Impact of the equivalent center of mass separating from the sliding surface on the isolation performance of friction pendulum bearings

A new equivalent center of mass model of FPBs (friction pendulum bearings) is introduced, and based on this model, coefficient j of the equivalent center of mass separating from the sliding surface is defined. It is thought in theory that j has a significant impact on the isolation parameter of FPBs, since the equivalent post-yielding stiffness and friction coefficients are not simply determined by sliding radius and sliding friction pairs. The results of numerical simulation analysis using ABAQUS conducted on two groups of FPBs support this viewpoint. For FPBs with the same sliding radius and sliding friction pairs, the FPB modules of structural analysis software such as ETABS could only distinguish the equivalent transformation using j one by one. The seismic response data obtained in a base isolation calculation example of FPBs are very different, which reveals that j’s impact on the isolation effectiveness of FPBs cannot be ignored. The introduction of j will help improve the classical structural theory of FPBs and the weak points of structural analysis software based on this theory, which is important in achieving more accurate analyses in structural design.

Seepage simulation of high concrete-faced rockfill dams based on generalized equivalent continuum model

This research focused on the three-dimensional(3 D) seepage field simulation of a high concrete-faced rockfill dam(CFRD) under complex hydraulic conditions. A generalized equivalent continuum model of fractured rock mass was used for equivalent continuous seepage field analysis based on the improved node virtual flow method. Using a high CFRD as an example, the generalized equivalent continuum range was determined, and a finite element model was established based on the terrain and geological conditions, as well as structural face characteristics of the dam area. The equivalent seepage coefficients of different material zones or positions in the dam foundation were calculated with the Snow model or inverse analysis. Then, the 3 D seepage field in the dam area was calculated under the normal water storage conditions, and the corresponding water head distribution, seepage flow, seepage gradient, and seepage characteristics in the dam area were analyzed. The results show that the generalized equivalent continuum model can effectively simulate overall seepage patterns of the CFRD under complex hydraulic conditions and provide a reference for seepage analysis of similar CFRDs.

THEORETICAL MODEL OF EFFECTIVE STRESS COEFFICIENT FOR ROCK/SOIL-LIKE POROUS MATERIALS

Physical mechanisms and influencing factors on the effective stress coefficient for rock/soil-like porous materials are investigated, based on which equivalent connectivity index is proposed. The equivalent connectivity index, relying on the meso-scale structure of porous material and the property of liquid, denotes the connectivity of pores in Representative Element Area （REA）. If the conductivity of the porous material is anisotropic, the equivalent connectivity index is a second order tensor. Based on the basic theories of continuous mechanics and tensor analysis, relationship between area porosity and volumetric porosity of porous materials is deduced. Then a generalized expression, describing the relation between effective stress coefficient tensor and equivalent connectivity tensor of pores, is proposed, and the expression can be applied to isotropic media and also to anisotropic materials. Furthermore, evolution of porosity and equivalent connectivity index of the pore are studied in the strain space, and the method to determine the corresponding functions in expressions above is proposed using genetic algorithm and genetic programming. Two applications show that the results obtained by the method in this paper perfectly agree with the test data. This paper provides an important theoretical support to the coupled hydro-mechanical research.

Equivalent circuit with complex physical constants and equivalent-parameters-expressed dissipation factors of piezoelectric materials

The equivalent circuit with complex physical constants for a piezoelectric ceramic in thickness mode is established. In the equivalent circuit, electric components （equivalent circuit parameters） are connected to real and imaginary parts of complex physical coefficients of piezoelectric materials. Based on definitions of dissipation factors, three of them （dielectric, elastic and piezoelectric dissipation factors） are represented by equivalent circuit parameters. Since the equivalent circuit parameters are detectable, the dissipation factors can be easily obtained. In the experiments, the temperature and the stress responses of the three dissipation factors are measured.

