The processes and characteristics of mass balance on the Urumqi Glacier No. 1 during 1958-2009

As a solid reservoir, a glacier can regulate regional water resources. The annual net mass balance directly reflects the fluctuation of the glacier and climate variability. Based on 51 years of mass balance observation data, the mass balance of Tianshan Mountains Urumqi Glacier No. 1 experienced a nine times positive balance fluctuation and nine times negative balance fluctuation. There were 35 and 16 negative and positive balance years, respectively. From 1996/97 to 2008/09, 12 consecutive negative balance years were observed at Tianshan Mountains Urumqi Glacier No. 1. These results demon- strate that the Urumqi Glacier No. 1 is experiencing a strong negative balance, and the strongest negative balance, -931 mm w.e. （mm water equivalent）, during the observation period occurred in 2008. In addition, the cumulative mass balance reached 13,709 mm w.e. in 2008. However, in 2009, the mass balance was positive at 63 mm w.e. The equilibrium-line al- titude changes with the fluctuation in the mass balance, and the effective mass balance gradient is 7.4 mrn/m. In this paper, the headwaters of the Urumqi River were analyzed using meteorological data from 1958 to 2009, including the average seasonal temperature and precipitation. The results showed that the main factor associated with the mass balance variation of Glacier No. 1 is the fluctuation in the summer air temperature, followed by changes in the precipitation.

Auatralia Balance of Payment

This paper is about Australia balance of payment. It can be divided into four parts. In the first part, I will briefly describe the economic settings of Australia from four aspects: GDP growth rate, inflation rate unemployment rate and balance of payment. Then in the second part, I will give my explanations about the deficits of Australia current account. Then in part three, I will concentrate on the current policies from both macro and micro aspects, and give my personal view of the appropriateness of the current policies. In final part, I will give my prediction of the balance of payment and the recommendations the future policies.

Study of the control-equilibrium of control systems

Not so much had been talked about equilibrium in control area. On the basis of the phenomenon of balance, the concept of control-equilibrium and control-equilibrium of a control system is proposed. According to this theory, a perfect control method should not only guarantee stability of the system, but also ensure the control-equilibrium of the system. To achieve the control-equilibrium, feed-forward control is required.

Nexus Between Financial Liberalization, Balance Of Payment And Economic Growth In Nigeria

The objectives of this paper are to examine the nexus between financial liberalization,balance of payment and economic growth in Nigeria.The scope of this study due to data availability,especially on measures of balance of payment,covers the period of 1986-2017.This study adopts econometrics techniques of analysis by using Panel Unit Root Tests and Co-integration analysis which is used to determine the long run relationship among economic variables.To test the co-integration relationship this study followed the system proposed by Pedroni(1991)who expands the Engle and Granger[9]two stage technique to heterogeneous board information structure.The study adopts annual time series secondary data for the period of 1986 to 2017.Balance of payment,Official Exchange Rate,Inflation rate(%),Balance of trade,Trade openness,Real Gross Domestic Product growth,and Term of Trade,all data used were obtained from the World Development Indicators.The findings of this study revealed that an increase in exchange rate,interest rate,inflation rate,and trade openness have negatively affect economic growth.Hence,changes or movements in these variables do not necessarily prompt the liberalization decision in the real sector.Therefore,the need to address balance of payment is important,in accordance with the low rate of development in Nigeria.We therefore,recommend that government should monitor both Fiscal and Monetary policies’variables that can significantly influence economic growth in Nigeria.That is,adequate balance of payment that can encourage appropriate financial liberalization should be put in place with,Official Exchange Rate,Inflation rate(%),Balance of trade,Trade openness.

