Key stress extraction and equivalent test method for hybrid DC circuit breaker

Firstly, relevant stress properties of millisecond level breaking process and microsecond level commutation process of hybrid HVDC circuit breaker are studied in detail on the basis of the analysis for the application environment and topological structure and operating principles of hybrid circuit breakers, and key stress parameters in transient state process of two time dimensions are extracted. The established digital simulation circuit for PSCAD/EMTDC device-level operation of the circuit breaker has verified the stress properties of millisecond level breaking process and microsecond level commutation process. Then, equivalent test method, circuits and parameters based on LC power supply are proposed on the basis of stress extraction. Finally, the results of implemented breaking tests for complete 200 kV circuit breaker, 100 kV and 50 kV circuit breaker units, as well as single power electronic module have verified the accuracy of the simulation circuit and mathematical analysis. The result of this paper can be a guide to electrical structure and test system design of hybrid HVDC circuit breaker.

Analysis for Transmission of Composite Structure with Graphene Using Equivalent Circuit Model

A simple analytical method is presented to analyze the transmission of electromagnetic plane waves through multilayer stacked composite two-dimensional( 2D) structures at microwave frequencies. Unlike the traditional structure,high impedance surface with graphene sheet is proposed. The structure includes graphene and thin metal patches and meshes. Simple analytical formulas are introduced for the surface impedance of graphene and for the grid impedance of electrically dense arrays of metal square patches or strips. The result of transmission properties is based on the dynamic tunable model of the high impedance surface,which considers the surface conductivity of graphene layer. The transmission coefficient obtained by using the equivalent circuit method is validated against full-wave numerical simulations. The considered equivalent circuit method can be useful in the design of graphene tunable planar devices.

基于AR-ECM平均差异模型的串联电池组SOC、容量多尺度联合估计方法

考虑电池单体老化差异所致的电池组不一致性,针对串联电池组荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)、容量估计问题,提出一种基于自回归等效电路模型(autoregression equivalent circuit model,AR-ECM)的平均差异模型(mean-difference model,MDM)。基于此模型,提出串联电池组SOC、容量多尺度联合估计算法。该算法由2个部分组成,一是基于AR-ECM的MDM及差异化模型参数辨识策略:条件辨识策略和定频分组辨识策略;二是基于多时间尺度H无穷滤波(multi-timescale H infinity filter,Mts-HIF)的电池组SOC、容量联合估计算法。通过将所提出MDM中的自回归平均模型(autoregression mean model,AR-MM)与传统MDM中的n阶RC平均模型(nRC mean model,nRC-MM)比较,结果表明所提出的AR-MM在复杂运行工况下具有更优的动态跟随性能。依据最小化信息量准则(akaike information criterion,AIC),AR-MM具有更优的复杂度与精度的权衡。通过与基于多时间尺度扩展卡尔曼滤波(multi-timescale extended Kalman filter,Mts-EKF)联合状态估计算法比较,结果表明所提出的Mts-HIF状态估计算法具有更优的鲁棒性、精度和收敛速度。

多模耦合宽带Ⅳ型弯张换能器

为拓展水声换能器的工作带宽,解决多模耦合换能器存在模态耦合效果不佳的问题,利用等效电路法研究了换能器振动模态相位对模态耦合能力的影响,提出了换能器振动模态相位的获取和调控以及提升模态耦合能力的方法。重点分析了Ⅳ型弯张换能器一阶、二阶振动模态的相位特点,提出在换能器椭圆壳体上增加空腔结构以调整二阶弯张振动模态相位,从而构建利用一阶、二阶弯张振动模态耦合实现宽带发射的宽带Ⅳ型弯张换能器。制作了宽带Ⅳ型弯张换能器样机,其工作带宽覆盖2~7 kHz,实现了一阶弯张振动模态与二阶弯张振动模态的有效耦合,验证了所提方法的有效性。