RESEARCH ON EQUIVALENT PROCESSES OF ROCK MASS PARAMETERS WITH ANCHOR PILES

Using normal and shear rigid coefficients of intact rock and fracture plane, rigidly normal, shear equivalent rigid coefficients of fissure rock mass are conducted. On the basis of hypotheses of small displacement of rock mass, principle of superposition, irrelevance of strength parameters C and T and Coulomb theory, formulas to calculate equivalent strength parameters C and phi of equivalent continuous mass from fissured rock mass with anchor piles are given. The achievement is extremely valuable in integral stability analysis of the rock mass slope and important in promoting the research of the rock mass's constitutive relation.

A SEMI-ANALYSIS METHOD OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH VARIABLE COEFFICIENTS UNDER COMPLICATED BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

Based on a method of finite element model and combined with matrix theory, a method for solving differential equation with variable coefficients is proposed. With the method, it is easy to deal with the differential equations with variable coefficients. On most occasions and due to the nonuniformity nature, nonlinearity property can cause the equations of the kinds. Using the model, the satisfactory valuable results with only a few units can be obtained.

The influences of environmental factors on the air-sea coupling coefficient

The response relationship between equivalent neutral wind speed anomaly(ENWSA)and sea-air temperature difference anomaly(SATDA)has been analyzed over four typical sea regions,i.e.,the Kuroshio Extension,the Gulf Stream,the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence and the Agulhas Return Current.The results show that ENWSA is more sensitive to SATDA than sea surface temperature anomaly(SSTA),which implies that SATDA seems to be a more suitable parameter than SSTA to analyze the mesoscale air-sea interactions.Here,the slope of the linear relation between ENWSA and SATDA is defined as the air-sea coupling coefficient.It is found that the values of the coupling coefficient over the four typical sea areas have obvious seasonal variations and geographical differences.In order to reveal the reason of the seasonal variation and geographical difference of the coupling coefficient,the influences of some environmental background factors,such as the spatially averaged sea surface temperature(SST),the spatially averaged air temperature,the spatially averaged sea-air temperature difference and the spatially averaged equivalent neutral wind speed,on the coupling coefficient are discussed in detail.The results reveal that the background sea-air temperature difference is an important environmental factor which directly affects the magnitude of the coupling coefficients,meanwhile,the seasonal and geographical variations of the coupling coefficient.

General Expression of LRC Method in Estimation of Bridge’s Equivalent Static Wind Load

According to the relationship between load and response, the equivalent static wind load(ESWL) of a structure can be estimated by load-response correlation(LRC) method, which can be accurately used to estimate the background ESWL of a structure. The derivation of the classical expression of LRC formula is based on a specific command response at a critical position, and the ESWL distribution has only one form in this case. In this paper, a general expression of LRC formula is derived based on a specific command response at all positions. For the general expression, ESWLs can be expressed by load-response correlation coefficients, response-response correlation coefficients, RMS values of the fluctuating wind loads, and peak factor in the form of matrices. By comparing the expressions of LRC method, it was found that the classical expression was only one form of the general one. The general expression which introduces the response-response correlation coefficients provided more options for structural engineers to estimate ESWLs and offered further insights into the LRC method. Finally, a cable-stayed bridge, a rigid three span continuous girder bridge, and a suspension bridge were used to verify the correctness of the general expression of LRC method.

钢-混组合梁荷载-温度效应的统一解析模型

基于欧拉伯努利梁理论,提出非均布荷载、轴向力、梁端弯矩和非线性温度分布共同作用下的有滑移组合梁统一解析模型,推导组合梁挠度、界面剪力、滑移及截面应力的计算公式,开展简支组合梁和连续组合梁算例分析,讨论界面刚度和温度作用对界面滑移和挠度的影响.研究结果表明,组合梁温度作用产生的挠度与界面滑移由等效温度滑移应变和等效温度曲率决定,可以通过将桥面板与钢梁的温度分布各自分解为有效温度、竖向线性温差和残余温度等相互独立的3部分进行计算.简支梁和2跨连续梁算例在温度作用下的界面滑移沿梁长呈现反对称分布,滑移主要集中在距端部小于2 m的范围内,受滑移的影响,组合梁端部桥面板底面的拉应力水平较高,可以超过2 MPa,增加了底面混凝土开裂的风险.提出了温度作用下界面滑移组合梁的挠度影响系数,可以用于组合梁挠度的快速计算,其大小不仅与界面完全连接与界面无连接时组合梁的抗弯刚度比和组合效应系数有关,还受温度作用系数的直接影响.

