Empirical Research on the Relationship between Education Poverty Alleviation and Rural Revitalization—Spatial Panel Simultaneous Equation Model Based on Provincial Panel Data

On the basis of using entropy weight method to measure China’s education poverty alleviation and rural revitalization evaluation indicators, using the panel data of 30 provinces in China (excluding Xizang, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan) from 2012 to 2021, a spatial panel simultaneous equation model is constructed based on adjacency matrix, geographical distance matrix and economic geographical distance matrix deeply study the interaction mechanism and spatial spillover effects between education poverty alleviation and rural revitalization through the generalized spatial three-stage least squares method (GS3SLS). The results indicate that there is a significant spatial spillover effect and a positive spatial correlation between education poverty alleviation and rural revitalization, and there is a significant interactive effect between the two variables, while promoting each other positively. Therefore, the government should clarify the deep relationship between education poverty alleviation and rural revitalization based on the current background, and better consolidate and expand the effective connection between the achievements of education poverty alleviation and rural revitalization.

Computer Methodologies for the Comparison of Some Efficient Derivative FreeSimultaneous Iterative Methods for Finding Roots of Non-Linear Equations

In this article,we construct the most powerful family of simultaneous iterative method with global convergence behavior among all the existing methods in literature for finding all roots of non-linear equations.Convergence analysis proved that the order of convergence of the family of derivative free simultaneous iterative method is nine.Our main aim is to check out the most regularly used simultaneous iterative methods for finding all roots of non-linear equations by studying their dynamical planes,numerical experiments and CPU time-methodology.Dynamical planes of iterative methods are drawn by using MATLAB for the comparison of global convergence properties of simultaneous iterative methods.Convergence behavior of the higher order simultaneous iterative methods are also illustrated by residual graph obtained from some numerical test examples.Numerical test examples,dynamical behavior and computational efficiency are provided to present the performance and dominant efficiency of the newly constructed derivative free family of simultaneous iterative method over existing higher order simultaneous methods in literature.

A System of Simultaneous Equations (SEM) for the Study of the Effectiveness of the Japanese Monetary Policy

In this paper, the authors study the effectiveness of the Japanese monetary policy set by the Bank of Japan (BOJ) to contrast the three major crises that the country has experienced since the second half of the 90s: that of the lost decade, that of 2008 and that of the Covid-19 pandemic. To this end, they use a particular type of mathematical-statistical model that is widely applied today in the economic field, namely a simultaneous equation model (SEM). This simultaneous equation model is estimated through an Iteratively reweighted least squares (IRLS) using quarterly historical series in the sample period Q1 1994 - Q2 2020. All data are in real terms. The results, appropriately compared with those of other authors, suggest that the monetary policy has a (limited) impact only on the interbank market. The fiscal policy, instead, has a greater ability to influence the money supply, the private consumption and the inflation expectations.

Household Income and Expenditure Relationships： A Simultaneous Equation Approach

Income and expenditure are highlighted in this study as they currently affect the quality of life of the Malaysian society. In the Ninth Malaysia Plan （2006-2010） poverty eradication was emphasized as one of the socio-economic targets to uplift those poor households from the fast moving modern sectors of the economy. The primary objective of this paper is therefore to identify income and expenditure relationships among the households of the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia during the current economic downturn. Attempts to analyze household consumption as a share of total income and to identify factors contributing to household income and expenditure have become a topic of interest in literature. A substantial portion of household income devoted to productive loans characterizes the majority of Malaysians as the economy progresses to a more advance stage. A significant and strong relationship between income and types of household expenditure is explored from the socio-economic perspectives. Using primary data a system of simultaneous equations, namely the two stage least squares （2SLS） was applied. This paper identifies crucial variables associated with the income and expenditure. Some of these variables showing high correlation with the total expenditure are the housing loan, automobile loan and educational expenditure.

