The promises and challenges of patient-derived tumor organoids in drug development and precision oncology

In the era of precision medicine,cancer researchers and oncologists are eagerly searching for more realistic,cost effective,and timely tumor models to aid drug development and precision oncology.Tumor models that can faithfully recapitulate the histological and molecular characteristics of various human tumors will be extremely valuable in increasing the successful rate of oncology drug development and discovering the most efficacious treatment regimen for cancer patients.Two‐dimensional(2D)cultured cancer cell lines,genetically engineered mouse tumor(GEMT)models,and patient‐derived tumor xenograft(PDTX)models have been widely used to investigate the biology of various types of cancers and test the efficacy of oncology drug candidates.However,due to either the failure to faithfully recapitulate the complexity of patient tumors in the case of 2D cultured cancer cells,or high cost and untimely for drug screening and testing in the case of GEMT and PDTX,new tumor models are urgently needed.The recently developed patient‐derived tumor organoids(PDTO)offer great potentials in uncovering novel biology of cancer development,accelerating the discovery of oncology drugs,and individualizing the treatment of cancers.In this review,we will summarize the recent progress in utilizing PDTO for oncology drug discovery.In addition,we will discuss the potentials and limitations of the current PDTO tumor models.

Structural optimization of precision instruments through modal analysis

In order to improve the dynamic stability of precision instruments during the design process, a compositive design method based on modal analysis of structure is proposed. With uniform boundary conditions and material characters, the results of Finite Element Analysis (FEA) vary with models. It should be checked whether the model is correctly simplified. Modal experiments can be used for such purpose. The method combines the high efficiency and agility of FEA with the reliability and accuracy of experiments, and avoids the drawbacks of FEA or experiments, such as uncertainty of FEA and high cost of experiments. Taking rotor frame structure as an example, this method is applied as follows: First the modal characters of structure are analyzed with FEA, and then the natural frequencies of the structure are tested by experiments to check the reliability of FEA method, and finally the design scheme is optimized by modifying structure parameters with confirmed FEA.

Investigation into precision engineering design and development of the next-generation brake discs using Al/SiC metal matrix composites

Substantially lightweight brake discs with high wear resistance are highly desirable in the automotive industry.This paper presents an investigation of the precision-engineering design and development of automotive brake discs using nonhomogeneous Al/SiC metal-matrixcomposite materials.The design and development are based on modeling and analysis following stringent precision-engineering principles,i.e.,brake-disc systems that operate repeatably and stably over time as enabled by precision-engineering design.The design and development are further supported by tribological experimental testing and finite-element simulations.The results show the industrial feasibility of the innovative design approach and the application merits of using advanced metal-matrix-composite materials for next-generation automotive and electric vehicles.

Effect of gravity gradient in weak equivalence principle test

A high accuracy test of the weak equivalence principle（WEP） is of great scientific significance no matter whether its result is positive. We analyze the gravity gradient effect which is a main systematic error source in the test of WEP.The result shows that the uncompensated gravity gradient effect from the coupling term of the dominated gravity gradient multipole moment component q_（21） and the relative multipole field component Q_（21） contributes to an uncertainty of 1×10^（-11） on the E otv os parameter. We make a Q_（21） compensation to reduce the effect by about 20 times, and the limit of the test precision due to this coupling is improved to a level of a part in 10^（13）.

Importance,Organization and Evaluation of Interlaboratory Tests

The importance of ＂precise＂ test values and their verification is growing in every industry throughout the world, lnterlaboratory studies constitute a basis for this. The high expenses and mathematical work required to carry out proper interlaboratory studies are frequently considered reasons not to conduct such studies. This makes it all the more important to emphasize the various advantages of an accurate interlaboratory study. In addition to providing precision data for the test method, it is also possible to carry out laboratory evaluations, which is important for accredited test laboratories. Furthermore, existing test methods can be optimized, refer- ence material can be obtained, and test methods can be compared. Optimized test instructions can also be generated using the findings and precision data. These advantages will be described in detail by means of examples below.