MASS BALANCE SENSITIVITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE: A CASE STUDY OF GLACIER NO. 1 AT URUMQI RIVERHEAD, TIANSHAN MOUNTAINS, CHINA

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The prevalence of isolated otolith dysfunction in a local tertiary hospital

Objective:Patients with dizziness may present with symptoms of tilting,swaying,rocking,floating or with disequilibrium.This may be suggestive of an isolated otolithic dysfunction yet,there is little emphasis on this emerging clinical entity.To characterize and describe the prevalence of isolated otolith dysfunction in a local tertiary hospital and correlate them with clinical diagnosis.Methodology:Retrospective medical chart review of patients who presented with dizziness to the specialist outpatient Otolaryngology clinic,who required vestibular laboratory investigation.Results:Of the 206 patients,more than half of them(52.4%)fulfilled the criteria for either probable or definite isolated otolith dysfunction.When there are clinical symptoms of otolith dysfunction reported,there is a 1.62 odds of a remarkable laboratory otolith finding.The most common clinical finding was“no clear diagnosis”(65.5%)followed by Vestibular Migraine(13.6%).Conclusion:The prevalence of isolated otolith dysfunction is quite high.Laboratory tests of otolith function should be performed more routinely.This can be done in a sequential way to optimize cost effectiveness in countries with no insurance reimbursement.Prospective cohort studies on isolated otolith dysfunction,will lay the groundwork for achieving diagnostic consensus and formulating rehabilitation plans to aid this group of patients。

Spatio-temporal changes in the six major glaciers of the Chitral River basin(Hindukush Region of Pakistan)between 2001 and 2018

Glaciers in the northern Pakistan are a distinctive source of freshwater for the irrigation,drinking and industrial water supplies of the people living in those regions and downstream. These glaciers are under a direct global warming impact as indicated in many previous studies. In this study, we estimated the glacier dynamics in terms of Equilibrium Line Altitude(ELA), mass balance and the snout position variation using remote sensing data between 2001 and 2018. Six glaciers, having area≥ 20 km2 each, situated in the Chitral region(Hindukush Mountains) were investigated in this study. Digital Elevation Model(DEM) and available cloud-free continuous series of Landsat and Sentinel satellite images from minimum snow cover season were used to monitor the variability in the studied glaciers by keeping the status of glaciers in year 2001 as a reference. The annual climatic trends of mean temperature and total precipitation from Chitral weather station were detected using the nonparametric Mann-Kendall’s test. Results revealed a general increase in the ELA, decrease in the glacier mass balance and the retreat of snout position.Average upward shift in the ELA for the entire study area and data period was ~345 ± 93 m at a rate of^13 m.a-1 from the reference year’s position i.e.~4803 m asl. Estimated mean mass balance for the entire study area indicated a decline of-0.106 ± 0.295 m w.e. a-1. Periods of snout retreat and advance in different glaciers were found but the mean value over the entire study area was a retreat of-231 ± 140 m.No obvious relationship was found between the glacier variation trends and the available gauged climatic data possibly due to the presence of debris cover in ablation zones of all the studied glaciers which provides insulation and reduces the immediate climatic effects.

Compositions,Proportions,and Equilibrium Temperature of Coexisting Two-feldspar in Crystalline Rocks

Compositions, proportions, and equilibrium temperature of coexisting two-feldspar in crystalline rocks are of great importance to classification in petrography and interpretation of petrogenesis. Crystalline rocks are usually composed of 4-6 minerals （phases）, depending on their independent chemical components and the equilibrium temperature of crystallizations. In general, number of mineral phases can be determined by the ＂Phase Rule＂. According to the mass balance principle, bulk composition of coexisting two-feldspar could be evaluated from the bulk chemistry of a rock, provided that the compositions of the coexisting mafic mineral phases containing calcium, sodium, and potassium oxides are determined, e.g., by microprobe analysis. The compositions, proportions, and temperature of two-feldspar in equilibrium can thus be simultaneously resolved numerically from bulk composition of the rock, by incorporating the activity/composition relations of the ternary feldspars with the mass balance constraints. Upon the numerical approximation method presented in this paper, better-quality, internally consistent data on feldspar group could usually be obtained, which would be expected more realistic and accurate in consideration of thermodynamic equilibria in the system of crystalline rocks, as well as bulk chemistry of a rock and the composing minerals.

