异质性角度分析,相较于东部城市、金融发展水平较低的城市和非资源型城市,绿色金融改革创新试验区政策对中西部城市、金融发展水平较高的城市和资源型城市的减污降碳的作用更为明显。因此,需有序扩展绿色金融试点工作,建立地区间绿色金融助推减污降碳的协调机制;通过加大对节能降耗和绿色创新的支持力度,发挥绿色金融改革创新试验区政策优化资源配置的激励机制;深化绿色金融供给侧结构性改革,加强绿色金融数字化服务平台建设,搭建绿色金融需求与供给桥梁,因地制宜促进绿色金融供需匹配,加强对重点领域和薄弱环节的绿色金融支持,促进减污降碳协同增效。

环境规制强度差异对区域协调发展的影响研究

推进区域协调发展对于实现中国式现代化意义重大。地区间环境规制强度差异导致的污染转移现象,可能影响区域协调发展进程,为此,基于2001—2019年我国省级面板数据,利用改进局部协调模型测算了各省份的协调发展水平,探究了环境规制强度差异对区域协调发展的影响。回归结果显示,环境规制强度差异显著抑制了区域协调发展;异质性分析揭示,环境规制强度差异对区域协调发展的抑制作用受到市场化水平和地理位置差异的影响;机制检验表明,环境规制强度差异会抑制技术创新和产业结构合理化,进而阻碍区域协调发展。由此,提出适当上收环境事权、加快构建全国统一大市场等建议。

外资进入如何影响企业污染减排?——基于行业关联角度的分析

外商投资对于推动中国产业链清洁化具有不容忽视的作用。本文利用1998—2014年中国工业企业数据、中国工业企业污染排放数据以及投入产出表,从行业关联的角度考察外资进入对企业污染排放的影响及其作用机制。研究发现,外资进入不仅降低了同行业企业污染排放,而且通过前后向关联效应降低了上下游企业污染排放水平。机制检验发现,行业内外资进入通过提升同行业企业末端处理水平实现企业污染减排;下游行业外资进入通过改善上游企业能源结构实现企业污染减排;外资进入及其前后向关联效应通过提升研发创新、产品创新从而实现企业污染减排。异质性分析发现,对于高污染密集度、非国有企业,外资进入的污染减排效应更为明显。拓展研究发现,外资进入可以通过行业关联效应降低上下游企业二氧化碳排放强度。本文丰富和拓展了外商投资溢出效应理论,为外资引进稳中提质与实现“十四五”节能减排目标提供了政策启示。

低强度曝气技术在河道水体污染综合治理中的应用研究

河道水体污染对环境和人类健康造成了极大危害,为此进行低强度曝气技术在河道水体污染综合治理中的应用研究。以北京市潮白河顺义段为例,针对该区域的水体污染采用低强度曝气技术进行综合治理,阐明技术原理和基本操作流程,采集低强度曝气技术应用前后的河道水样,检测化学需氧量、色度、气味阈值、过氧化物酶四个指标。结果表明:随着低强度曝气技术应用时间的延长,化学需氧量、色度、气味阈值三个指标均在逐渐降低,而过氧化物酶在逐渐升高,说明较治理前河道水质明显改善。

集约化养殖粪尿氮磷分布特征及耕地消纳潜力分析

分析集约化畜禽养殖场粪尿氮磷排放的空间分布特征,并定量评估耕地对粪尿养分的消纳能力,是促进粪尿养分资源合理利用的关键,也是制定环境保护政策的重要依据。本研究收集了山西省朔州市1576个集约化畜禽养殖场的空间分布数据,使用NUFER-Animal模型估算了养殖场的畜禽粪尿氮磷产生量;结合GIS手段分析了粪尿养分的空间分布特征,描述了粪尿氮磷产生的主要热点区域;通过遥感手段与GIS空间分析方法分别计算了耕地对粪尿氮磷的消纳程度与消纳半径,评估了各区县对于粪尿氮磷的消纳潜力。结果表明:朔州市畜禽粪尿氮磷产生量呈现东高西低的分布特征,主要集中在市域东部的3个区县,氮、磷总产生量分别为15.46 Gg、2.16 Gg,各占总产生量的80.93%、82.16%。全市耕地对于粪尿氮磷的消纳仍有较大潜力,按就近消纳原则对全部粪尿氮进行消纳,需要9.94万hm^(2)耕地满负荷承载,占全市耕地总面积的25.44%;对粪尿磷而言,则只需要4.69万hm^(2)耕地满负荷承载,占比12.00%;且粪尿氮、磷满负荷承载的耕地主要分布在市域东部的3个区县(怀仁市、应县与山阴县),分别为8.21万hm^(2)、3.93万hm^(2),各占总量的82.69%、83.92%。朔州全市粪尿氮磷绝大部分可以在半径3 km之内进行消纳。研究从畜禽养殖场规模和空间分布与耕地的空间位置关系出发,构建了一个评价畜禽粪污消纳程度的方法,能够更加客观地定量评价耕地对于养殖场粪尿氮磷的消纳程度,可为今后畜牧业的空间布局优化和相关环境政策评价提供科学依据。