A Test Method for the Static/Moving State of Targets Applied to Airport Surface Surveillance MLAT System

Due to the particularity of its location algorithm,there are some unique difficulties and features regarding the test of target motion states of multilateration(MLAT)system for airport surface surveillance.This paper proposed a test method applicable for the airport surface surveillance MLAT system,which can effectively determine whether the target is static or moving at a certain speed.Via a normalized test statistic designed in the sliding data window,the proposed method not only eliminates the impact of geometry Dilution of precision(GDOP)effectively,but also transforms the test of different motion states into the test of different probability density functions.Meanwhile,by adjusting the size of the sliding window,it can fulfill different test performance requirements.The method was developed through strict theoretical extrapolation and performance analysis,and simulations results verified its correctness and effectiveness.

Variability of anti-human transglutaminase testing in celiac disease across Mediterranean countries

To verify the precision and accuracy of transglutaminase antibodies (TGA) assays across Mediterranean countries. METHODSThis study involved 8 referral centres for celiac disease (CD) in 7 Mediterranean countries. A central laboratory prepared 8 kits of 7 blinded and randomized serum samples, with a titrated amount of Human TGA IgA. Each sample was analysed three times on three different days, with each centre running a total of 21 tests. The results were included in a blindly coded report form, which was sent to the coordinator centre. The coordinator estimated the mean coefficient of Variation (CoVar = σ/μ), the mean accuracy (Accur = Vobserved - Vreal) and the mean percent variation (Var% = [(Vobserved - Vreal)/Vreal] × 100). RESULTSThe analysis showed that 79.17% of the mean variation fell between -25% and +25% of the expected value, with the accuracy and precision progressively increasing with higher titres of TGA. From values 1.25 times greater than the normal cut-off, the measurements were highly reliable. CONCLUSIONTGA estimation is a crucial step for the diagnosis of CD; given its accuracy and precision, clinicians could be confident in establishing a diagnosis.

Statistical Tests of Hypothesis Based Color Image Retrieval

This paper proposes a novel method based on statistical tests of hypotheses, such as F-ratio and Welch’s t-tests. The input query image is examined whether it is a textured or structured. If it is structured, the shapes are segregated into various regions according to its nature;otherwise, it is treated as textured image and considered the entire image as it is for the experiment. The aforesaid tests are applied regions-wise. First, the F-ratio test is applied, if the images pass the test, then it is proceeded to test the spectrum of energy, i.e. means of the two images. If the images pass both tests, then it is concluded that the two images are the same or similar. Otherwise, they differ. Since the proposed system is distribution-based, it is invariant for rotation and scaling. Also, the system facilitates the user to fix the number of images to be retrieved, because the user can fix the level of significance according to their requirements. These are the main advantages of the proposed system.

正负压气吸式精量排种器设计与试验

为了更好地适配非圆小籽粒种子的播种,解决机械式排种器易伤种,对种子尺寸适应性差的问题,设计了1种正负压气吸式精量排种器。根据农艺要求对排种器整体进行了设计;同时以小麦为研究对象,通过单因素试验,分析了吸种负压、排种器转速以及投种高度3个因素对排种器性能的影响;通过响应面试验,得到了较优的参数组合:吸种负压为-3.5 kPa,排种器转速为19 r/min,投种高度为180 mm;对最优参数下精量排种器进行台架试验,结果表明,合格率为80.62%,重播率为9.22%,漏播率为10.16%。符合JB/T—10293—2013《单粒(精密)播种机技术条件》的要求。

4行气吸式马铃薯原原种精量播种机设计

马铃薯原原种的繁育最早由人工种植,其生产成本高,不利于规模化生产。基于原原种的种植农艺要求、种子物理性状和耕作种床条件等情况,进行了4行气吸式马铃薯原原种精量播种机的研究设计。通过台架和田间试验得到,该播种机的操作性能、播种精度和质量都满足种植的农艺要求,实现了马铃薯原原种机械化精量播种作业。

气辅成型工艺参数正交精准设计优化

“双碳”目标下,气辅成型技术为塑料成型实现降低碳排放提供了有效途径。为精准规划气辅成型参数,提升气辅成型质量和效率,有效降低碳排放,采用三维数值模拟和成型实验,研究参数交互作用下气辅成型工艺正交优化。结果表明,参数交互作用对气体穿透长度影响小,而对气指缺陷的影响显著。极差分析的基础上,获得了优选参数组:熔体温度240℃,注气压力3 MPa,延迟时间4 s,模具温度40℃。经数值模拟和成型实验验证,优选参数组下得到气辅塑件的气体穿透长度及气指指标优良,可用于气辅成型实际生产。