Estimating Crash Rate of Freeway Segments Using Simultaneous Equation Model

This study develops crash rate prediction models based on the premise that crash frequencies observed from adjacent paired non-weaving and weaving freeway segments are spatially correlated and therefore requires a simultaneous equation modeling approach. Simultaneous equation models for paired freeway non-weaving segments and weaving segments along with combined three freeway segments upstream and downstream were developed to investigate the relationship of crash rate with freeway characteristics. The endogenous variables have significant coefficients which indicate that unobserved variables exist on these contiguous segments, resulting in different crash rates. AADT is a variable that can show the interaction between the traffic and crashes on these contiguous segments. The results corroborate such an interaction. By comparing the simultaneous equation model and the multiple linear regression model, it is shown that more model parameters in the simultaneous models are significant than those from linear regression model. This demonstrates the existence of the correlation between the interchange and between-interchange segments. It is crucial that some variables like segment length can be identified significant in the simultaneous model, which provides a way to quantify the safety impact of freeway development.

SOLUTION OF SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS OF COSINE LAW ARISING FROM SUBJECTIVITY GEOMETRY

This paper discusses the solution of a group of two-order six elements rooted algebraic simultaneous equations set up by cosine law arising from the application example of subjectivity geometry[1]. By means of the implicit function theorem, this paper proves that there exists a unique real solution of those equations. Transforming this problem into an unconstrained nonlinear optimization problem, the solution can be found by known methods. 4 numerical example by descent method is given.

Zoeppritz equation-based prestack inversion and its application in fluid identification

Prestack seismic inversion methods adopt approximations of the Zoeppritz equations to describe the relation between reflection coefficients and P-wave velocity, S-wave velocity, and density. However, the error in these approximations increases with increasing angle of incidence and variation of the elastic parameters, which increases the number of inversion solutions and minimizes the inversion accuracy. In this study, we explore a method for solving the reflection coefficients by using the Zoeppritz equations. To increase the accuracy of prestack inversion, the simultaneous inversion of P-wave velocity, S-wave velocity, and density by using prestack large-angle seismic data is proposed based on generalized linear inversion theory. Moreover, we reduce the ill posedness and increase the convergence of prestack inversion by using the regularization constraint damping factor and the conjugate gradient algorithm. The proposed prestack inversion method uses prestack large-angle seismic data to obtain accurate seismic elastic parameters that conform to prestack seismic data and are consistent with logging data from wells.

Modeling compatible single-tree aboveground biomass equations for masson pine(Pinus massoniana) in southern China

Because of global climate change, it is necessary to add forest biomass estimation to national forest resource monitoring. The biomass equations developed for forest biomass estimation should be compatible with volume equations. Based on the tree volume and aboveground biomass data of Masson pine （Pinus massoniana Lamb.） in southern China, we constructed one-, two- and three-variable aboveground biomass equations and biomass conversion functions compatible with tree volume equations by using error-in-variable simultaneous equations. The prediction precision of aboveground biomass estimates from one variable equa- tion exceeded 95%. The regressions of aboveground biomass equations were improved slightly when tree height and crown width were used together with diameter on breast height, although the contributions to regressions were statistically insignificant. For the biomass conversion function on one variable, the conversion factor decreased with increasing diameter, but for the conversion function on two variables, the conversion factor increased with increasing diameter but decreased with in- creasing tree height.

Construction of tree volume equations for Chinese fir plantations in Guizhou Province, southwestern China

Forest volume, the major component of forest biomass, is an important issue in forest resource monitoring.It is estimated from tree volume tables or equations. Based on tree volume data of 1840 sample trees from Chinese fir （Cunninghamia lanceolata） plantations in Guizhou Province in southwestern China, parallel one- and two-variable tree volume tables and tree height curves for central and other areas were constructed using an error-in-variable modeling method. The results show that, although the one-variable tree volume equations and height curves between the central and other areas were significantly different, the two-variable volume equations were sufficiently close, so that a generalized two-variable tree volume equation could be established for the entire province.

