Force Analysis of the Overconstrained Mechanisms Based on Equivalent Stiffness Considering Limb Axial Deformation

Overconstrained mechanism has the advantages of large bearing capacity and high motion reliability,but its force analysis is complex and difficult because the mechanism system contains overconstraints.Considering the limb axial deformation,taking typical 2SS+P and 7-SS passive overconstrained mechanisms,2SPS+P and 7-SPS active overconstrained mechanisms,and 2SPS+P and 7-SPS passive-input overconstrained mechanisms as examples,a new force analysis method based on the idea of equivalent stiffness is proposed.The equivalent stiffness matrix of passive overconstrained mechanism is derived by combining the force balance and deformation compatibility equations with consideration of axial elastic limb deformations.The relationship between the constraint wrench magnitudes and the external force,limb stiffness is established.The equivalent stiffness matrix of active overconstrained mechanism is derived by combining the force balance and displacement compatibility equations.Here,the relationship between the magnitudes of the actuated wrenches and the external force,limb stiffness is investigated.Combining with the equivalent stiffness of the passive overconstrained mechanism,an analytical relationship between the actuated forces of passive-input overconstrained mechanism and the output displacement,limb stiffness is explored.Finally,adaptability of the equivalent stiffness to overconstrained mechanisms is discussed,and the effect of the limb stiffness on overconstrained mechanisms force distribution is revealed.The research results provide a theoretical reference for the design,research and practical application of overconstrained mechanism.

Equivalent bending stiffness of simply supported preflex beam bridge with variable cross-section

In order to understand mechanical characters and find out a calculating method for preflex beams used in particular bridge engineering projects, two types of simply supported preflex beams with variable cross-section, preflex beam with alterative web depth and preflex beam with alterative steel flange thickness, are discussed on how to achieve the equivalent moment of inertia and Young’s modulus. Additionally, methods of calculating the equivalent bending stiffness and post-cracking deflection are proposed. Results of the experiments on 6 beams agree well with the theoretical analysis, which proves the correctness of the proposed formulas.

Method to analyze wrinkled membranes with zero shear modulus and equivalent stiffness

To solve the problems of divergence,low accuracy and project application of membrane wrinkling analysis,an analysis method of zero shear modulus and equivalent stiffness was proposed.This method is an improvement to the previous method (Method I) of local coordinate transposition and stiffness equivalence.The new method is derived and the feasibility is theoretically proved.A small-scale membrane structure is analyzed by the two methods,and the results show that the computational efficiency of the new method (Method II) is approximately 23 times that of Method I.When Method II is applied to a large-scale membrane stadium structure,it is found that this new method can quickly make the second principal stress of one way wrinkled elements zero,and make the two principal stresses of two-way wrinkled elements zero as well.It could attain the correct load responses right after the appearance of wrinkled elements,which indicates that Method II can be applied to wrinkling analysis of large-scale membrane structures.

AN EQUIVALENT CONTINUUM METHOD OF LATTICE STRUCTURES

An equivalent continuum method is developed to analyze the effective stiffness of three-dimensional stretching dominated lattice materials. The strength and three-dimensional plastic yield surfaces are calculated for the equivalent continuum. A yielding model is formulated and compared with the results of other models. The bedding-in effect is considered to include the compliance of the lattice joints. The predicted stiffness and strength are in good agreement with the experimental data, validating the present model in the prediction of the mechanical properties of stretching dominated lattice structures.

Improved Stiffness Modeling for An Exechon‑Like Parallel Kinematic Machine(PKM)and Its Application

Hole drilling or contour milling for the large and complex workpieces such as automobile panels and aircraft fuselages makes a high combined demand on machining accuracy,stiffness and workspace of machining equipment.Therefore,a 5-DOF(degrees of freedom)parallel kinematic machine(PKM)with redundant constraints is proposed.Based on the kinematics analysis of the parallel mechanism using intermediate variables,the kinematics problems of the PKM are solved through equivalent kinematics model.The structural stiffness matrix method is adopted to model the stiffness of the parallel mechanism of the PKM,where the stiffness of each joint and branch component is obtained by stiffness formula and finite element analysis.And the stiffness model of the parallel mechanism is improved by correction coefficient matrix,each element of which is constructed as a polynomial function of three independent end variables of the parallel mechanism.The terminal stiffness matrices obtained by simulation result are used to determine the coefficients of polynomial function by least square fitting to describe the correction coefficient over the workspace of the parallel mechanism quantitatively.The experiment results prove that the modification method can greatly improve the stiffness model of the parallel mechanism.To enhance the machining accuracy of the PKM,the proposed kinematics model and the improved stiffness model are utilized to optimize the working stiffness of parallel machine by searching the best relative position of parallel machine and workpiece.A plate workpiece taken as example is examined in the case study section,which demonstrates the effectiveness of optimization method.

