Reducing the Internal Difference Error Rate in Hospital Pharmacies:From the Angle of Quality Control Circle

Objective To improve the management level of pharmacy dispensing center,reduce dispensing errors and promote the safety of drug use.Methods Hospital pharmacies could be managed according to the theory of quality control circle(QCC).Based on the ten steps of QCC,the internal difference error rate in pharmacies could be reduced.Results and Conclusion The error rate of pharmacies was reduced from 2.74‰to 0.57‰,and the goal achievement rate was 108.466.Besides,the progress rate reached 84.82%.The abilities of circle members were improved,and the operation of pharmacy was more standardized.The activity of QCC is helpful to reduce the internal difference error rate,improve the operation level of pharmacy and ensure the safety of drug use.

CLOSED-FORM ERROR RATES OF STBC SYSTEMS AND ITS PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

The closed-form solutions for error rates of Space-Time Block Code (STBC) Multiple Phase Shift Keying (MPSK) systems are derived in this paper. With characteristic function based method and the partial integration based respectively, the exact expressions of error rates are obtained for (2,1) STBC with and without channel estimation error. Simulations show that the practical error rates accord with the theoretical ones, so closed-form error rates are accurate references for STBC performance evaluation. For the error of pilot assisted channel estimation, the performance of a (2,1) STBC system is deteriorated about 3dB.

A Simulation Based Comparison of Correlation Coefficients with Regard to Type I Error Rate and Power

In this simulation study, five correlation coefficients, namely, Pearson, Spearman, Kendal Tau, Permutation-based, and Winsorized were compared in terms of Type I error rate and power under different scenarios where the underlying distributions of the variables of interest, sample sizes and correlation patterns were varied. Simulation results showed that the Type I error rate and power of Pearson correlation coefficient were negatively affected by the distribution shapes especially for small sample sizes, which was much more pronounced for Spearman Rank and Kendal Tau correlation coefficients especially when sample sizes were small. In general, Permutation-based and Winsorized correlation coefficients are more robust to distribution shapes and correlation patterns, regardless of sample size. In conclusion, when assumptions of Pearson correlation coefficient are not satisfied, Permutation-based and Winsorized correlation coefficients seem to be better alternatives.

Symbol Error Rate Performance Analysis of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access for Visible Light Communications

Non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA) is considered as one of promising radio access techniques for visible light communications(VLC) in next-generation wireless communications systems.In order to provide theoretical support for designing VLC-NOMA,we derive its analytic expressions for the symbol error rate(SER).Specifically,NOMA is first incorporated with appropriate VLC to establish a VLC-NOMA framework.Afterwards,mathematical expressions of the SER for the VLC-NOMA are developed.Moreover,numerical results are provided carefully to demonstrate that the proposed VLC-NOMA scheme outperforms than state-of-the-art orthogonal frequency division multiple access(OFDMA) one in terms of SER performance.Finally,relationships between the SER performance and the number of users,power allocation coefficient and semi-angle are well investigated,which can give us a scientific guide to devise the VLC-NOMA system for achieving better SER performance.

Prediction of proton-induced SEE error rates for the VATA160 ASIC

We predict proton single event effect(SEE)error rates for the VATA160 ASIC chip on the Dark Matter Particle Explorer(DAMPE) to evaluate its radiation tolerance.Lacking proton test facilities,we built a Monte Carlo simulation tool named PRESTAGE to calculate the proton SEE cross-sections.PRESTAGE is based on the particle transport toolkit Geant4.It adopts a location-dependent strategy to derive the SEE sensitivity of the device from heavy-ion test data,which have been measured at the HI-13 tandem accelerator of the China Institute of Atomic Energy and the heavy-ion research facility in Lanzhou.The AP-8,SOLPRO,and August 1972 worst-case models are used to predict the average and peak proton fluxes on the DAMPE orbit.Calculation results show that the averaged proton SEE error rate for the VATA160 chip is approximately 2.17×10^(-5)/device/day.Worst-case error rates for the Van Allen belts and solar energetic particle events are 1-3 orders of magnitude higher than the averaged error rate.