面向不同电流工况的锂离子电池改进EECM研究

锂离子电池是新能源汽车动力系统的核心,基于模型的电池管理系统(battery management system,BMS)是保证电池性能充分发挥的关键。然而现有BMS主要采用等效电路模型(equivalent circuit model,ECM),尚未考虑放电倍率对可用容量的影响机制,导致模型在不同放电倍率下以及低荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)区域会存在明显的端电压仿真误差,影响算法精度;尤其是BMS无法准确估计电池放电截止条件,剩余放电电量(remaining discharge capacity,RDC)估计误差大,可能导致电池电压骤降甚至整车抛锚等严重后果。针对以上问题,文中以考虑内部扩散机制的扩展等效电路模型(extended equivalent circuit model,EECM)为基础,对不同倍率的放电电压容量增量(incremental capacity,IC)曲线进行对比分析,利用能斯特方程构造不同放电倍率下的容量-开路电压曲线,提出改进的EECM。所提改进EECM在不同电流倍率和动态工况下的端电压仿真误差均小于传统ECM和EECM,可以提高RDC估计的准确性,有应用于实际BMS的潜力。

Equivalent circuit method for static and dynamic analysis of magnetoelectric laminated composites

Magnetoelectric equivalent circuit analytical method is presented for laminate composites of magneto- strictive Terfenol-D (TbxDy1-xFe2) and piezoelectric Pb(Zr1-xTix)O3 (PZT) operated in longitudinal mag- netized and transverse polarized (or L-T), and transverse magnetized and transverse polarized (or T-T) modes. Magnetoelectric (ME) couplings both at low-frequency and resonance-frequency have been studied, and our analysis predicts that (i) the ME voltage coefficients of both L-T and T-T modes in- crease with increasing the thickness of the piezoelectric phase whereas magnetostrictive phase thickness keeps constant, and then tend to saturation when the thickness ratio of piezoelectric phase to magnetic phases is >3; (ii) there are the optimum thickness ratios that maximize magnetoelectric (ME) voltage coefficients for the two modes, which are dependent on elastic compliances ratio of piezoelec- tric phase and magnetostrictive phase; and (iii) the ME voltage coefficients are dramatically increased by a factor of ~Qm, when operated at resonance frequency. A series of Terfenol-D/PZT laminates were fabricated, and the results were compared with the theoretical ones. Experiments confirmed that equivalent circuit method is a useful tool for optimum designs of ME laminates.

Research on Simulation Methods of Electric Field Intensity on Surface of 10 kV Cable Joint

The electric field intensity (EFI) is important characteristic quantity for evaluating the internal insulation state of cable joints. Based on finite element method, this paper proposes two EFI research methods, field-circuit coupling method and equivalent circuit method. The average EFI of the inner surface of the outer semi-conducting shield can be calculated from the current in the measuring circuit. The relative error between these two methods is about 15%, which roughly proves the consistency of the two methods. Further practical application research enables online monitoring of cable joints.

Finite Step Conjugate Gradients Methods for the Solution of an Impedance Operator Equation Arising in Electromagnetics

A class of finite step iterative methods, conjugate gradients, for the solution of an operator equation, is presented on this paper to solve electromagnetic scattering. The method of generalized equivalent circuit is used to model the problem and then deduce an electromagnetic equation based on the impedance operator. Four versions of the conjugate gradient method are presented and numerical results for an iris structure are given, to illustrate convergence properties of each version. Computational efficiency of these methods has been compared to the moment method.

An Improved Parameters Extraction Method for Dumbbell-Shaped Defected Ground Structure

The paper presents an improved equivalent circuit parameters extraction method for the dumbbell-shaped defected ground structure (DGS). The new extraction parameters equations are obtained in closed-form expressions, which contain S11 and S21. The DGS unit with center frequency of 5 GHz is designed and fabricated on a TLX substrate with thickness of 1 mm and dielectric constant of 2.55. The circuit simulated results are in good agreement with the measured results. This parameters extraction method can be widely used for the design and analysis of DGS .