基于图像分析的掘进工作面粉尘颗粒检测方法

基于光散射原理测定粉尘质量浓度只能定时定点手动检测,实时性差,且只能检测出粉尘质量浓度,并不能给出粒径分布范围。目前基于图像分析的粉尘颗粒检测研究主要是针对粉尘质量浓度或粒径分布进行单方面研究,并不能实现粉尘质量浓度和粒径分布范围的同时检测。针对上述问题,提出了一种基于图像分析的掘进工作面粉尘颗粒检测方法,探究图像特征与粉尘质量浓度、粒径分布间的关系。通过粉尘样本收集及图像采集装置,采集粉尘颗粒图像并获取采集图像时的粉尘质量浓度。编写粉尘样本图像处理算法,提取图像的灰度特征、纹理特征、几何特征相关参数。对提取的图像特征与实测粉尘质量浓度进行相关性分析,选取相关性较大的图像特征作为参数建立回归数学模型。提取粉尘颗粒对象像素点个数,结合转换系数,基于几何当量等效面积径计算粉尘粒径大小及分布范围。实验结果表明:实测粉尘质量浓度与建立的图像特征多元非线性回归模型数学模型计算值间的平均相对误差为12.37%,标准实测粒径与几何当量等效面积径得到的粒径分布间的最大相对误差为8.63%,平均相对误差为6.37%,验证了基于图像特征的粉尘质量浓度回归数学模型和基于几何当量等效面积径分布数学模型的准确性。

基于等效序阻抗差异特征的低频输电线路差动保护优化方案

低频输电线路故障时,两侧短路电流均由模块化多电平矩阵变换器提供,两侧短路电流相角均受控且幅值相当,导致差动保护灵敏度严重下降。分析了低频输电系统定电压控制侧和功率控制侧的等效正、负序阻抗特征,指出因控制策略不同,系统故障时两侧等效正、负序阻抗特征存在明显差异。分析了低频输电线路区内和区外故障两侧保护装置测量到的等效序阻抗之间的差异性和相似性,基于此特征构建了两侧等效序阻抗差异指标,提出了基于等效序阻抗差异指标的差动保护制动系数优化方法。仿真结果表明,所提方案能够显著提升低频输电线路区内故障时差动保护的动作速度和动作灵敏性。

压电复合材料梯度分布声学特性研究

目前,压电复合材料在吸声降噪领域应用广泛,但其低频吸声性能并不理想。为解决此问题,以0-3型压电复合材料为研究对象,提出使压电陶瓷体积含量呈梯度分布以提高其低频吸声系数的方法。首先,基于声电类比法和传递矩阵法,推导多梯度分布的理论公式,并通过文献构型对其进行验证;其次,将均匀分布与梯度分布的吸声系数进行比较,发现梯度分布会改变材料的声阻抗,从而改变吸声系数。最后,进行梯度分布压电复合材料数值分析,结果表明,同等条件下,当压电陶瓷体积含量呈梯度递减,且梯度差和第一梯度的厚度增加时,可明显提高低频吸声系数。

核动力系统分析中细管簇当量元件阻力

为研究不同工况下核动力系统主管路的参数变化,需选择合适的阻力元件当量代替部件内部细管簇的流动阻力.根据流体流动规律,设计了一种圆弧渐缩渐扩式当量阻力元件,采用标准k-ε湍流模型探究该阻力元件对圆管内部流动的影响,对比分析得到阻力系数ζ与缩径比d/D和阻力元件长度L的基本规律,最后拟合并验证所得关系式.结果表明:该阻力元件对下游管道影响相对较小,可用于当量代替复杂部件内部流动阻力;排除雷诺数Re对该元件阻力系数ζ的影响,ζ与d/D和L均呈负相关,且d/D越小,L越短,中心轴向速度和湍动能变化越大,下游恢复区长度就越长;经验证,Re>3.0×106,d/D=0.5~0.9时,拟合的指数函数关系式预测的ζ更准确,并且该指数函数能够实现某蒸汽发生器内部细管簇的简化.