Statistical Linearization on 2 DOFs Hydropneumatic Suspension with Asymmetric Non-linear Stiffness

Most references on hydropneumatic suspension analysis regard it as harden Duffing spring and take the white noise as the system input, which is quite different from real physical model. It will introduce considerable errors to the analytical result compared with the numerical simulation which makes it impossible to give a good depiction of the hydropneumatic suspension dynamics. In this paper, the dynamic response of the hydropneumatic suspension is worked out using statistical linearization based on 2 DOFs nonlinear suspension model. The damping of the suspension and the tire stiffness are both regarded as linear components and the real road roughness spectrum is used to work out the system input. The explicit analytical equivalent stiffness, dynamic mean value offset from statistic equilibrium position and the sprung acceleration varied with parameters of hydropneumatic spring, road roughness and vehicle velocity are worked out by substituting the nonlinear stiffness of hydropneumatic spring with its first three terms Tyler series at the static equilibrium position using James formula. The comparison of the numerical simulation and analytical result both on statistical parameters and distribution shows the validity of the analysis. The explicit form provides a concise and valid method on hydropneumatic suspension design and optimization.

Influence Predictions of Contact Effects on Mesh Stiffness of Face Gear Drives with Spur Gear

Mesh stiffness is one of important base parameters of face gear dynamic studies.However,a calculation solution of mesh stiffness of face gear drives is not to be constructed due to complex geometric flakes of face gear teeth.Thus,a calculation solution of mesh stiffness of face gear drives with a spur gear,which is based on the proposed equivalent face gear teeth and Ishikawa model,is constructed,and the influence of contact effects on mesh stiffness of face gear drives is investigated.The results indicate the mesh stiffness of face gear drives is sensitive to contact effects under heavy loaded operating conditions,specially.These contributions will benefit to improve dynamic studies of face gear drives.

Research of Elastic and Elastic-Plastic Deformation on Bending Problems of Variable Stiffness Beams

A novel variable stiffness model was proposed for analyzing elastic-plastic bending problems with arbitrary variable stiffness in detail.First,it was assumed that the material of a rectangular beam is an ideal isotropic elastic-plastic material,whose elastic modulus,yield strength,and section height are functions of the axial coordinates of the beam respectively.Considering the effect of shear on the deformation of the beam,the elastic and elastic-plastic bending problems of the axially variable stiffness beam were studied.Then,the analytical solutions of the elastic and elastic-plastic deformation of the beam were derived when the cross-section height and the elastic modulus of the material were varied by special function along the length of the beam respectively.The elastic and elastic-plastic analysis of the variable stiffness beam was carried out using Differential Quadrature Method(DQM)when the bending stiffness varied arbitrarily.The influence of the axial variation of the bending stiffness on the elastic and elastic-plastic deformation of the beam was analyzed by numerical simulation,DQM,and finite element method(FEM).Simulation results verified the practicability of the proposed mechanical model,and the comparison between the results of the solutions of DQM and FEM showed that DQM is accurate and effective in elastic and elastic-plastic analysis of variable stiffness beams.

A family history of diabetes is not associated with arterial stiffness in non-diabetic Japanese population

Prevalent diabetes is at high risk for cardiovascular diseases and has a high familial inheritance. However, little is known whether a non-diabetic subject with a family history of diabetes is at high risk for vascular damage or not. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between a family history of diabetes and arterial stiffness in adult non-diabetic Japanese population. We analyzed eligible 787 non-diabetic subjects (502 men and 285 women) aged 35-69 years who enrolled in the baseline survey of a cohort study in Tokushima Prefecture, Japan and who underwent a brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (ba-PWV) measurement. Information on individual life-style characteristics including medical history and treatment for diseases and a first-degree family history of diabetes was obtained through a structured self-administered questionnaire. Analysis of covariance and logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the association between a family history of diabetes and ba-PWV. We found no differences in age-and-systolic blood pressure-adjusted and multivariate-adjusted means of ba-PWVs between subjects of both sexes with and without a family history of diabetes. Logistic regression analyses including both sexes also revealed that subjects with a family history of diabetes showed no differences in age-and-systolic blood pressure-adjusted and multivariate-adjusted odds ratios for high ba-PWV compared to those without that trait. Our results suggest that a family history of diabetes itself is not associated with arterial stiffness in adult non-diabetic Japanese population.

