T<span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">his research was carried out to determine the rheological parameters of later...T<span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">his research was carried out to determine the rheological parameters of lateritic soils in order to contribute to the improvement of the technical documents used for pavement design in tropical Africa. The study is based on the loading repeated of cyclic triaxial tests (LRT) performed at </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">University Gustave Eiffel (formerly Institut Fran<span style="font-family:Verdana, Helvetica, Arial;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">ç</span>ais des Sciences et Technologies des Transports de l’Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR))</span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span></span><span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in Nantes with the application of the European standard EN 13286-7: 2004</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> [<a href="#ref1">1</a>]</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. The tests were performed at constant confinement stress and using the stepwise method to determine the resilient axial (<img src="Edit_9d1c29ae-1a5f-434a-9fe3-00ef5aeb5d24.png" alt="" /></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) and radial (<img src="Edit_42548459-8f50-4ea1-832d-25e9cfdad034.png" alt="" /></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) deformation as a function of the axial and radial stresses. Four gravel lateritic soil</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> from different sites selected in Burkina Faso and Senegal were the subject of this research for the triaxial tests. These materials have a maximum diameter of 20 mm and a percentage of fines less than 20%. The LRT tests were carried out on samples compacted at three moisture contents (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">w</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">opm</span></sub></i> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 2%, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">w</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">opm</span></sub></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">w</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">opm</span></sub> </i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">+ 2%) and at 95% and 100% of optimal dry density (</span></span></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">γ</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">dopm</span></sub></span></i></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">). Test results showed that the characteristic resilient Young’s modulus (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">E</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">c</span></sub></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) of gravelly laterites soils depends on the compacted water content and the variation of the grains size distribution (sand (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana, Helvetica, Arial;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">ø</span></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> < 2 mm), motor (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana, Helvetica, Arial;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">ø</span></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> < 0.5 mm) and fines content (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana, Helvetica, Arial;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">ø</span></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> < 0.063 mm) obtained after (LRT). Materials with a high percent of fines (>20%), mortar and sand (Sindia and Lam-Lam) are more sensitive to variations in water content. The presence of water combined with the excess of fines leads to a decrease in modulus around 25% for Lam-Lam and 20.2% for Sindia. Materials containing a low percent of fines, mortar and sand (Badnogo and Dedougou) behave differently. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">And </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the resilient modulus increases about 225</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">67% for Badnogo and 312.24% for Dedougou with the rise of the water content for approximately unchanged the percentage of fines, mortar and sand. Granularity therefore has an indirect influence on the resilient modulus of the lateritic soils by controlling the effects of water on the entire system. </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results of statistical analysis and coefficients of correlation (0.659 to 0.865) showed that the anisotropic Boyce’s model </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">is suitable to predict</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> the volumetric </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(<img src="Edit_1a36888c-cad0-4f1c-9c68-b5da0ddc323f.png" alt="" /></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">)</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and deviatoric strain (<img src="Edit_993added-0ec4-49db-ae12-3e540fa49f9c.png" alt="" /></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">)</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> with stress path (Δ</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">q</span></i></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">/Δ</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) of the lateritic soils. </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The predicted </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">E</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">r</span></sub></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> resilient Young’s modulus from anisotropic Boyce’s model varies according to the evolution of </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the bulk stress (<img src="Edit_ab550c56-8bab-4806-9ec7-fab794d785eb.png" alt="" /></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">). A correlation around 0.9 is obtained from the power law model.</span></span></span></span></span>展开更多
文摘T<span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">his research was carried out to determine the rheological parameters of lateritic soils in order to contribute to the improvement of the technical documents used for pavement design in tropical Africa. The study is based on the loading repeated of cyclic triaxial tests (LRT) performed at </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">University Gustave Eiffel (formerly Institut Fran<span style="font-family:Verdana, Helvetica, Arial;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">ç</span>ais des Sciences et Technologies des Transports de l’Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR))</span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span></span><span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in Nantes with the application of the European standard EN 13286-7: 2004</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> [<a href="#ref1">1</a>]</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. The tests were performed at constant confinement stress and using the stepwise method to determine the resilient axial (<img src="Edit_9d1c29ae-1a5f-434a-9fe3-00ef5aeb5d24.png" alt="" /></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) and radial (<img src="Edit_42548459-8f50-4ea1-832d-25e9cfdad034.png" alt="" /></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) deformation as a function of the axial and radial stresses. Four gravel lateritic soil</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> from different sites selected in Burkina Faso and Senegal were the subject of this research for the triaxial tests. These materials have a maximum diameter of 20 mm and a percentage of fines less than 20%. The LRT tests were carried out on samples compacted at three moisture contents (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">w</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">opm</span></sub></i> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 2%, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">w</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">opm</span></sub></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">w</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">opm</span></sub> </i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">+ 2%) and at 95% and 100% of optimal dry density (</span></span></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">γ</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">dopm</span></sub></span></i></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">). Test results showed that the characteristic resilient Young’s modulus (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">E</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">c</span></sub></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) of gravelly laterites soils depends on the compacted water content and the variation of the grains size distribution (sand (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana, Helvetica, Arial;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">ø</span></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> < 2 mm), motor (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana, Helvetica, Arial;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">ø</span></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> < 0.5 mm) and fines content (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana, Helvetica, Arial;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">ø</span></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> < 0.063 mm) obtained after (LRT). Materials with a high percent of fines (>20%), mortar and sand (Sindia and Lam-Lam) are more sensitive to variations in water content. The presence of water combined with the excess of fines leads to a decrease in modulus around 25% for Lam-Lam and 20.2% for Sindia. Materials containing a low percent of fines, mortar and sand (Badnogo and Dedougou) behave differently. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">And </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the resilient modulus increases about 225</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">67% for Badnogo and 312.24% for Dedougou with the rise of the water content for approximately unchanged the percentage of fines, mortar and sand. Granularity therefore has an indirect influence on the resilient modulus of the lateritic soils by controlling the effects of water on the entire system. </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results of statistical analysis and coefficients of correlation (0.659 to 0.865) showed that the anisotropic Boyce’s model </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">is suitable to predict</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> the volumetric </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(<img src="Edit_1a36888c-cad0-4f1c-9c68-b5da0ddc323f.png" alt="" /></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">)</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and deviatoric strain (<img src="Edit_993added-0ec4-49db-ae12-3e540fa49f9c.png" alt="" /></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">)</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> with stress path (Δ</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">q</span></i></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">/Δ</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) of the lateritic soils. </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The predicted </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">E</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">r</span></sub></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> resilient Young’s modulus from anisotropic Boyce’s model varies according to the evolution of </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the bulk stress (<img src="Edit_ab550c56-8bab-4806-9ec7-fab794d785eb.png" alt="" /></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">). A correlation around 0.9 is obtained from the power law model.</span></span></span></span></span>