Performance Analysis of Outage Probability and Error Rate of Square M-QAM in Mobile Wireless Communication Systems over Generalized α-μ Fading Channels with Non-Gaussian Noise

This paper derives new and exact closed-form expressions for the average symbol error rate(SER) of square M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation(M-QAM) in wireless communication systems over theα-μfading channels subject to an additive non-Gaussian noise. The obtained expressions take into account static and mobile wireless receivers. In addition, a closed-form expression for the outage probability in mobile networks is obtained. Please note that all derived expressions in this paper a valid for integer and non-integer values of the fading parameters. Analytical results are presented to study the impact of noise shaping parameter, severity of fading, and mobility on the average SER. Monte-Carlo simulations results are also provided to validate the accuracy of the analytical results.

Error Rate Estimation in Quantum Key Distribution with Finite Resources

The goal of quantum key distribution(QKD) is to generate secret key shared between two distant players,Alice and Bob. We present the connection between sampling rate and erroneous judgment probability when estimating error rate with random sampling method, and propose a method to compute optimal sampling rate, which can maximize final secure key generation rate. These results can be applied to choose the optimal sampling rate and improve the performance of QKD system with finite resources.

Error rate performance of Hybrid QAM-FSK in OFDM systems exhibiting low PAPR

Multicarrier transmission systems like orthogonal frequency division multiplexing （OFDM） support high data rate and generally require no equalization at the receiver, making them simple and efficient. This paper studies the design and performance analysis of a hybrid modulation system derived from multifrequency and MQAM signals, employed in OFDM. This modulation scheme has better bit error rate （BER） performance and exhibits low PAPR. The proposed hybrid modulator reduces PAPR while keeping the OFDM transceiver design simple, as it does not require any side information or a little side information （only one bit） to be sent and is efficient for arbitrary number of subcarriers. The results of the implementations are compared with those of conventional OFDM system.

Arbitrary Decode-Forward Relaying with Re-Encoded Bits Selection Strategy for Polar Codes

In this paper,we propose an arbitrary decode-forward single-relay scheme for finite blocklength polar codes,which can be applied to the general symmetric discrete memoryless relay channel with orthogonal receiver components.The relay node decodes the received message.The relay node selectively re-encodes the message and transmits it to the destination node.Furthermore,in order to minimize the upper-bound of the block error probability,we propose a selection strategy to decide the proper re-encoded bit set by the relay.Simulation results are presented to illustrate the improvement in decoding performance of the proposed scheme compared to conventional relay schemes in both additive white Gaussian noise(AWGN)channel and Rayleigh fading channel(RFC).

ADS-B Reception Error Correction Based on the LSTM Neural-Network Model

Standard automatic dependent surveillance broadcast (ADS-B) reception algorithms offer considerable performance at high signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). However, the performance of ADS-B algorithms in applications can be problematic at low SNRs and in high interference situations, as detecting and decoding techniques may not perform correctly in such circumstances. In addition, conventional error correction algorithms have limitations in their ability to correct errors in ADS-B messages, as the bit and confidence values may be declared inaccurately in the event of low SNRs and high interference. The principal goal of this paper is to deploy a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) recurrent neural network model for error correction in conjunction with a conventional algorithm. The data of various flights are collected and cleaned in an initial stage. The clean data is divided randomly into training and test sets. Next, the LSTM model is trained based on the training dataset, and then the model is evaluated based on the test dataset. The proposed model not only improves the ADS-B In packet error correction rate (PECR), but it also enhances the ADS-B In terms of sensitivity. The performance evaluation results reveal that the proposed scheme is achievable and efficient for the avionics industry. It is worth noting that the proposed algorithm is not dependent on conventional algorithms’ prerequisites.

A Harmonic Approach to Handwriting Style Synthesis Using Deep Learning

The challenging task of handwriting style synthesis requires capturing the individuality and diversity of human handwriting.The majority of currently available methods use either a generative adversarial network(GAN)or a recurrent neural network(RNN)to generate new handwriting styles.This is why these techniques frequently fall short of producing diverse and realistic text pictures,particularly for terms that are not commonly used.To resolve that,this research proposes a novel deep learning model that consists of a style encoder and a text generator to synthesize different handwriting styles.This network excels in generating conditional text by extracting style vectors from a series of style images.The model performs admirably on a range of handwriting synthesis tasks,including the production of text that is out-of-vocabulary.It works more effectively than previous approaches by displaying lower values on key Generative Adversarial Network evaluation metrics,such Geometric Score(GS)(3.21×10^(-5))and Fréchet Inception Distance(FID)(8.75),as well as text recognition metrics,like Character Error Rate(CER)and Word Error Rate(WER).A thorough component analysis revealed the steady improvement in image production quality,highlighting the importance of specific handwriting styles.Applicable fields include digital forensics,creative writing,and document security.