RPC应力-应变曲线系数与塑性损伤因子无量纲化计算模型研究

为了方便活性粉末混凝土(Reactive Powder Concrete,RPC)等效矩形应力图系数与塑性损伤因子的计算与取值,对RPC应力-应变曲线系数与塑性损伤因子的计算模型进行了理论研究。通过对现有的计算方法进行无量纲化转化,推导了决定计算模型的四个原函数条件;对一个实际的应力-应变关系进行了计算,将得到的结果进行了分析;并对受弯矩形梁非极限状态下截面内力和力矩的推定计算进行了演示。针对应力-应变关系式含有非整次有理分式的情况提出了曲线拟合方法;研究了拟合次数、拟合区间和拟合函数类型对拟合精度与稳定性的影响。比较了4种典型的RPC本构模型在同种材料下的应力-应变曲线系数与损伤因子取值模型曲线,结果显示:拟合曲线得到的取值模型与其他原始曲线得到的取值模型在曲线上具有较高的相似度,证明了曲线拟合方法的准确可靠性;最后给出了一种RPC受压应力-应变曲线系数与塑性损伤因子无量纲化取值模型。

生态浮床布设下明渠水流结构及阻力特性试验研究

生态浮床已广泛运用于城市河道净化工程,但浮床布设改变了原河道断面水流结构,增加水流阻力,可能降低河道行洪能力。现有研究主要针对浮床水动力学特性分析,而关于浮床引起的水流阻力变化定量研究较少。为此,通过水槽试验研究了浮床刚性植物在10、20、30 cm三种淹没深度及平行、交错两种布置方式的组合工况下对水槽断面水流结构产生的影响。由于传统的曼宁公式无法直接用于浮床覆盖区糙率系数的求解,基于等效断面原理增加浮床阻力项,求解浮床覆盖区综合糙率与刚性植物附加糙率。结果表明,淹没深度越大,浮床阻水效果越强;交错布置方式比平行布置方式更增加水流阻力;浮床刚性植物在平行布置条件下断面综合糙率在0.381~0.417之间,交错布置条件下断面综合糙率在0.397~0.427之间,断面综合糙率随植物淹没深度和布置方式的变化而变化。

隧道火灾相向射流排烟系统烟气质量流率比例系数

为探究隧道相向射流排烟系统中火灾发生时烟气的流动特性,通过FDS数值模拟研究隧道内不同上、下游风速工况下的上、下游烟气质量流率变化。基于等效风速、理论分析和数值模拟结果得到上、下游风速与烟气质量流率比例系数的关系式。结果表明:当等效风速小于临界风速时,上、下游烟气质量流率比值和烟气质量流率比例系数随等效风速增加而减小,并且等效风速与上、下游烟气质量流率比值存在线性关系;当等效风速大于临界风速时,上、下游烟气质量流率比值和烟气质量流率比例系数为0。

250~500 kV X射线窄谱辐射质空气比释动能测量及剂量当量转换系数研究

辐射剂量仪表的准确测量是开展辐射防护工作的重要保障,根据ICRU中规定的实用量要求,需要在特定的参考辐射场中对其进行检定或校准。参考ISO 4037-1:2019,建立250~500 kV X射线窄谱系列参考辐射质,对所建辐射场的均匀性以及相应辐射质下的能谱进行研究。将由EGSnrc模拟的X射线能谱得到所建辐射质下的平均能量、分辨率以及实验测量得到的半值层值与ISO标准推荐值进行比较,结果均满足规范要求,表明新建辐射质准确可靠。利用A5电离室对新建辐射场中的空气比释动能进行测量,再根据X射线能谱信息计算得到的空气比释动能到剂量当量的转换系数,实现空气比释动能到周围剂量当量和个人剂量当量的转换,从而为各类辐射剂量仪表在该高能段的能量响应评价提供了测量条件,保证了量值的准确与可靠。