On Computer Implementation for Comparison of Inverse Numerical Schemes for Non-Linear Equations

In this research article,we interrogate two new modifications in inverse Weierstrass iterative method for estimating all roots of non-linear equation simultaneously.These modifications enables us to accelerate the convergence order of inverse Weierstrass method from 2 to 3.Convergence analysis proves that the orders of convergence of the two newly constructed inverse methods are 3.Using computer algebra system Mathematica,we find the lower bound of the convergence order and verify it theoretically.Dynamical planes of the inverse simultaneous methods and classical iterative methods are generated using MATLAB(R2011b),to present the global convergence properties of inverse simultaneous iterative methods as compared to classical methods.Some non-linear models are taken from Physics,Chemistry and engineering to demonstrate the performance and efficiency of the newly constructed methods.Computational CPU time,and residual graphs of the methods are provided to present the dominance behavior of our newly constructed methods as compared to existing inverse and classical simultaneous iterative methods in the literature.

New Neumerical Method to Calculate Time-Dependent Quantum Properties in Finite Temperature Based on the Heisenberg Equation of Motion

For the purpose of computer calculation to evaluate time-dependent quantum properties in finite temperature, we propose new numerical method expressed in the forms of simultaneous differential equations. At first we derive the equation of motion in finite temperature, which is found to be same expression as Heisenberg equation of motion except for the c-number. Based on this equation, we construct numerical method to estimate time-dependent physical properties in finite temperature precisely without using analytical procedures such as Keldysh formalism. Since our approach is so simple and is based on the simultaneous differential equations including no terms related to self-energies, computer programming can be easily performed. It is possible to estimate exact time-dependent physical properties, providing that Hamiltonian of the system is taken to be a one-electron picture. Furthermore, we refer to the application to the many body problem and it is numerically possible to calculate physical properties using Hartree Fock approximation. Our numerical method can be applied to the case even when perturbative Hamiltonians are newly introduced or Hamiltonian shows complex time-dependent behavior. In this article, at first, we derive the equation of motion in finite temperature. Secondly, for the purpose of verification and of exhibiting the usefulness, we show the derivation of gap equation of superconductivity and of sum rule of electrical conductivity and the application to the many body problem. Finally we apply this method to these two cases: the first case is most simplified resonance charge transfer neutralization of an ion and the second is the same process but impurity potential is newly introduced as perturbative Hamiltonian. Through both cases, it is found that neutralization process is not so sensitive to temperature, however, impurity potential as small as 10 meV strongly influences the neutralization of ion.

Inverse Estimation on Trigger Factors of Simultaneous Slope Failures with Purification of Training Data Sets

This paper presents an procedure for purifying training data sets （i.e., past occurrences of slope failures） for inverse estimation on unobserved trigger factors of ＂different types of simultaneous slope failures＂. Due to difficulties in pixel-by-pixel observations of trigger factors, as one of the measures, the authors had proposed an inverse analysis algorithm on trigger factors based on SEM （structural equation modeling）. Through a measurement equation, the trigger factor is inversely estimated, and a TFI （trigger factor influence） map can be also produced. As a subsequence subject, a purification procedure of training data set should be constructed to improve the accuracy of TFI map which depends on the representativeness of given training data sets of different types of slope failures. The proposed procedure resamples the matched pixels between original groups of past slope failures （i.e., surface slope failures, deep-seated slope failures, landslides） and classified three groups by K-means clustering for all pixels corresponding to those slope failures. For all cases of three types of slope failures, the improvement of success rates with respect to resampled training data sets was confirmed. As a final outcome, the differences between TFI maps produced by using original and resampled training data sets, respectively, are delineated on a DIF map （difference map） which is useful for analyzing trigger factor influence in terms of ＂risky- and safe-side assessment＂ sub-areas with respect to ＂different types of simultaneous slope failures＂.