考虑精确磁通的电磁加载装置等效磁路建模

为提高电磁加载装置在控制应用时的模型预测快速性与精确性,考虑电磁加载装置硅钢片表面涡流磁场生成因素与不同轴偏心下有效气隙长度,采用非线性方程拟合硅钢片磁化曲线,建立包含磁极边缘效应、磁极铁心、转子硅钢片动态磁阻与涡流磁场的电磁加载装置非线性等效磁路模型。研究了硅钢片表面涡流磁场生成因素与气隙磁场分布,并与有限元仿真结果比较分析。应用该模型在水润滑轴承试验台上进行电磁加载力测试试验。研究结果表明:等效磁路法对磁场分布的表征与有限元法一致,且对气隙的计算更为精确;电磁加载力稳态误差小于4%,响应时间低于0.55 s。

压电复合材料梯度分布声学特性研究

目前,压电复合材料在吸声降噪领域应用广泛,但其低频吸声性能并不理想。为解决此问题,以0-3型压电复合材料为研究对象,提出使压电陶瓷体积含量呈梯度分布以提高其低频吸声系数的方法。首先,基于声电类比法和传递矩阵法,推导多梯度分布的理论公式,并通过文献构型对其进行验证;其次,将均匀分布与梯度分布的吸声系数进行比较,发现梯度分布会改变材料的声阻抗,从而改变吸声系数。最后,进行梯度分布压电复合材料数值分析,结果表明,同等条件下,当压电陶瓷体积含量呈梯度递减,且梯度差和第一梯度的厚度增加时,可明显提高低频吸声系数。

磁路实验深度科教融合教学设计与实践

针对传统的磁路实验,创新设计了以螺线管式直动式电磁系统为核心的磁路实验,课堂中设计了仿真分析环节、网络App反馈与思考环节,搭建了源于实际科研项目的直流磁路系统,测试并验证了磁路系统理论与仿真分析结果;教师引导学生思考反电动势原理,在此基础上学生自主设计启发性实验并思考实践。教学设计加深了学生对磁路的理解,实践中深度融合了航天工程项目,激发了学生科研报国的热情。

双并列转子永磁电机非对称负载运行特性

双并列转子电机在驱动两侧非对称负载时,轻载侧电机的功角较低,产生了电机材料浪费,效率低等问题。为提升电机整体输出功率,基于双并列转子电机基本理论采用解析法求得电机驱动转矩平均值的表达式,进而提出轻载侧绕组提前的结构设计。而后以一台12极72槽双并列转子电机为例,建立其磁网络模型,通过麦克斯韦应力张量法得出驱动转矩的解析计算式,分析转子偏差角对电机基本转矩脉动的影响,得出最佳绕组提前槽数。最后,针对电机转矩脉动较大的问题,使用响应曲面法,以基本转矩脉动为目标函数,以永磁体偏心距、永磁体极弧系数、并接区高度作为自变量对电机进行优化,有效降低电机转矩脉动,验证了绕组前置的结构改进对提升电机非对称状态下的输出转矩具有显著效果。

单端激励的压电细棒纵振特性分析建模

针对单端激励的压电纵振换能器中激励部分与被激模态之间的关系问题,使用压电细棒分布参数模型构建等效电路,通过计算其力学阻抗的零极点,研究了激励部分的长度与所激发模态之间的关系以及被激模态的谐振特性。通过有限元方法建立具体算例,仿真分析了不同激励长度对压电细棒谐振特性的影响规律。对比分析结果表明,理论模型与有限元仿真计算吻合较好。研究结果可为单端激励方法以及多模态纵振换能器的设计提供理论依据。

Janus-Helmholtz换能器的振动模态谐振频率理论分析研究

Janus-Helmholtz换能器利用驱动振子纵向谐振与Helmholtz谐振腔的液腔谐振耦合,具有大功率、宽带声发射特性.传统观点认为导纳曲线中低频谐振峰对应液腔谐振频率,而高频谐振峰对应纵振动谐振频率,然而大量的实验研究发现该结论存疑.本文结合一只Janus-Helmholtz换能器实验样机的实验结果,运用等效电路法结合有限元法分析并求解了驱动振子纵向模态的谐振频率,使用有限元法分析并求解了Helmholtz谐振腔的液腔谐振频率.研究结果表明,与传统观点相反,导纳曲线中第1个谐振峰为驱动振子的纵向谐振,第2个谐振峰为Helmholtz谐振腔的液腔谐振;Janus换能器4个大尺寸辐射面带来的可观辐射质量是造成纵向振动谐振频率在水中大幅度下降的原因;Janus-Helmholtz换能器中存在两个等体积的Helmholtz共振腔而非传统认为的仅存在一个共振腔.这些结论对于正确认识Janus-Helmholtz换能器的结构及性能特性起到了正本清源的作用,也为优化创新该换能器的结构、改善换能器的声发射特性提供了技术支撑.