CNN-AE在超奈奎斯特无线光通信端到端系统中的性能

符号间干扰的存在使超奈奎斯特(faster-than-Nyquist, FTN)速率无线光通信系统的性能受到严重影响,针对此问题,提出了一种基于卷积神经网络自编码器的端到端通信系统来消除符号间干扰的影响并完成信号的恢复。针对超奈奎斯特信号非正交的特性,采用交替训练算法分别训练发射机和接收机权重,解决监督训练中模型输入输出数据尺寸不匹配的问题。在此基础上,分析了该系统在Gamma-Gamma大气信道中的误码率(bit error rate, BER)性能。仿真结果证明,与采用最大似然估计的传统系统相比,该系统的误码率性能在各种条件因素影响下都有不同程度的提高。当加速因子在Mazo限内时,该系统可以消除FTN成型和湍流信道带来的复杂混合码间干扰,其误码性能几乎与正交传输系统相等。

Lower bound on BER performance for maximal ratio combining with weighting errors

The theoretical lower bounds on mean squared channel estimation errors for typical fading channels are presented by the infinite-length and non-causal Wiener filter and the exact closed-form expressions of the lower bounds for different channel Doppler spectra are derived. Based on the obtained lower bounds on mean squared channel estimation errors, the limits on bit error rate （BER） for maximal ratio combining （MRC） with Gaussian distributed weighting errors on independent and identically distributed （i. i. d） fading channels are presented. Numerical results show that the BER performances of ideal MRC are the lower bounds on the BER performances of non-ideal MRC and deteriorate as the maximum Doppler frequency increases or the SNR of channel estimate decreases.

时间反转直扩通信系统及性能分析

时间反转传输技术的空时聚焦特性能够有效地提升通信系统的性能.本文设计了一种将时间反转技术应用于直扩通信系统的方案,并对多径衰落信道下单用户和多用户系统的接收信干噪比、系统容量、误比特率等性能进行了理论分析与仿真验证.理论与仿真结果表明,通过时间反转预处理,直扩通信系统的性能得到了改善,且优于复杂度较高的多通道Rake接收的系统,且多径数目越多,优势越明显.

一种支持向量机的相干解调系统误码率模拟预测算法

针对信道中高斯加性噪声引起接收端相干解调系统的误码问题,提出了一种支持向量机的相干解调系统误码率模拟预测算法,为提高通信系统的抗噪特性提供研究基础。文中采用差分进化算法与支持向量机SVM算法相结合的方法,通过差分进化算法优化SVM算法中的惩罚因子与高斯径向基的核函数参数,并对模拟环境下相干解调系统受高斯加性噪声影响所产生的误码数据进行了预测。实验结果表明,基于差分进化的SVM算法预测模型相比经典遗传算法预测精度提高了3.7%,预测精度基本满足误码率数据的预测要求,并具有较强的泛化能力。

