Analysis on the Error Types and the Causes of the Construction of"X什么(Y)+都+Z"

Using intermediate and advanced Chinese students as the research subjects,HSK corpus and questionnaire surveys were used to explore the error types in the construction of"X什么(Y)+都+Z."The types of errors can be divided into component errors,relationship errors between components,and collocation errors between components and sentences.The main reasons for the errors are the particularity of the construction,the immature development of construction teaching,the negative transfer of students5 mother tongue,as well as the generalization and avoidance of the target language.

ISHIKAWA TYPE ITERATIVE SEQUENCES WITH ERRORS FOR LIPSCHITZIAN φ-STRONGLY ACCRETIVE OPERATOR EQUATIONS IN ARBITRARY BANACH SPACES

In this paper, we investigate the problem of approximating solutions of the equations of Lipschitzian ψ-strongly accretive operators and fixed points of Lipschitzian ψ-hemicontractive operators by lshikawa type iterative sequences with errors. Our results unify, improve and extend the results obtained previously by several authors including Li and Liu (Acta Math. Sinica 41 (4)(1998), 845-850), and Osilike (Nonlinear Anal. TMA, 36(1)(1999), 1-9), and also answer completely the open problems mentioned by Chidume (J. Math. Anal. Appl. 151 (2)(1990), 453-461).

A Study Regarding Solution of a Knowledge Model Based on the Containing-Type Error Matrix Equation

An error matrix equation based on error matrix theory was presented in previous research of the error-eliminating theory. The purpose of solving the error matrix equation is to create a decision support on how to switch from bad to good status. A matrix based on error logic is used to express current status u, expectant status u1 and transformation matrix T. It is u, u1, and T that are used to build error matrix equation T (u)= u1. This allows us to find a method whereby bad status “u” changes to good status “u1” by solving the equation. The conversion method that transform from current to expectant status can be obtained from the transformation matrix T. On this basis, this paper proposes a new kind of error matrix equation named “containing-type error matrix equation”. This equation is more suitable for analyzing the realistic question. The method of solving, existence and form of solution for this type of equation have been presented in this paper. This research provides a potential useful new technique for decision analysis.

Effects of Multicollinearity on Type I Error of Some Methods of Detecting Heteroscedasticity in Linear Regression Model

Heteroscedasticity and multicollinearity are serious problems when they exist in econometrics data. These problems exist as a result of violating the assumptions of equal variance between the error terms and that of independence between the explanatory variables of the model. With these assumption violations, Ordinary Least Square Estimator (OLS) will not give best linear unbiased, efficient and consistent estimator. In practice, there are several structures of heteroscedasticity and several methods of heteroscedasticity detection. For better estimation result, best heteroscedasticity detection methods must be determined for any structure of heteroscedasticity in the presence of multicollinearity between the explanatory variables of the model. In this paper we examine the effects of multicollinearity on type I error rates of some methods of heteroscedasticity detection in linear regression model in other to determine the best method of heteroscedasticity detection to use when both problems exist in the model. Nine heteroscedasticity detection methods were considered with seven heteroscedasticity structures. Simulation study was done via a Monte Carlo experiment on a multiple linear regression model with 3 explanatory variables. This experiment was conducted 1000 times with linear model parameters of β0 = 4 , β1 = 0.4 , β2= 1.5 and β3 = 3.6. Five (5) levels of mulicollinearity are with seven (7) different sample sizes. The method’s performances were compared with the aids of set confidence interval (C.I.) criterion. Results showed that whenever multicollinearity exists in the model with any forms of heteroscedasticity structures, Breusch-Godfrey (BG) test is the best method to determine the existence of heteroscedasticity at all chosen levels of significance.

On the Distribution of Type II Errors in Hypothesis Testing

When a statistical test of hypothesis for a population mean is performed, we are faced with the possibility of committing a Type II error by not rejecting the null hypothesis when in fact the population mean has changed. We consider this issue and quantify matters in a manner that differs a bit from what is commonly done. In particular, we define the probability distribution function for Type II errors. We then explore some interesting properties that we have not seen mentioned elsewhere for this probability distribution function. Finally, we discuss several Maple procedures that can be used to perform various calculations using the distribution.

A Simulation Based Comparison of Correlation Coefficients with Regard to Type I Error Rate and Power

In this simulation study, five correlation coefficients, namely, Pearson, Spearman, Kendal Tau, Permutation-based, and Winsorized were compared in terms of Type I error rate and power under different scenarios where the underlying distributions of the variables of interest, sample sizes and correlation patterns were varied. Simulation results showed that the Type I error rate and power of Pearson correlation coefficient were negatively affected by the distribution shapes especially for small sample sizes, which was much more pronounced for Spearman Rank and Kendal Tau correlation coefficients especially when sample sizes were small. In general, Permutation-based and Winsorized correlation coefficients are more robust to distribution shapes and correlation patterns, regardless of sample size. In conclusion, when assumptions of Pearson correlation coefficient are not satisfied, Permutation-based and Winsorized correlation coefficients seem to be better alternatives.