Emerging of Stochastic Dynamical Equalities and Steady State Thermodynamics from Darwinian Dynamics

进化动力学首先由达尔文和 Wallace 怀孕了，叫作达尔文在现在的纸的动力学，被发现了在生物学普遍有效。统计力学和热力学庞大在物理成功，处于想要一致动态理解的一种尴尬状况。这里我们从一个正式观点在场在热力学之间的连接的探索并且达尔文动力学和一些联系了话题。我们首先证明 stochasticity 在达尔文动力学暗示存在温度，因此博尔茨曼·吉布斯的正规分发类型。没有详细平衡状况，以相对的熵，热力学的第二条法律动态地被表明，并且不管系统的尺寸是有效的。特别地，负责打破详细平衡状况的动态部件不贡献相对的熵的变化。当前的兴趣的随机的动态平等的二种类型明确地在现在的途径被讨论：一个人基于 Feynman Kac 公式，另外一个是爱因斯坦关系的归纳。两个对试验性的测试直接可存取。我们的示范显示那达尔文动力学逻辑地为统计力学和热力学代表一个简单、直接的起点并且对补足并且与统治物理科学的保守动力学一致。现在的探索在附近并且远离平衡建议一个统一随机的动态框架的存在。

Intensity Allocation Criteria of Carbon Emissions Permits and Regional Economic Development in China——Based on a 30-Province/Autonomous Region Computable General Equilibrium Model

在瓷器地区性的开发的碳排出物许可证和它的影响的紧张分配标准通过 30-province/autonomous 区域被分析可计算出来的一般平衡(CGE ) 模型。模拟结果显示出那：没有进行地区性的经济开发进帐号的工业紧张标准加深地区性的经济开发的 unbalance；没有考虑工业性质的地区性的紧张标准几乎不在地区性的和谐开发，而是对高碳的排放工业的相对高的否定影响施加很少否定影响。中央政府分配的二拍子的圆舞分配计划到省的政府的排出物许可证基于工业性质基于地区性的经济开发然后省的政府分配排出物许可证到排放资源或实体是一种可行、合用的选择。引证元， Y.-N. ， M.-J. 史， N. 李，等， 2012：在中国的碳排出物许可证和地区性的经济开发的紧张分配标准基于一个 30-province/autonomous 区域可计算出来的一般平衡模型。副词。Clim。变化物件， 3 (3 ) ， doi：10.3724/SP .J.1248.2012.00154。

Maximum Thermodynamic Electrical Efficiency of Fuel Cell System and Results for Hydrogen,Methane,and Propane Fuels

The maximum electrical efficiency of fuel cell system,ηe^max,is important for the understanding and development of the fuel cell technology.Attempt is made to build a theory forηe^max by considering the energy requirement of heating the fuel and air streams to the fuel cell operating temperature T.A general thermodynamic analysis is performed and the energy balances for the overall operating processes of a fuel cell system are established.Explicit expressions for the determination ofηe^max are deduced.Unlike the Carnot efficiency,ηmax e is found to be fuel specific.Except for hydrogen fuel,chemical equilibrium calculations are necessary to computeηe^max.Analytical solutions for the chemical equilibrium of alkane fuels are presented.The theoretical model is used to analyze the effects of T and the steam contents of CH4,C3H8,and H2 onηe^max for systems with various degrees of waste heat recovery.Contrary to the common perception concerning methane and propane fuels,ηe^max decreases substantially with the increase of T.Moreover,ηe^max of hydrogen fuel can be higher than that of methane and propane fuels for a system with a medium level of waste heat recovery and operated at 700℃≤T≤900℃.

Determination of r Factor of Kalbach-Mann Systematics for Energy Balance

Kalbach-Mann systematics is a very useful formula to discrete the double-differential cross sections ofemitted particles.However,the energy balance by using this systematics is still a task to be studied.In the form ofLegendre polynomial expansion the energy balance has been proved analytically.In terms of this approach,the formulato determine the pre-equilibrium fraction r factor of Kalbach-Mann systematics has been obtained for keeping energybalance strictly.This formula could be straightforwardly applied for describing the double-differential cross sections ofall projectile types in the continuum spectrum emissions.It indicates that Legendre expansion coefficient with l=1 isthe key term in the energy balance.

