Gully Erosion Regionalization of Black Soil Area in Northeastern China

Gully erosion is the frequent and main form of soil erosion in the black soil area of the northeastern China, which is one of the most important commodity grain production bases in China. It is encroaching upon the fertile farmland there. Regionalization of gully erosion can reveal the spatial distribution and regularity of the development of gully erosion. Based on the eco-geographical regional background features of the black soil area, this study combined the regionalization with influencing factors of the development of gully erosion. GIS spatial analysis, geostatistical analysis, spatial statistics, reclassification, debris polygon processing and map algebra methods were employed. As a result, the black soil area was divided into 12 subregions. The field survey data on type, length, volume and other characteristics indicators of gully erosion were used to calibrate the results. Then the features of every subregion, such as where the gully erosion is, how serious it is, and why it happens and develops, were expounded. The result is not only an essential prerequisite for gully erosion surveys and monitoring, but also an important basis for gully erosion prevention.

Wind Tunnel Study of Multiple Factors Affecting Wind Erosion from Cropland in Agro-pastoral Area of Inner Mongolia,China

In this paper,the process of wind erosion on two kinds of soil from the agro-pastoral area of Inner Mongolia are studied using wind tunnel experiments,considering the wind speed,blown angle of wind and soil moisture content.The results showed that the modulus of soil wind erosion increases with an increase of wind speed.When the wind speed exceeds a critical value,the soil wind erosion suddenly increases.The critical speed for both kinds of soil is within the range of 7-8m·s-1.For a constant wind speed,the rate of soil wind erosion changes from increasing to falling at a critical soil slope.The critical slope of loam soil and sandy loam soil is 20° and 10°,respectively.Soil moisture content has a significant effect on wind erosion.Soil wind erosion of both soils decreases with an increase of the soil water content in two treatments,however,for treatment two,the increasing trends of wind erosion for two soils with the falling of soil water content are no significant,especially for the loam soil,and in the same soil water content,the wind erosion of two soils in treatment one is significantly higher than treatment two,this indicates reducing the disturbance of soil surface can evidently control the soil wind erosion.

不同形态河谷沉积物中稀土元素的粒径分布特征

稀土元素(REE)作为一种重要的土壤侵蚀示踪元素,明确其含量随土壤颗粒粒径的变化特征,对准确量化土壤侵蚀速率具有重要意义。本研究基于Samonova等采样测定的不同粒径范围(<1、1~10、10~50、50~250和250~1 000μm)土壤/沉积物颗粒中的REE含量,分析了俄罗斯普罗特瓦河左岸河谷形态(“U”和“V”形谷)、地貌部位(坡面、沟坡/沟壁、沟道底部和洪积扇)、侵蚀(坡面、沟坡/沟壁)和沉积(沟道底部和洪积扇)环境对土壤/沉积物REE含量、富集系数等的影响。结果表明:(1)“U”和“V”形谷四类地貌下,轻稀土(LREE)、重稀土(HREE)和总稀土(ΣREE)含量均随颗粒粒径变粗呈降低趋势。在相同地貌部位,“U”形谷细颗粒(<50μm)中LREE、HREE和ΣREE含量较“V”形谷分别低14.6%~24.7%、10.0%~33.5%和14.2%~21.1%。(2)无论河谷形态和地貌部位,LREE和HREE均明显富集在细颗粒中,尤其是“V”形谷,LREE和HREE主要富集在<10μm的颗粒中。(3)对比侵蚀和沉积区,“U”和“V”形谷沉积区细颗粒中LREE和HREE的富集程度均显著(P<0.05)大于侵蚀区。可见,无论河谷形态、地貌部位和侵蚀沉积区,REE均主要富集在细颗粒中;但河谷形态和侵蚀、沉积对REE含量的粒径分布有重要影响。