机场旅客人身检查双设备系统的安检成本研究

为了节约机场旅客人身安检成本,研究基于通过式金属门和毫米波人体成像设备的双设备系统,在确保系统安全性的前提下,对安检成本进行优化。人身安检设备在检查旅客时会产生错误报警和错误放行两类错误,通过正态分布模拟安检设备的响应,利用设备报警阈值控制两类错误发生的概率。所有旅客经过一阶段通过式金属门检查后,然后根据通过式金属门的报警情况确定是否进行二阶段毫米波人体成像设备检查,组合双设备的报警情况确定系统报警和系统放行。在两类错误可接受范围内分析两种安检规则的安全性,确定严格和普通安检通道最佳的安检规则。针对两种安检规则,以系统两类错误为限制条件,分别建立安检成本的非线性规划模型,最后利用蒙特卡罗模拟法求解。结果表明:安检规则1适合普通安检通道,安检规则2适合严格安检通道;两种规则的最低安检成本相近,安检规则1的人均安检成本低于安检规则2。

非汉字圈汉语学习者汉字部件偏误类型特征及发展研究

本研究通过收集来自50多个非汉字圈国家不同汉语水平汉语学习者约121,000字的作文书写语料,建立非汉字圈汉语学习者错别字语料库,并以该语料库语料为研究对象,使用偏误分析方法考察了非汉字圈汉语学习者汉字部件偏误,并将偏误类型分为部件相混、部件丢失、部件增加、部件模糊、部件漂移五种。本研究具体从部件形体、部件数量及部件关系位置三个角度对非汉字圈汉语学习者部件偏误类型的总体特征进行了分析,从汉字本体、学习者、教学三方面对汉字部件偏误的产生原因进行了解释,研究了汉语水平等级不同(初级、中级、高级)的非汉字圈汉语学习者相应的部件偏误类型分布及发展特点,最后针对非汉字圈汉语学习者的汉字部件教学提出了几点教学建议与对策。

不同手术类型对乳腺癌放射治疗精确度的影响

目的研究乳腺癌改良的根治性乳房切除术(根治)、早期保乳手术(保乳)、假体植入3种手术类型对其放射治疗精确度的影响,为不同手术类型的患者制定个性化放疗方案。方法随机选择2023年2—7月就诊于厦门大学附属第一医院肿瘤放射治疗科行旋转调强治疗的乳腺癌放射治疗患者37例进行回顾性分析,其中乳腺根治患者13例,保乳患者11例,假体植入患者13例。每例患者除首次锥形束CT(Cone beam CT,CBCT)复位外,每5天在治疗前采集1次CBCT,并与定位图像进行配准,记录腹背(ventral-dorsal,VRT)、头脚(cranial-caudal,LNG)、左右(lateral,LAT)3个方向的误差值。共收集误差数据150组,其中根治61组,保乳38组,假体植入51组,并对误差进行分析。结果根治组在三维方向的摆位误差分别为:VRT[-1.80(-3.20,-0.20)]mm,LNG[-2.20(1.10,3.05)]mm,LAT[-3.30(-1.10,1.65)]mm,保乳组在三维方向的摆位误差分别为:VRT[-0.20(-1.03,1.03)]mm,LNG[1.40(-2.20,3.00)]mm,LAT[0.15(-3.05,2.90)]mm,假体植入组在三维方向的摆位误差分别为:VRT[-1.00(-3.00,0.70)]mm,LNG[-1.00(-3.00,1.80)]mm,LAT[0(-2.00,2.80)]mm,对3组数据进行K个独立样本的非参数检验和事后多重比较显示,根治组和保乳组在VRT方向比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。3组在LNG,LAT方向上比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。3组不同手术类型在三维方向上的计划靶区(planning target volume,PTV)边界分别为根治组(4.18,6.19,7.52 mm),保乳组(4.71,6.53,8.01mm),假体植入组(6.17,7.53,6.29 mm)。结论不同手术类型对乳腺癌放射治疗精确度影响不同,在VRT方向上根治组的摆位误差大于保乳组,可根据不同的手术类型个性化选择固定方式以提高患者的摆位精确度。除此之外,每个肿瘤中心可根据不同的手术类型计算适合自己中心的PTV外扩范围以给予临床医生建议。

面向新型配电网的能观性分析与精细化协同规划方法

现代控制理论和电力系统状态估计中的能观性定义难以满足配电网态势感知的需求,配电网规划模型中也缺乏对能观指标的考虑,为此,提出面向新型配电网的能观性分析与精细化协同规划方法。对配电网的变量与状态空间模型进行定义,并根据传统能观性定义对配电网中的传统/新型变量进行能观性分析;基于传统能观性定义的缺陷提出新的配电网能观性和能观指标定义,并建立考虑能观性的配电网精细化协同规划模型。算例分析结果表明,所提规划方法考虑了实际量测误差的影响,实现了一次网架规划和二次态势感知设备配置的综合最优,达到了经济性和能观性的平衡。

Dashnic-Zusmanovich type矩阵线性互补问题的误差界新研究

研究Dashnic-Zusmanovich type矩阵A的线性互补问题的误差界估计问题,在已有A的元素的逆矩阵无穷范数估计式的基础上,给出A的线性互补问题的误差界.对于该问题的研究进一步完善了关于Dashnic-Zusmanovich type矩阵的相关研究.最后,用数值算例进行了补充说明.