基于黏菌优化算法的水轮机调节系统控制参数优化研究

为改善水轮机调节系统的控制性能,基于等效电路法建立了全流道引水系统数学模型,结合水轮机、发电机及调速器模型构建水轮机调节系统的整体模型。在此基础上,引入黏菌优化算法对水轮机调速器PID参数实施优化。最后,在不同工况下进行仿真,仿真结果表明,SMA算法收敛速度快,寻优能力强,基于此算法的调速器使水轮机调节系统具有更好的动态稳定性,研究结果为实际工程应用提供了参考。

分数一阶电路等效模型估计锂离子电池SOC

等效电路模型可用于对锂离子电池进行监控和管理,其精度与复杂性至关重要。选用整数一阶、整数二阶和分数一阶等3种电路模型对锂离子电池进行等效建模,采用基于遗忘因子的递推最小二乘(FFRLS)法辨识模型中的参数,并应用辨识所得的参数,通过扩展卡尔曼滤波算法估计荷电状态(SOC)。对比模型预测的端电压与真实端电压,以及估计所得SOC与真实SOC,发现整数一阶模型估计SOC的误差约为8%,整数二阶模型的误差约为7%,而分数一阶模型的误差仅约为1%。

碲镉汞红外探测器前置放大电路低温稳定性研究

在航天工程应用过程中,发现室温下HgCdTe红外探测器前置放大电路输出正常,但是当温度降低至-55℃时,输出有振荡现象,对探测器施加红外辐照后振荡现象加剧。文章首次对该现象进行系统研究,提出了HgCdTe红外探测器电路在低温下光照后的等效电路模型,从相位裕度与增益裕度角度分析前置放大电路在低温下产生振荡的机理,并在此基础上,提出了抑制低温光照后前置放大电路振荡的解决方法,实验结果验证了该方法的有效性。

高阶S_(21)拟合策略在耦合矩阵提取方法中的运用

对测试或仿真得到的采样数据进行有理函数拟合是滤波器耦合矩阵提取方法的重要一步,针对拟合数据与采样数据在幅度值较小的传输零点附近偏差较大的问题,提出一种高阶传输系数(S_(21))拟合策略。该策略通过对采样的传输系数使用具有N阶(N为滤波器阶数)分子多项式的有理函数进行拟合以提高拟合准确度,从而准确定位传输零点。然后从N个拟合得到的传输零点中选取N_(z)个(N_(z)为实际滤波器的传输零点个数)有效传输零点重构传输系数的分子多项式,以保证提取的耦合矩阵的传输零点个数与实际滤波器相同。为验证效果,使用具有三个传输零点的九阶同轴滤波器对传统柯西方法、应用高阶传输系数拟合策略的柯西方法与基于模型的矢量拟合方法(MVF)进行试验,结果显示应用了该策略的柯西方法相较于传统柯西方法与MVF可以提高传输零点的拟合准确度。由于柯西方法对噪声的健壮性不高,最后结合柯西方法与MVF的步骤,提出一种通过矢量拟合定位S参数零点的耦合矩阵提取方法,该方法相较于MVF可以更加精确地拟合上S参数的零点,同时相较于柯西方法对噪声的抗性更好。

超声手术刀声学系统设计和实验

为兼顾阶梯型变幅杆的高放大系数以及曲线过渡变幅杆突变截面处的高疲劳强度,提出了一种最速曲线过渡段的复合变幅杆,并对装配有该变幅杆的超声刀声学系统进行一系列实验。首先,基于等效电路法,设计了夹心式压电换能器和最速曲线型变幅杆的基本结构。在此基础上,结合超声刀的工作条件和材料特性,对换能器-变幅杆基本结构进行精确设计。然后,利用有限元法和实验法获取了换能器纵振频率以及频率响应曲线,证明了该文所设计换能器的有效性。最后,对所设计的换能器进行了一系列测试。结果表明:应用最速曲线的超声刀换能器谐振频率与输出端振幅与设计目标、仿真结果相吻合,连接负载后凝血,切割效果良好,满足设计需求。