不同测试方法在精密手术器械功能质量检查中的比较效果研究

目的:分析对比不同测试方法在精密手术器械功能质量检查中的测试效果,保障手术器械额安全使用。方法:通过查询相关文献及专业书籍,选定精密手术剪和持针器,选用不同的测试材料及方法。精密手术剪依次采用纱布、棉毛布及Interlock手术器械测试套装内的硅胶薄膜方法测试器械切割性能;精密持针器依次采用光照、夹针和Interlock手术器械测试套装内的夹线方法测试器械夹持性能。选取医院清洗消毒合格的100件精密手术剪和100件持针器进行测试效果研究,自制满意度问卷调查手术医生对器械使用的满意度。结果:100件精密手术剪经纱布、棉毛布和硅胶薄膜3种方法测试后,切割性能合格数量分别为94件、76件和58件,其差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=36.526,P<0.05);手术医生对采用硅胶薄膜测试合格的精密手术剪使用满意率最高,为100%,棉毛布和纱布法分别为82.0%和67.0%,其差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=48.439,P<0.05)。100件精密持针器经光照、夹针和夹线3种方法测试后,夹持性能合格数量分别为96件、78件和62件,其差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=38.160,P<0.05);手术医生对采用夹线测试合格的精密持针器使用满意率最高,为100.0%、夹针和光照分别为79.0%和62.0%,医生使用满意率比较,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=57.705,P<0.05)。结论:采用Interlock手术器械测试套装内的测试物检查精密手术剪及持针器功能质量,能客观精准地反映器械功能状态,为器械定期维护与保养提供参考,确保器械安全使用。

高准确度有源补偿分压器的研制

有源分压器的高准确度对电子电路采用的元件性能和研究人员设计能力要求较高,为了提高现有工频电压比例标准的误差精度要求,降低电子电路设计复杂度,提出一种高准确度有源补偿分压器,该分压器大幅降低由有源器件带来的误差和不稳定性。重点阐述有源电容分压器的补偿方法,并对有源补偿性分压器的主分压器、补偿电容分压器以及各部分的测试方法进行详细介绍。根据实际测试结果,该有源电容式分压器整体在工频条件下测量误差小于0.02%,比值差测量不确定度为19×10^(-6),相位差测量不确定度为18μrad。

镍钛支架在不同模拟液中镍离子析出量的检测方法

阐述了镍钛支架镍离子析出测试方法的研究过程,通过使用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪对镍钛支架的镍离子析出行为进行了分析与评估。研究包括样品的制备、试剂的选择、仪器的优化、标准品的制备以及质控溶液的制备等多个方面,旨在建立一种准确、可靠且实用的镍离子析出测试方法。

星载高精度偏振扫描仪热控设计与验证

偏振扫描仪安装于卫星对地板,周围有其他载荷的遮挡,热环境复杂,是卫星热控设计的难点。文章根据扫描仪不同部组件的控温要求设计热控方案,包括:主光学组件与框架隔热并包覆多层隔热组件;红外探测器热沉、头部电路盒分别设计独立的散热路径,通过外贴热管连接辅助散热板散热;结合电加热主动控温;在主要部位安装隔热垫。该热控方案已通过热平衡试验在地面的考核验证,在轨遥测数据显示:主光学组件温度控制在(16±1)℃,头部电路盒温度控制在6~8℃,红外探测器热沉温度控制在(-22±1)℃,满足扫描仪各项温度指标要求。以上表明该热控方案合理有效,对同类型光学载荷的热控设计及优化具有借鉴意义。