Error Estimations, Error Computations, and Convergence Rates in FEM for BVPs

This paper presents derivation of a priori error estimates and convergence rates of finite element processes for boundary value problems (BVPs) described by self adjoint, non-self adjoint, and nonlinear differential operators. A posteriori error estimates are discussed in context with local approximations in higher order scalar product spaces. A posteriori error computational framework (without the knowledge of theoretical solution) is presented for all BVPs regardless of the method of approximation employed in constructing the integral form. This enables computations of local errors as well as the global errors in the computed finite element solutions. The two most significant and essential aspects of the research presented in this paper that enable all of the features described above are: 1) ensuring variational consistency of the integral form(s) resulting from the methods of approximation for self adjoint, non-self adjoint, and nonlinear differential operators and 2) choosing local approximations for the elements of a discretization in a subspace of a higher order scalar product space that is minimally conforming, hence ensuring desired global differentiability of the approximations over the discretizations. It is shown that when the theoretical solution of a BVP is analytic, the a priori error estimate (in the asymptotic range, discussed in a later section of the paper) is independent of the method of approximation or the nature of the differential operator provided the resulting integral form is variationally consistent. Thus, the finite element processes utilizing integral forms based on different methods of approximation but resulting in VC integral forms result in the same a priori error estimate and convergence rate. It is shown that a variationally consistent (VC) integral form has best approximation property in some norm, conversely an integral form with best approximation property in some norm is variationally consistent. That is best approximation property of the integral form and the VC of the integral form is equivalent, one cannot exist without the other, hence can be used interchangeably. Dimensional model problems consisting of diffusion equation, convection-diffusion equation, and Burgers equation described by self adjoint, non-self adjoint, and nonlinear differential operators are considered to present extensive numerical studies using Galerkin method with weak form (GM/WF) and least squares process (LSP) to determine computed convergence rates of various error norms and present comparisons with the theoretical convergence rates.

联合RIS子块与接收天线的索引调制方案性能分析

利用大量无源反射器件设计的可重构智能表面(RIS),具有拓展无线通信覆盖范围、降低系统成本/功耗和提升未来通信系统性能的优势;而索引调制(IM),通过激活通信资源的子集可实现信息的隐性传输,有望为无线通信带来更高的频谱效率和能量效率,因此,为进一步提升未来无线通信系统的性能,该论文融合RIS与IM技术,提出一种联合RIS子块与接收天线的IM方案。在该方案中,按照相邻原则,将RIS反射元件分割为若干子块,进而利用RIS子块索引与接收天线索引同时实现附加信息传递,即对待传输比特序列,将其分割为三部分,其中第一部比特被调制为星座符号,第二部分用于指示RIS子块划分,第三部分用于指示接收天线索引;在此基础上,根据最大似然(ML)检测的成对错误概率(PEP)解析形式,分四种情况,从理论上推导出对应的矩母函数(MGF),得到无条件PEP的解析表达式,最后得到该方案ML检测的平均误码率(ABER)性能上界。仿真结果表明,与现有RIS辅助的IM方案相比,无须增加额外频谱资源,所提方案的系统可达速率和系统差错性能方面均具有一定优势;同时,验证了ML检测的ABER上界具备严格一致性。

Security-Enhanced Directional Modulation Based on Two-Dimensional M-WFRFT

Directional modulation(DM)is one of the most promising secure communication techniques.However,when the eavesdropper is co-located with the legitimate receiver,the conventional DM has the disadvantages of weak anti-scanning capability,anti-deciphering capability,and low secrecy rate.In response to these problems,we propose a twodimensional multi-term weighted fractional Fourier transform aided DM scheme,in which the legitimate receiver and the transmitter use different transform terms and transform orders to encrypt and decrypt the confidential information.In order to further lower the probability of being deciphered by an eavesdropper,we use the subblock partition method to convert the one-dimensional modulated signal vector into a twodimensional signal matrix,increasing the confusion of the useful information.Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed DM scheme not only provides stronger anti-deciphering and anti-scanning capabilities but also improves the secrecy rate performance of the system.

外界干扰下车对车2×2 MIMO-VLC系统研究

为了研究干扰车辆和穿越道路行人对车对车可见光通信系统的影响,本文提出了带有外界干扰的车对车2×2 MIMO可见光通信模型.该模型以基于市场加权灯束模型的汽车前照灯作为2个发射器,以光电探测器作为2个接收器,考虑了间隔车道车辆和过道行人对系统性能的影响.研究结果表明:当误码率小于为10^(−4)时,同道、邻道和间隔车道车辆的纵向通信距离分别为:28 m、5~18 m、0 m;间隔车道的两车不能直接通信,但其前照灯发射光线会进入信号接收车辆从而对正常通信两车产生影响;行人穿越道路会使正常通信两车的误码率产生较大波动且存在积极影响,正常通信两车横向距离越大积极影响占比越高;本文提出的模型考虑了行人和车辆的干扰,为改善可见光通信在复杂交通网的应用效果提供了理论依据.