Analysis of High Concentration Spikes Appearing in Mass Plume in Nearly Homogeneous Turbulent Flow Based on the PDF Transport Equation

To evaluate the pollutant dispersion in background turbulent flows, most researches focus on statistical variation of concentrations or its fluctuations. However, those time-averaged quantities may be insufficient for risk assessment, because there emerge many high-intensity pollutant areas in the instantaneous concentration field. In this study, we tried to estimate the frequency of appearance of the high concentration areas in a turbulent flow based on the Probability Density Function (PDF) of concentration. The high concentration area was recognized by two conditions based on the concentration and the concentration gradient values. We considered that the estimation equation for the frequency of appearance of the recognized areas consisted of two terms based on each condition. In order to represent the two terms with physical quantities of velocity and concentration fields, simultaneous PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) and PLIF (Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence) measurement and PLIF time-serial measurement were performed in a quasi-homogeneous turbulent flow. According to the experimental results, one of the terms, related to the condition of the concentration, was found to be represented by the concentration PDF, while the other term, by the streamwise mean velocity and the integral length scale of the turbulent flow. Based on the results, we developed an estimation equation including the concentration PDF and the flow features of mean velocity and integral scale of turbulence. In the area where the concentration PDF was a Gaussian one, the difference between the frequencies of appearance estimated by the equation and calculated from the experimental data was within 25%, which showed good accuracy of our proposed estimation equation. Therefore, our proposed equation is feasible for estimating the frequency of appearance of high concentration areas in a limited area in turbulent mass diffusion.

东北地区经济增长及影响因素研究

东北地区全面振兴关乎国家发展大局。选择东北地区为研究对象,采用Mann-Kendall检验方法和联立方程模型分别研究东北地区经济增长的趋势、阶段划分和影响因素。结果表明:1978—2021年期间,东北地区GDP增速表现为显著的下降趋势,1992年、1999年和2006年三个突变点将东北地区经济增长划分为四个阶段;2000—2021年期间,东北地区对外贸易、产业结构高级化、居民消费、固定资产投资、地方财政支出对其经济增长产生一定的正向促进作用,滞后一期的城市化水平阻碍了经济增长,而且东北地区经济增长对其对外贸易提升、产业结构优化均产生了较小的且不显著的促进作用。

数字经济空间关联及其与实体经济发展的交互影响

把握数字经济空间关联与实体经济发展交互关系,有助于把握产业变革机遇,推动数字经济与实体经济融合以及区域协调发展。基于2011—2020年我国30个省份(未含港澳台藏地区)的面板数据,分析测算各省份数字经济发展水平,进而结合修正的引力模型、社会网络分析和空间计量方法分析数字经济空间关联网络结构和演化特征,探究其与实体经济发展的交互作用。研究发现,我国数字经济发展快速,但空间上存在明显的不平衡性,呈现由东部地区向中部地区再向西部地区扩散的演化趋势;数字经济空间关联网络日趋复杂,逐渐形成以京津冀鲁、长三角、珠三角和成渝地区为中心的极核式扩散区域空间结构形态,具有明显的东密西疏特征;数字经济空间关联网络密度呈上升态势,网络效率呈下降态势,数字经济空间流动性不断提升,网络结构稳定性不断增强,表现出溢出效应的省份主要分布在京津冀鲁、长三角、珠三角地区,表现出受益效应的省份主要分布在东北、西北以及华中等地区;数字经济空间关联强度提高有助于实体经济发展,邻近省份数字经济空间关联强度提高对本省份数字经济空间关联具有促进作用;数字经济空间关联与三次产业发展的交互作用存在差异,相比于第一、第三产业,邻近省份第二产业发展与数字经济空间关联的交互作用最为突出。因此,应建立区域协同机制,提高数字经济空间关联网络密度,以全局视角推动数字化;重视数字经济区域发展平衡性,发挥重点区域示范引领作用,辐射带动周边地区数字化发展;中西部地区借助自身区位或资源优势,因地制宜差异化发展数字经济,促进数字资源跨区域流动;积极推动数字经济与第一、第二、第三产业融合发展。

农业保险、农业信贷与农户稳收增收--基于联立方程模型的实证分析

确保农户收入稳步增长对于保障国家粮食安全及推进农村共同富裕具有重要战略意义。文章在测算我国农户收入变动基础上,立足农业保险与农业信贷交互效应视角,基于2012-2021年我国省级面板数据,利用联立方程模型分析农业保险与农业信贷对农户稳收增收的影响。研究发现:其一,在单一视角层面,农业保险具有显著的稳收增收效应,而农业信贷的稳收增收效应不显著;其二,在交互效应视角层面,农业保险与农业信贷在促进农户稳收增收过程中存在较为明显的交互效应。进一步分析发现,农业保险与农业信贷可以相互促进,能够与农业稳收增收形成良性互动。为此,建议持续推进农业保险扩面增品提标、着力提升农业信贷资金配置效率、积极推动农业保险与农业信贷工具协同发展。