基于砂砾岩多组分三维数字岩心的电阻率数值模拟与影响规律分析

砂砾岩储层具有强烈的非均质性和复杂的孔隙结构,导致其电阻率响应难以准确反映含油性,而传统的两组分三维数字岩心建模和电阻率数值模拟方法均不能表征砂砾岩多组分和多尺度孔隙空间,不能准确模拟砂砾岩的电阻率。以东营凹陷北部陡坡带古近系沙四段上亚段深层砂砾岩为研究目标,以盐家油田盐22-22井柱塞岩样为研究对象,开展常规岩心分析、核磁共振(NMR)测试、X射线计算机层析(X-CT)扫描、拼接扫描电镜(MAPS)测试和扫描电镜矿物定量评价(QEMSCAN),建立砂砾岩多组分三维数字岩心,采用电阻率数值模拟方法,分析储层参数对砂砾岩电阻率特性的影响规律。结果表明:①采用X-CT扫描标准柱塞岩样,采用多阈值分割区分主要矿物组分,建立砂砾岩多组分三维数字岩心,主要矿物组分与样品X射线衍射(XRD)测试结果吻合,但受到扫描分辨率的限制,识别孔隙度远低于岩心气测孔隙度。②选用100和10 nm分辨率的MAPS测试建立的二维图像计算主要矿物组分微孔隙率,与三维数字岩心中矿物组分含量结合,计算砂砾岩多组分三维数字岩心的总孔隙度,与岩心气测孔隙度基本吻合。③电阻率数值模拟结果表明砾石和黏土矿物含量对砂砾岩电阻率的影响并非单调关系,砾石含量的影响与样品分选有关,黏土矿物含量的影响与黏土矿物类型和地层水矿化度有关。

车载激光雷达角度精度和准度测量技术研究

激光雷达是智能网联汽车的重要感知部件,其性能对于自动驾驶系统的安全性和可靠性至关重要。角度精准度作为激光雷达的一项关键性能指标,对其进行准确的测试对提升自动驾驶系统的性能和安全性具有重要意义。本文提出了平板法、棱锥法和平均法三种激光雷达角度精度和准度的测试方法,通过对三种方法关键指标选取、误差分析和优缺点比对,给出了不同扫描方式激光雷达推荐的测试方法,为激光雷达的测试和在车辆上的应用提供参考。

集成电路电磁兼容性分析方法及展望

文章给出了集成电路电磁兼容性的含义和需要研究的内容,简单介绍了集成电路电磁兼容性分析所涉及的三种测试方法、四种建模方法以及防护方面的核心技术方向,给出了一些精准测试、准确建模、正向设计方法的案例参考。这些方法将为芯片供应商、产品研制单位提供基于集成电路电磁兼容性测试结果和模型的电磁防护正向设计方法的思路和建议,为芯片和产品的电磁可靠性提升提供发展方向。

精准化运动处方对脑卒中患者焦虑和抑郁状态及认知功能的疗效及机制初探:一项随机对照试验

背景在目前的康复环境下,脑卒中患者的情绪问题以及认知功能障碍较肢体、言语、吞咽等问题隐匿,在临床康复中不被重视,但会造成不良后果,影响康复结局。目前临床治疗上主要依靠药物改善症状,但收效甚微,还会引起一系列的不良反应。目的观察精准化运动处方对脑卒中患者焦虑、抑郁状态以及认知功能的疗效,并初步分析其作用机制。方法选取2022年1月—2023年3月在常州市德安医院康复科住院的脑卒中患者84例,按照随机数字表法分为对照组(42例)和试验组(42例)。对照组给予常规康复治疗,试验组在常规康复的基础上同时实施精准化运动处方,该处方根据心肺运动试验(CPET)的结果精准制订,处方共执行12周。比较两组患者康复训练前后焦虑自评量表(SAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)、简易智力状态检查量表(MMSE)评分,以及血浆同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平,并将康复训练前患者Hcy水平和SAS、SDS、MMSE评分进行Pearson相关性分析。结果试验组42例患者均顺利完成CPET,以及12周的精准化运动处方康复,无不良事件发生。康复训练前,两组患者SAS、SDS、MMSE评分和Hcy水平比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。康复训练后,试验组SAS、SDS评分和Hcy水平均较治疗前降低(P<0.05),且均低于对照组(P<0.05);MMSE评分较治疗前升高(P<0.05),且高于对照组(P<0.05)。对照组康复训练前后SAS、SDS、MMSE评分和Hcy水平比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。Pearson相关性分析结果显示,康复训练前,患者Hcy水平和SAS、SDS评分呈正相关关系(r值分别为0.420、0.507,P<0.05),与MMSE评分无相关关系(r=0.079,P=0.473)。结论精准化运动处方能显著改善脑卒中患者的焦虑、抑郁状态以及认知功能,该运动处方可以作为一种新颖治疗方案在临床推广应用。Hcy可能是精准化运动处方改善脑卒中患者焦虑、抑郁的作用机制之一,关于Hcy是否和该处方改善认知功能有关,有待进一步研究。