A Study of Writing Errors of Chinese College Non-English Majors

English writing instruction plays an important role in foreign language education. This study aims to explore EFL learners' major writing problems by analyzing the nature and distribution of the writing errors of 98 second-year non-English majors of Xingtai College. The error analysis found that there were four major error types, they were: word choice, verb form, subject missing and verb tense. The author suggested four appropriate instructional strategies for English teachers to help to enhance students' writing proficiency.

二元逻辑回归模型中的一阶近似刀切修正岭型估计

在二元逻辑回归模型中,基于一阶近似修正岭型估计方法和刀切法提出了一类新估计,即一阶近似刀切修正岭型估计,探讨得到了新估计在均方误差等准则下优于一阶近似修正岭型估计、一阶近似极大似然估计的充分条件,同时通过数值模拟和实证分析对部分理论结果进行了说明,结果显示,当满足理论结果中的条件时,一阶近似刀切修正岭型估计在相关准则下优于一阶近似修正岭型估计、一阶近似极大似然估计。

INFLUENCE OF THE SPECTRAL TYPE OF A STAR ON THE DETERMINATION OF ITS DECLINATION

The comparison of dec1inations from the Preliminary Compilation of DS-Pr0grammeStar Positions (PCDS) with those contained in the catalogues observed with meridian circlesof several northern observatories (Belgrade, Kiev, Moscow l, Moscow 2, Kazan) shows thesystematic differences depending on the spectral type of stars involved. The effect canprobably be explained by the differences in the atmospheric refraction for different spectraltypes.

STRONG CODING THEOREM AND ASYMPTOTIC ERROR EXPONENT OF ARBITRARILY VARYING SOURCE

ＳＴＲＯＮＧＣＯＤＩＮＧＴＨＥＯＲＥＭＡＮＤＡＳＹＭＰＴＯＴＩＣＥＲＲＯＲＥＸＰＯＮＥＮＴＯＦＡＲＢＩＴＲＡＲＩＬＹＶＡＲＹＩＮＧＳＯＵＲＣＥ符方伟，沈世镒）￥ＦｉＦａｎｇｗｅｉ；ＳｈｅｎＳｉｙｉ（Ｄｅｐｔ．ｏｆＭａｔｈ．，ＮａｎｋａｉＵｎｉｖ．，Ｔ...

Sensitivity and Specificity Analysis Relation to Statistical Hypothesis Testing and Its Errors: Application to Cryptosporidium Detection Techniques

The use of Statistical Hypothesis Testing procedure to determine type I and type II errors was linked to the measurement of sensitivity and specificity in clinical trial test and experimental pathogen detection techniques. A theoretical analysis of establishing these types of errors was made and compared to determination of False Positive, False Negative, True Positive and True Negative. Experimental laboratory detection methods used to detect Cryptosporidium spp. were used to highlight the relationship between hypothesis testing, sensitivity, specificity and predicted values. The study finds that, sensitivity and specificity for the two laboratory methods used for Cryptosporidium detection were low hence lowering the probability of detecting a “false null hypothesis” for the presence of cryptosporidium in the water samples using either Microscopic or PCR. Nevertheless, both procedures for cryptosporidium detection had higher “true negatives” increasing its probability of failing to reject a “true null hypothesis” with specificity of 1.00 for both Microscopic and PCR laboratory detection methods.

ON APPROXIMATION AND GENERALIZED TYPE OF ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL COMPLEX VARIABLES

In the present paper, we study the polynomial approximation of analytic functions of several complex variables. The characterizations of generalized type of analytic functions of several complex variables have been obtained in terms of approximation and interpolation errors.

“正确的错误观”——论教育场域中的错误及其对待

错误在教育中是一个不可避免、不可或缺的要素。如何看待错误,至关重要。错误是判断的结果,而判断需要标准。不同的标准,不同的错误类型。教育场域中的错误主体不单是受教育者,还包括教育者、教育机构。受教育者的错误具有成长与发展等多重意义,而教育者、教育机构的错误则会对受教育者、教育事业造成伤害。因此,教育场域应该树立的“正确的错误观”,包括教育者、教育机构自身错误重于学生错误;对学生“犯错权”最低限度的承认;学生犯错之后的“双向反应”;不同的错误,不同对待;教育优于处罚等。