Equivalent Bar Conceptions for Computer Analysis of Pantographic Foldable Structures

An equivalent bar conception is firstly developed for the computer analysis of pantographic foldable structures. The uniplet of two three node beam elements is assumed as a six bar assembly with respect to least norm least square solution for the elastic strain energy equality. The equilibrium equation is developed for the equivalent models, and the internal forces formulated sequently for backup calculation. This procedure is proved practical for some engineering, and some interesting concepts proposed. Finally, three numerical tests are presented.

滚动轴承局部故障时变刚度系统动力学分析

针对滚动轴承局部故障动力学建模问题,通过分析各滚动体在进入、退出载荷区和陷入故障时的变化情况,基于Hertz接触理论,定义了接触变形保留因子,提出了滚动轴承等效时变刚度函数,建立了局部故障滚动轴承单自由度时变刚度动力学模型,并进行了理论分析和试验研究。研究结果表明:当滚动体进入或退出载荷区时,载荷区中承载滚动体数量增加或减少,引起系统等效时变刚度的小幅增加或减小;当滚动体陷入故障时,因接触变形保留因子的不同使得其有效接触刚度不同程度降低而导致系统等效时变刚度的减小。系统等效时变刚度的变化引起载荷区中其他滚动体的接触变形和接触力产生不同幅度的变化,从而平衡外部径向载荷,对载荷区中心附近的滚动体的影响较为明显,但不影响各滚动体的有效接触刚度。系统等效时变刚度发生突变,导致系统振动。当外环故障时,等效时变刚度等幅变化;当内环故障时,等效时变刚度的变化受到内环旋转的调制而幅值不同。提出的单自由度时变刚度动力学模型与实际更加吻合。

不同因素导致的差异沉降对盾构隧道受力特性影响研究

盾构隧道在下卧地层软硬突变、局部堆载等因素影响下易产生不均匀沉降,可能诱发管片环间错台、螺栓断裂和接缝渗水等病害,危及隧道安全。然而,现有试验研究在隧道模型上多将纵向接头简化处理,难以反映盾构隧道纵向受力变形特性,对于隧道下卧软硬突变地层等工况的模拟也较为缺乏。为此,提出一种可同时模拟抗拉、抗弯刚度的“弹簧+螺栓型”接头,并以此接头制作可满足纵向力学性能相似的隧道模型,对盾构隧道进行下卧软硬突变、局部堆载等工况下的模型试验,进一步探明不同因素导致的差异沉降对盾构隧道的影响机理,并采用数值模拟验证了试验的可行性。研究结果表明:1)较单一地层而言,隧道下卧软硬突变时纵向沉降曲线呈现明显的非线性,其隧道沉降及差异沉降最值显著增大,软土侧隧道沉降较硬土侧更为显著,最大沉降、沉降差均出现在突变区软土侧衬砌处;2)下卧地层突变导致隧道横向收敛变形在纵向上分布不均,使软土侧衬砌收敛变形减小,硬土侧衬砌收敛变形显著增大;3)局部堆载对管片弯矩分布影响较小,对弯矩最值影响较大;4)下卧软土区隧道结构内力分布明显变异,隧道衬砌正弯矩区域显著增大,负弯矩区域略有减小,且弯矩最值提升显著。因此针对软硬突变地层,必要时在硬土侧隧道可采用粘钢法等方法提升衬砌横向刚度,以控制其收敛变形;软土侧隧道建议对管片进行螺栓复紧,并加强接缝防水,以减小下卧地层弱化对隧道结构产生的不利影响。