Prediction of the P-leaching potential of arable soils in areas with high livestock densities

Due to long-term positive P-balances many surface soils in areas with high livestock density in Germany are over-supplied with available P, creating a potential for vertical P losses by leaching. In extensive studies to characterize the endangering of ground water to P pollution by chemical soil parameters it is shown that the available P content and the P concentration of the soil solution in the deeper soil layers, as indicators of the P-leaching potential, cannot be satisfactorily predicted from the available P content of the topsoils. The P equilibrium concentration in the soil solution directly above ground water table or the pipe drainage system highly depends on the relative saturation of the P-sorption capacity in this layer. A saturation index of <20% normally corresponds with P equilibrium concentrations of <0.2 mg P/L. Phytoremediation may reduce the P leaching potential of P-enriched soils only over a very long period.

OFDI对中国国际收支影响的机理与实际测算

国际直接投资不仅会影响东道国国际收支,也会对投资母国国际收支产生影响。本文重点分析了对外直接投资对母国国际收支的影响机制,并构建了对外直接投资对母国国际收支影响的分析框架,研究表明对外直接投资通过投资效应、利润汇回效应和贸易效应所包含的7种渠道影响母国国际收支;对外直接投资初期会造成母国国际收支净效应为负的情形,但伴随对外直接投资存量的累积,国际收支净效应会逐步为正。最后本文测算了中国对外直接投资对其国际收支的影响,结果表明中国对外直接投资收益率大于国内投资收益率;近年来国际收支净效应持续为负,但对改善"双顺差"模式起到了积极作用。

An investigation on changes in glacier mass balance and hypsometry for a small mountainous glacier in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau

Mass balance is a key indicator of the sensitivity of glaciers to climate change. Field measurement is one of the most important ways to study the mass balance of glaciers. Based on observations of mass balance in the ablation zone of Shuiguan Glacier No.4, Qilian Mountains, China, combined with the balance ratio between accumulation and ablation, we established a linear relation between mass balance and altitude. The results show that the mean annual mass balance of this glacier was ~510 mm w.e. from 2010 to 2013. The uncertainty in the balance ratio value does not lead to a significant difference in the mass balance. The equilibrium-line altitude rose by 180 m from 1972 to 2013, while the accumulation–area ratio decreased from 0.68 to 0.25. These variations may be caused by changes in air temperature. Meanwhile, the glacier is at present not in a steady state, and it may continue to shrink by a further ~900 m, even without further climate warming. In the western Lenglongling Mountains, assuming that the glaciers are in a steady state and the Equilibrium-line altitudes(ELAs)remain similar, there will be only 46 glaciers left, covering a total area of 19.2 km^2, in other words, only 22.3% of the glaciers area in 1972.

满约束轴向拼接张拉整体结构的自稳定性分析

为获得更多张拉整体构型和拓扑结构,本文基于平衡方程,研究张拉整体拼接结构自稳定条件下的结构参数关系的求取方法。基于三杆张拉整体单元轴向拼接形成的臂状张拉整体结构,以减少结构节点约束数为目的去除索构件,获得一种新型满约束轴向拼接张拉整体结构;分析此结构的节点坐标、构件向量的求取方法,推导结构的平衡方程;依据节点和构件之间的连接关系,以获得方阵形式的平衡矩阵为目标,提出了平衡方程缩减原则;根据平衡方程有非零解,平衡矩阵行列式为零的原则,获得保证张拉整体结构自稳定的结构参数关系。通过具体实例分析,证明此方法正确,获得的结构参数关系能够保证确定的满约束轴向拼接张拉整体结构的自稳定性。

美国药品专利“常青”行为的规制经验及其借鉴

药品专利“常青”是专利药企业通过延长核心专利药的产品生命周期来获取高额利润的行为。目前,我国对药品专利“常青”行为的规制经验不足。为有效预防和规制该行为,有必要以首例反向支付协议案为线索,洞察药品专利“常青”行为在实务中存在的问题,探究其目的及表现形式并考察美国的规制经验。最终提出我国规制药品专利“常青”行为应秉持利益平衡原则、提高创造性授权标准、要求“反向支付协议”事先报备和事后审查以及明确并细化“专利药跳转”行为规则的应对策略。