应用P波振幅的傅里叶系数反演裂缝密度

裂缝预测是非常规储层预测的重要内容。裂缝密度不仅反映了裂缝的发育程度,也是影响裂缝孔隙度和渗透率的重要参数。文中提出了一种应用纵波反射振幅分方位傅里叶系数正、余弦分量加权的裂缝密度反演方法。基于线性滑动裂缝等效介质理论,分别推导了含油和含气条件下HTI介质纵波反射振幅傅里叶系数与裂缝密度的关系,并利用二阶傅里叶系数预测裂缝对称轴方位角;研究了地震数据含噪声时二阶傅里叶系数正、余弦分量信噪比之比随裂缝对称轴方位角的变化规律,并提出应用二阶傅里叶系数正、余弦分量加权的裂缝密度反演方法。模型试算结果表明,所提的裂缝密度反演方法具有较强的抗噪性和稳定性;将其应用于实际地震数据,裂缝密度预测结果与测井信息吻合,验证了方法的有效性。

基于黏弹性Chapman-Kelvin模型的裂缝储层频变AVAZ反演研究

为了在地震资料和裂缝储层特征之间建立联系,对裂缝储层采用了等效介质模型.而传统的等效介质模型未充分考虑非完全弹性介质理论和基于频变各向异性理论的双相或多相流体假设,也不能对实际裂缝储层中的地震波频散和衰减现象提供准确合理的解释,并且储层参数的反演研究对裂缝储层的定性预测和定量描述举足轻重.为此,本文首先根据所提出的黏弹性Chapman-Kelvin动态等效介质模型,该模型考虑了耦合的双相流体假设、黏弹性理论、喷射流以及斑块效应,并在此基础上分析了裂缝储层参数(主要为裂缝密度、裂缝长度、孔隙度和含水饱和度)对地震波频变特征的影响.然后基于黏弹性Chapman-Kelvin模型与Schoenberg和Protazio概括的Zoeppritz方程所计算出的频变反射系数,分析了反射PP波和PS波的频变AVAZ(Amplitude Versus Angle and Azimuth)特性和PP波频变反射系数与裂缝储层参数的关系.同时考虑到发生地震频散时,反射系数和频率产生关系,构建了在角度、方位和时间域内的新型正演方程.最后,基于PP波频变反射系数对裂缝密度、裂缝长度、孔隙度和含水饱和度的变化有较好的敏感性特点,进行了两种反演方法研究:其一是基于贝叶斯理论直接反演方法,其中以对数绝对范数作为似然函数和高斯分布,即L2范数度量作为先验约束;其二是基于频变反射系数的MCMC(Markov Chain Monte Carlo)随机反演方法.通过频变AVAZ进行裂缝储层参数的反演研究,结果表明,MCMC随机反演方法在缺失先验的储层参数信息时,反演结果的不确定性较强.当存在有效且足够的先验信息时,反演结果的可靠性进一步提升.而基于贝叶斯理论直接反演方法,则显示出基于频变AVAZ来区别大尺度裂缝和微尺度裂隙的潜力.

计及功率控制型构网变流器接入的交流系统暂态稳定性仿真研究

为研究功率控制型构网变流器接入交流系统后的暂态稳定性演化趋势,基于IEEE 39节点交流测试系统,将发电机分别等容量替换为功率控制型构网变流器与跟网型变流器,并改变其在交流系统中接入数量、并网位置进行电磁暂态仿真,结果表明:功率控制型构网变流器对接入区域的暂态稳定性提升能力更优,尤其当所替换发电机相邻时,提升效果显著;随着功率控制型构网变流器接入系统比例增加,系统暂态稳定性越强;功率控制型构网变流器内部等效惯性系数越大,系统同步稳定性越弱,其内部阻尼系数越大,系统同步稳定性越强。