高度修正实现刚度等效的梁结构有限元建模方法

民用飞机中对于梁结构的有限元建模,一般采用刚度等效方法将梁建成杆单元与剪切板单元的组合形式,这种有限元简化方法仅能保证截面刚度与真实截面刚度近似等效,但有限元中的截面面积与实际面积却相差较大,致使有限元分析的结果不能准确反映结构严重部位的应力情况。针对传统刚度等效有限元建模方法的不足,提出一种采用高度修正的刚度等效有限元建模方法;将该方法的计算结果与传统建模方法的计算结果、理论计算结果、试验测量结果进行对比。结果表明:本文提出的高度修正的有限元建模方法比传统杆板系建模方法更准确,与试验结果更接近;将该方法用于民用飞机结构有限元建模,能够对真实结构进行更准确地模拟,分析结果也更精确。

螺纹连接对引信过载信号粘连的影响因素

侵彻引信多采用螺纹结构与战斗部连接装配。弹体侵彻目标过程中,作用于弹体的冲击载荷将通过螺纹结构传递给引信,使得引信过载较弹体更为复杂,特别是当弹体高速侵彻多层硬目标时,引信过载信号易产生粘连混叠,针对这一问题,基于螺纹连接刚度理论模型,并根据弹引结构特点及其系统等效模型,以某弹引结构为例,对螺纹结构参数影响引信过载信号粘连的情况进行了分析。结果表明,螺距减少,螺纹连接刚度增加,与引信座与战斗部相比,引信与引信座之间螺距的改变对引信处过载影响更大,引信处螺距的增大有利于降低信号的粘连程度。

基于等效刚度法优化的风力机叶片刚度计算

风力机叶片刚度由于非线性且截面变化程度大的特点,针对叶片建模初期刚度的评估问题通常采用刚度展项分布图体现叶片刚度,存在评估叶片刚度的参考参数不够直接、宏观的问题。基于变刚度梁挠度计算的等效刚度法,将叶片等效成变截面悬臂梁,根据叶片特征合理选取边界条件,以叶片建模的截面数据特点为基础,优化原始等效刚度法的计算方式,使该方法更加贴合叶片模型,从而适用于叶片,达到方法优化的目的。利用ANSYS有限元软件进行叶片的预应力模拟实验,得出叶片的挠度模拟数值,以该模拟计算的挠度值为参考,验证优化后方法的有效性。结果表明:优化后的等效刚度法得到的刚度值,在低均布载荷值22.5 Pa下理论计算的挠度值与试验挠度值的误差达到9.68%,减小原始方法计算的误差贴近叶片模型,可用于叶片刚度估算,为叶片的刚度计算提供新方法。

弹簧蓄能密封圈中蓄能弹簧的有限元计算及等效建模研究

弹簧蓄能密封圈是一种性能优良的密封装置,其中的蓄能弹簧可以为密封圈提供初始密封压力,起到辅助密封的作用。但目前对弹簧蓄能密封圈的研究多是在有限元软件中建立二维轴对称模型进行仿真实验,对蓄能弹簧的力学特性和建模计算方法的认识尚有不足。为实现不同结构的弹簧蓄能密封圈的参数化仿真设计,推导环形蓄能弹簧的空间曲线参数方程,建立双层螺旋蓄能弹簧的三维有限元模型,并仿真分析其力学特性。定义蓄能弹簧的内侧刚度和外侧刚度,研究弹簧不同结构参数对其刚度的影响。结果表明,弹簧的厚度和弹簧截面外径对刚度的影响较大,而弹簧中径和匝数对刚度影响可忽略不计。提出轴对称等效模型的建立原则,建立轴对称等效模型的经验公式,为弹簧蓄能密封圈的参数化仿真设计提供了参考。