桂林地区石灰岩表面生物岩溶溶蚀作用研究

桂林岩溶区石灰岩表面生物岩溶溶蚀形态可分为四类:(1)微溶孔,包括壳状内生地衣微溶孔和藻类微溶孔;(2)溶孔,藻类成因的口小腹大的囊袋状溶蚀;(3)溶坑,藻类、地衣、苔藓及腐殖土成因的柱状、锥状、半球状溶蚀;(4)溶盆,各类生物及腐殖土共同作用而成的壁陡底平的盆状溶蚀。经对桂林靖江王墓群石灰岩雕像上生物岩溶溶孔的粗略统计计算,本地区最大直接生物岩溶溶蚀率为17.87mm/ka,约占区域混合岩溶溶蚀率20％。

晋西黄土地区流域侵蚀地貌研究（Ⅰ）──特征与分异规律

本文首次采用流域调查法研究晋西黄土地区流域侵蚀地貌，即以流域为单元对流域侵蚀地貌特征进行调查和量算，并在此基础上，详尽分析了影响侵蚀地貌形成的地质、地面组成物质、沟道纵坡、降雨、风及人为等因素，探讨了晋西黄土地区流域侵蚀地貌的分异规律（据水平分异规律划分四个区，据垂直分异规律划分了五个带），为该区域流域综合治理提供可参考的理论依据。

Changes in SOC and Nutrients under Intensive Tillage in Two Types of Slope Landscapes

The net effect of tillage erosion on soil properties would be associated with the spatial variation in soil constituents,and therefore plays an important role in ecological agriculture.We conducted a consecutive tillage by hoeing 15 times during a period with no rainfall in the two slope landscapes(a linear slope and complex slope) of the Yangtze Three Gorges reservoir areas,to examine the relationship between soil erosion rates and the variations in soil chemical properties and compare the effects of soil redistribution on SOC and nutrients between the linear and complex slopes.After the simulated tillage,notable changes in 137 Cs inventories of the soil occurred in the summit and toeslope positions on the linear slope,while there were significant changes in 137 Cs inventories at convex and concave positions on the complex slope.Soil profile disappeared at the summit slope boundary,with the exposure area of 16.0% and 7.6% of the experimental plot,respectively,for the linear and complex slopes due to no soil replacement.Soil organic C and nutrients were completely depleted with the disappearance of soil profiles at soil eroding zones,whereas a remarkable increase in SOC,total N and available nutrient concentrations of the post-tillage surface soil and a decrease in total nutrient concentrations(P and K) were found at depositional zones on the linear slope.For the complex slope,however,changes in SOC and nutrient concentrations of the post-tillage surface soil exhibited a patterndifferent from that on the linear slope,which showed a remarkable decrease in SOC and total nutrient concentrations but a slight increase in available nutrient concentrations after tillage in the toeslope position.Due to the gradual increase in soil depth from top to bottom of the slope,SOC and nutrient inventories in the soil profiles were significantly correlated with soil redistribution rates on both the linear and complex slopes.Tillage causes remarkable changes of soil chemical properties in the surface soil layer and soil profile,and increases SOC and nutrient inventories for the soil profile downslope in steeply sloping landscapes.

The assessment of soil loss by water erosion in China

Soil erosion is a major environmental problem in China.Planning for soil erosion control requires accurate soil erosion rate and spatial distribution information.The aim of this article is to present the methods and results of the national soil erosion survey of China completed in 2011.A multi-stage,unequal probability,systematic area sampling method was employed.A total of 32,948 sample units,which were either 0.2-3 km2 small catchments or 1 km2 grids,were investigated on site.Soil erosion rates were calculated with the Chinese Soil Loss Equation in 10 m by 10 m grids for each sample unit,along with the area of soil loss exceeding the soil loss tolerance and the proportion of area in excess of soil loss tolerance relative to the total land area of the sample units.Maps were created by using a spatial interpolation method at national,river basin,and provincial scales.Results showed that the calculated average soil erosion rate was 5 t ha-1 yr-1 in China,and was 18.2 t ha-1 yr-1 for sloped,cultivated cropland.Intensive soil erosion occurred on cropland,overgrazing grassland,and sparsely forested land.The proportions of soil loss tolerance exceedance areas of sample units were interpolated through the country in 250 m grids.The national average ratio was 13.5%,which represents the area of land in China that requires the implementation of soil conservation practices.These survey results and the maps provide the basic information for national conservation planning and policymaking.