油松人工林相容性生长联立方程组模型构建

以西宁市周边山地人工林为研究对象,利用近2年森林资源更新调查数据,构建油松林相容性生长联立方程组模型,采用似乎不相关回归法求解模型参数,并对模型进行异方差修正,最后检验所构建的相容性生长联立方程组模型预测精度及适应性。结果表明:相容性生长联立方程组模型对平均胸径、平均树高和每公顷断面积的预估精度均在93%以上,MSE和TRE值均在±2%以内,卡方检验结果远远小于临界值,预测效果优于独立拟合模型。在油松中幼龄林阶段,胸径、树高和断面积生长均与林分密度指数和地位级指数正相关;胸径、树高生长对地位级指数更敏感,而断面积生长对林分密度指数更敏感。基于模型预测结果,油松林分胸径快速增长期在5~25 a,年均生长量为0.33 cm;树高快速增长期在5~30 a,年均生长量为0.23 m;断面积在15 a之前增速最快,年均生长量为0.13 m2/hm2。本研究所构建的油松林相容性生长联立方程组模型预测精度高,可用来预测西宁市及相似生态区油松林分胸径、树高和断面积生长,为林分生长及收获预估、科学合理经营提供参考。

区域环境与科技:模式识别、历时演化与互动效应研究

生态环境与科技创新是社会发展中不容忽视的两大系统,两者之间既相互独立又彼此交融,推动环境与科技协同发展对于实现可持续发展具有重要意义。本文在分析环境与科技互动机制基础上,基于四象限分区模型将环境与科技划分为4类模式:同步领先型、环境优先型、科技优先型、同步滞后型,对中国30个省(市、区)2009—2018年面板数据进行研究,并采用联立方程模型与贝叶斯向量自回归模型分析其相互影响及互动关系。研究发现:在观测期内,区域环境与科技创新总体上仍处于升级阶段,且其共存模式呈现出东部优于中西部地区的非均衡格局;环境质量对科技发展呈现一定的正向影响;科技创新对环境质量的影响并不显著;实现环境与科技的良性互动是一个长期过程。并提出对策建议:因地制宜制定环境与科技发展政策;科技创新要坚持绿色导向,兼顾生态效益;生态建设要积极培育良好的科技创新环境。

数字金融对城乡居民收支差距的影响与机制研究

数字金融为缩小城乡居民收支差距提供了新路径。本文基于2011—2020年我国省级面板数据,实证分析了数字金融对城乡收支差距的影响;通过构建中介效应模型,实证分析了影响机制。研究发现:数字金融能够显著缩小城乡收支差距;数字金融每提高1个单位,城乡收入之比和城乡消费支出之比分别缩小0.0012和0.0015;数字金融通过提高农村居民财产性收入、扩大农村居民发展型消费和享受型消费,进而缩小城乡收支差距。基于研究结论,本文提出应在农村地区进一步推广发展数字金融,引导鼓励农民使用数字金融,同时在发展过程中注意城乡协调,多措并举拓宽农民增收渠道,丰富农村消费市场。

黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展的交互影响及空间溢出效应研究

厘清生态保护和高质量发展的交互关系与空间溢出效应是有效落实黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展国家重大战略的关键。文章基于2006—2020年黄河流域96个城市数据,构建了生态保护和高质量发展综合评价体系,并采用加速遗传算法——投影寻踪进行测度;在此基础上采用空间联立方程模型实证探究黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展的空间交互溢出效应。研究发现:城市间高质量发展相互依存,存在逐顶竞争,但城市间生态保护存在空间负向溢出效应;黄河流域生态保护和本地高质量发展之间存在双向促进作用机制,且生态保护的促进作用更强;黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展的相互影响存在显著的空间溢出效应,生态保护对周边城市的高质量发展起到了促进作用。