不同内固定系统治疗股骨转子间骨折的力学稳定性

背景:股骨转子间骨折的骨折类型和固定方式多样,各固定系统间的力学稳定性相差较大。使用有限元分析方法对各固定系统开展生物力学研究具有科学的临床意义。目的:通过有限元方法对比分析多种内固定应用于股骨A031-A2.1型转子间骨折的力学稳定性。方法:在已验证有效性的股骨有限元模型基础上,对模型进行必要的切割,造模成股骨A031-A2.1型转子间骨折,模拟临床手术方法置入不同的内固定系统,分别建立股骨近端防旋髓内钉、动力髋螺钉、经皮加压钢板和股骨近端锁定钢板固定模型。约束4组模型股骨远端下所有节点,在股骨头上施加700,1400和2100N的压缩载荷,通过计算分析,观察各组模型的等效应力分布和压缩刚度,比较各组模型之间的力学稳定性。结果与结论:①通过计算分析,对比各组模型的变形量计算压缩刚度后,在各级载荷作用下,各组模型上压缩刚度呈现的趋势:生理组>股骨近端防旋髓内钉组>股骨近端锁定钢板组>经皮加压钢板组>动力髋螺钉组;完整的生理组模型的压缩刚度明显高于所有的手术组模型;②观察应力指标,因存在应力遮挡效应,致使各固定组的应力峰值均高于生理组,最大峰值均集中分布于各内固定上;其中股骨近端防旋髓内钉固定组应力峰值最小,动力髋螺钉固定组应力最高,应力分布趋势呈现:生理组<股骨近端防旋髓内钉固定组<经皮加压钢板固定组<股骨近端锁定钢板固定组<动力髋螺钉固定组;③分布于骨质模型的应力,因内固定置入位置不同呈现不同的分布结果;④提示对于股骨转子间骨折,各种内固定均能起到有效的固定,结合有限元分析结果得出股骨近端防旋髓内钉组是较好的一种内固定选择,呈现变形量小、应力峰值低,应力分布均匀的特性;经皮加压钢板组和股骨近端锁定钢板组的力学效果优良,固定效果接近股骨近端防旋髓内钉固定;动力髋螺钉固定效果欠佳,同比于其他内固定,其力学稳定性较差。

圆形深基坑环梁径向等效刚度系数研究

弹性支点法是我国现行规范推荐的深基坑支护结构计算方法。在弹性支点法基础上,针对圆形深基坑环梁作为支护桩弹性支点的刚度系数提出明确算法,达到更合理地计算支护结构内力和位移的目的。通过弹塑性力学厚壁圆筒理论,得到环梁径向位移公式,进而推导出环梁径向等效刚度系数和环梁换算截面的等效材料抗力计算公式。将径向等效刚度系数和等效材料抗力作为弹性支点的参数,计算支护结构内力和位移。采用此方法计算沈阳某圆形深基坑支护结构的内力和位移。结果表明:采用等效刚度系数的二维弹性支点法计算得到的支护结构的内力与位移,与现场监测数据比较吻合,比三维有限元计算结果更安全,比常规刚度系数计算结果更经济合理。

动态外载荷工况下风力机法兰螺栓相对刚度研究

螺栓相对刚度决定了工作中螺栓拉力大小。为探究风力机法兰盘螺栓拉力与外载荷关系,基于法兰单元等效圆柱模型与等效压缩变形体模型,结合有限元仿真,研究了不同工况下螺栓相对刚度的变化情况。研究结果表明,螺栓相对刚度与外载荷的性质和施加位置有关;与上下法兰单元间接触面积和螺栓初始预紧力呈负相关;动态外载荷工况下表现出明显的非线性特性。研究结论可为风力机法兰盘螺栓组设计与装配以及螺栓组松动故障预警诊断提供参考。

农村建筑叠层竹板橡胶隔震支座的力学性能试验研究

应用加固重组竹板代替钢板,为农村建筑设计了具有低碳、低成本、轻质量等优势的新型隔震支座。开展了加固重组竹板的压剪静力加载试验,结果表明,纯压20MPa时竹板顺纹向出现贯通裂缝;承压5MPa、承剪1.5MPa时,横纹向出现少量裂缝。重组竹板可满足农村建筑承载所需。以四川省汶川县某两层农村建筑为例,应用新型支座对该建筑设计了基础隔震方案,并开展了支座在小震、中震、大震作用下的拟静力试验。结果表明:小震时,竹板未开裂,支座顺纹向剪切刚度高于横纹向约20%,顺、横纹向等效阻尼比均约5%;中震时,竹板出现少量裂缝,但支座仍具完整性,其顺、横纹向刚度降低,阻尼比略有提高;大震时,竹板出现较多裂缝,但支座仍可有效承载,其顺、横纹向刚度进一步降低,阻尼比分别增加至7%~10%;大震时,沿横纹向循环加载20次后,支座等效刚度略微降低,其有效阻尼比增加至20%,可有效抵御主震余震多次影响。因此,该新型隔震支座具有可行性。